残角子宫妊娠的临床诊治分析
2019-03-18卢洁王小敏
卢洁 王小敏
[摘要]目的 分析殘角子宫妊娠的临床特征及诊治特点,降低误诊率。方法 回顾性分析1993年7月1日~2016年12月31日我院收治的5013例异位妊娠患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献资料。结果 23年间残角子宫妊娠10例,占同期异位妊娠患者的0.20%,残角子宫宫腔与正常宫腔相通3例,非交通性残角子宫7例(70%)。4例外院B超提示宫内妊娠,其中2例行人工流产未见绒毛,1例孕3个月诊所保胎治疗后B超发现死胎,1例因腹痛诊所B超提示中孕,宫内活胎。另6例未行检查,首诊我院,其中1例为残角子宫妊娠破裂,1例未破裂前经超声确诊为残角子宫妊娠,占10%,3例以异位妊娠收入院,1例孕5月患者贫血、休克、腹胀明显,疑肠梗阻转上级医院。10例患者均行剖腹探查术,2例未破裂者择期手术,余8例行急诊手术,3例胎儿及胎盘排入腹腔或堵塞破口。残角子宫位于右侧6例,左侧4例,3例妊娠黄体在对侧,3例患侧输卵管伞端积水。手术方式为残角子宫加患侧输卵管切除术5例,单纯行残角子宫切除5例,同时圆韧带缝合固定3例。患者死亡1例(10%)。结论 残角子宫妊娠非常罕见,常于孕中期发生残角子宫破裂,因无特异性临床表现,极易误诊。重视孕早期检查,慎密、准确地对患者的临床资料进行分析和超声检查有助于降低误诊率;确诊后应尽早手术,提倡最小侵入治疗。
[关键词]残角子宫妊娠;误诊;诊断;治疗
[中图分类号] R714.22 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2019)1(b)-0113-04
[Abstract] Objective To analyze the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of residual horn uterine pregnancy, and to reduce the misdiagnosis rate. Methods The clinical data of 5013 cases with ectopic pregnancy admitted to our hospital from July 1, 1993 to December 31, 2016 were retrospectively analyzed, and the related literature was reviewed. Results During 23 years, 10 cases of residual horn uterine pregnancy accounted for 0.20% of ectopic pregnancy patients at the same period, 3 cases of residual horn uterine cavity connected with normal uterine cavity, 7 cases of non-communicating residual horn uterus (70%). Four cases of intrauterine pregnancy were indicated by B-mode ultrasonography. Among them, 2 cases had no villus after induced abortion, 1 case had stillbirth after 3-month pregnancy clinic treatment, and 1 case had mid-pregnancy and intrauterine live fetus because of abdominal pain clinic B-mode ultrasonography. The other 6 cases were not examined and were first visited in our hospital. Among them, 1 case was ruptured uterine remnant horn pregnancy, 1 case was diagnosed uterine remnant horn pregnancy by ultrasound before rupture, accounting for 10%. 3 cases were admitted to hospital with ectopic pregnancy, 1 case had obvious anemia, shock and abdominal distension in 5 months of pregnancy, and the suspected intestinal obstruction was transferred to superior hospital. All the 10 patients underwent laparotomy, 2 cases without rupture underwent elective operation, the remaining 8 cases underwent emergency operation, and 3 cases of fetus and placenta were discharged into abdominal cavity or blocked the rupture. The residual horn uterus was located on the right in 6 cases, on the left in 4 cases, on the opposite side of the corpus luteum in 3 cases, and on the umbrella end of the fallopian tube in 3 cases. Surgical methods included residual horn hysterectomy plus salpingectomy on the affected side in 5 cases, simple residual horn hysterectomy in 5 cases, and circular ligament suture and fixation in 3 cases. One patient died (10%). Conclusions Residual horn uterine pregnancy is very rare, often occurs in the second trimester of pregnancy uterine rupture, because there is no specific clinical manifestations, it is very easy to misdiagnose. Attention to early pregnancy examination, careful and accurate analysis of clinical data and ultrasound examination can help to reduce the rate of misdiagnosis; early operation should be carried out after diagnosis, and minimal invasive treatment should be advocated.
