高中英语阅读有效性教学浅谈
2019-02-19孙庆春
孙