[Key words] Residual horn uterine pregnancy; Misdiagnosis; Diagnosis; Therapy
残角子宫是最罕见的先天性子宫发育畸形,系胚胎发育期两侧副中肾管会合过程中出现异常而导致一侧副中肾管发育不全的结局,患病率为1/100 000。残角子宫妊娠是指受精卵于残角子宫内着床并生長发育,极为罕见,其发生率为1/140 000~1/76 000[1],破裂前诊断率非常低。一旦妊娠的残角子宫发生破裂,会发生大出血,极易危及患者生命。本研究回顾性分析23年间我院收治的5013例异位妊娠患者的临床资料,其中10例患者为残角子宫妊娠,探讨残角子宫妊娠的临床特征及诊治特点,降低误诊率,现报道如下。
1资料与方法
1.1一般资料
回顾性分析1993年7月1日~2016年12月31日我院收治的5013例异位妊娠患者的临床资料,其中残角子宫妊娠10例(0.20%)。患者年龄22~28岁,平均(25.03±2.51)岁;初次妊娠4例,经产妇6例;孕次1~5次;产次0~3次;人工流产史5例(1~3次);放置宫内节育器3例。
1.2临床表现
①停经60~162 d,平均(99.87±35.41)d,其中<12周2例,12~16周7例,>16~20周1例(后两者合计占80%);②1例首发症状为阴道出血,余9例均为腹痛,同时3例发生晕厥;③8例出现贫血、休克,腹部叩诊移动性浊音阳性;④妇科检查:3例腹肌紧张触诊不满意,3例子宫增大与停经月份相符,压痛明显,1例宫底右上方触及8 cm×7 cm×6 cm包块,与子宫不易分开,1例子宫左上方触及囊性包块,另2例附件区触及直径3~4 cm包块。
1.3辅助检查
①B超检查9例:7例发现子宫上方或附件包块35 mm×42 mm×40 mm~160 mm×135 mm×85 mm,其中5例胎头双顶径17~39 mm,提示残角子宫妊娠破裂、残角子宫妊娠、腹腔妊娠各1例,异位妊娠4例;另2例报告为宫内妊娠,其中1例合并盆腔包块性质待查(左侧附件包块70 mm×60 mm×51 mm,术中发现为左侧单角子宫)。腹腔积液28~57 mm。②腹腔穿刺或(及)阴道后穹窿穿刺8例,7例抽出暗红色血液,1例阴道后穹隆穿刺无发现,腹腔穿刺抽出淡黄色液体。③4例测定血清β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)水平为10 670~104 716 IU/L,平均43 157.33 IU/L。
2结果
2.1术前诊治情况
4例外院B超提示宫内妊娠,其中2例行人工流产未见绒毛,分别于术后1 d及术后1个月腹痛来诊;1例孕3个月因腹痛伴发热、阴道出血,诊所保胎治疗后B超发现死胎,行药物流产及清宫术均失败来诊,1例因腹痛诊所B超提示中孕,宫内活胎,但腹痛持续不缓解就诊本院,均以异位妊娠收入院。另6例未行检查,首诊我院,其中1例为残角子宫妊娠破裂、1例未破裂前经超声确诊为残角子宫妊娠(10%),3例以异位妊娠收治入院,1例妊娠5个月,贫血、休克、腹胀明显,疑肠梗阻转上级医院。
2.2术中情况
10例患者均行剖腹探查术,2例未破裂者择期行手术治疗(其中1例腹腔镜探查后改开腹手术),术中见妊娠残角子宫大小分别为35 mm×45 mm×40 mm、50 mm×45 mm×45 mm,无内出血。余8例急诊手术,残角子宫破口3~6 cm,3例胎儿及胎盘排入腹腔或堵塞破口,腹腔内出血500~4000 ml,平均(2028.57±1025.23)ml,输血600~3800 ml,平均(980.06±89.45)ml。残角子宫位于右侧6例,左侧4例,妊娠黄体在对侧3例。残角子宫宫腔与正常宫腔相通3例,非交通性残角子宫7例(70%)。3例患侧输卵管伞端积水。手术方式为残角子宫加患侧输卵管切除术5例,单纯行残角子宫切除5例,同时圆韧带缝合固定3例。
2.3术后情况及病理检查结果
8例符合残角子宫妊娠,2例子宫残角平滑肌出血坏死、见退变绒毛及滋养细胞,3例输卵管伞端积水。除1例(10%)转上级医院手术确诊,因休克并发DIC、多器官功能衰竭抢救无效死亡,余患者住院5~9 d,平均(6.15±2.68)d,治愈出院。
3讨论
3.1发生机制
可能机制为残角子宫与正常子宫有一细管腔相通,精子可通过官腔使残角子宫侧输卵管内的卵子受精并着床于残角子宫;精子经对侧输卵管外游至残角子宫侧输卵管内与卵子结合进入残角;受精卵从对侧输卵管外游到残角子宫侧输卵管进入残角着床发育,本研究患者术中发现妊娠黄体在对侧3例,支持受精卵外游这一机制。残角子宫妊娠多见于右侧,左∶右为1∶2.33,原因不明。
3.2临床特征
残角子宫肌层较厚,妊娠早期多无症状。由于残角子宫肌壁发育不良,不能承受胎儿生长发育,容易产生不良妊娠结局,最严重的并发症是残角子宫破裂,引起严重内出血,母胎死亡率高。大多数在妊娠中期发生,表现为急性腹痛及内出血,多无阴道出血,本研究10例患者中,8例(80%)破裂时间为妊娠12~20周,出血量多,病情凶险,与孕产妇死亡率显著相关。Iyokec[2]等亦报道,妊娠14~20周发生破裂的可能性最大,约占80%。极少数残角子宫肌层发育好,可妊娠至足月,但常发生死胎、胎位不正、过期妊娠,临产后宫口不开,触不到羊膜囊及胎先露,产程不进展,偶有妊娠足月剖宫产获得活婴者[3-4]。
3.3诊断
残角子宫妊娠罕见,临床医师警惕性低,加上无特异性临床表现、未详细了解病史及认真查体、过分依赖超声检查等原因,术前确诊率极低,极易误诊。B超有助于残角子宫妊娠的诊断,尤其是在妊娠早期。但超声对残角子宫妊娠的诊断敏感度和准确性随着妊娠进展至12周后降低,增大的子宫会遮盖周围组织的解剖结构,B超医生的注意力往往也放在胎儿筛查上,容易导致超声的误诊和漏诊。本研究资料超声诊断残角子宫妊娠2例,敏感率仅20%(2/10),未破裂前诊断率为10%(1/10)。
Arslan等[3]的研究结果显示,由于认识和经验的缺乏,使得苗勒氏管发育异常甚至在行腹腔镜探查仍较难被识别,应提高对苗勒氏管发育异常的认识,对妊娠物和盆腔解剖通过超声仔细的检查以提高残角子宫妊娠的诊断率。应强调孕早、中期进行超声检查的重要性,重点不仅在妊娠细节上,还应排除子宫畸形,必要时结合经阴道超声检查、由宫颈置入探针,明确妊娠子宫与宫頸关系,做到早诊断。应该引起重视的是,残角子宫可以无相应的单角子宫,单独存在。
结合相关文献,如有下列情况应考虑残角子宫妊娠。①人工流产探查宫腔与停经月份不相符,未见绒毛组织,早孕反应持续存在;②孕早期盆腔检查发现偏向一侧与停经时间相符合的子宫及可触及附件肿物,附件肿物常呈圆形或椭圆形,较软且小于停经月份,与子宫有间距,推动时有宫体摆动;③中期妊娠出现无诱因的剧烈腹痛伴休克;④孕中期引产失败或宫腔操作困难,尤其是曾疑双子宫或双角子宫妊娠者,Samuels等[5]建议对畸形子宫妊娠者引产前,应利用三维超声及/或磁共振明确子宫畸形的种类;⑤足月妊娠胎头高浮,胎位不正,宫颈闭合或容受不良,触不到羊膜及先露,伴或不伴胎儿生长受限、胎儿窘迫;⑥当泌尿系统畸形者妊娠时,应详细检查生殖系统:生殖系统与泌尿系统同起源于中胚层结构,残角子宫常伴有该侧泌尿系发育畸形,据报道36%残角子宫合并肾脏畸形;⑦对可疑的子宫畸形患者,建议行经阴道三维彩超检查:在冠状面上可见宫腔呈柳叶状偏向一侧,在子宫一侧可见边界清楚的包块,大小与孕周子宫大小相仿,边界清楚,中央可见胚胎,周围为子宫肌层样的中等回声,厚薄不均[6-7]。
Tsafrir等[8]提出该病超声诊断标准:①不对称双角子宫假象;②围绕妊娠囊和子宫颈的组织看上去缺乏连续性;③妊娠囊周围存在肌层组织;④胎盘植入的典型血管过度形成声像[9]。认为磁共振成像(MRI)可用于该病手术治疗前的确诊。MRI检查可以从矢状面、冠状面和水平面拍摄,因此可以更清楚地显示妊娠与周围组织的结构,可以较准确地诊断残角子宫妊娠,并指导手术方案的制定。
3.4治疗
残角子宫妊娠一经确诊应尽早手术[10-11]。对腹腔内出血者,首选剖腹探查切除残角子宫,避免剥离胎盘引起大出血,同时切除患侧输卵管,以免术后发生同侧输卵管妊娠。术中应保留同侧卵巢,以保持完整的内分泌功能;同时需将圆韧带固定于同侧子宫角部,防止妊娠后子宫扭转[12]。对无生育要求者,可同时行绝育术。随着近年来妇科微创技术的发展,对于该病大量内出血的患者,只要提供高效的多学科合作,适当的麻醉,成熟的心血管监护及腹腔镜技术,具备快速中转开腹的条件,腹腔镜手术是可行的方法,能快速诊断并有效控制出血[13]。
若无急性内出血征象,腹腔镜手术更是治疗残角子宫妊娠安全有效的方法。Park等[14]曾报道了1例早孕期残角子宫妊娠患者,B超检查见心血管搏动,入院血清β-HCG水平为89 000 mIU/ml,予残角子宫内局部注射甲氨蝶呤(MTX)及氯化钾6周后,血β-HCG降至653 mlU/ml,行腹腔镜下残角子宫及患侧输卵管切除术。Lennox等[15]有胎儿注射氯化钾后、腹腔镜完整切除孕16周妊娠残角子宫的个案报道,并显示,腹腔镜治疗中期残角子宫妊娠是可行的,但制定适宜的手术计划前需要专业的影像学检查。同时腹腔镜手术前还可采用MTX治疗杀死胚胎,减少子宫的血供,降低术中出血风险,术中注意输尿管走行,避免损伤残角子宫侧的输尿管[16]。在可选择情况下,腹腔镜手术时间、术中失血量及术后住院天数均低于开腹手术[17]。因此,微创技术、非侵入性化疗等治疗手段值得提倡[2]。
对于生命体征平稳的早期患者,即使是血β-HCG较高及有胎心搏动者,亦有药物治疗成功的个案报道。国内许华等[18]曾报道1例早孕期残角子宫妊娠患者,应用天花粉及MTX治疗,血β-HCG从>20 000 mIU/ml降至600 mIU/ml,再予MTX 150 mg单次肌内注射获得成功。由于药物治疗后残角子宫仍然存在,对日后生育可能造成危害,最终仍需行残角子宫切除手术。
综上所述,残角子宫妊娠非常罕见,常于孕中期发生残角子宫破裂,因无特异性临床表现,极易误诊。重视孕早期检查,慎密、准确的对患者的临床资料进行分析和超声检查有助于降低误诊率;确诊后应尽早手术,提倡最小侵入治疗。
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(收稿日期:2018-07-23 本文编辑:刘克明)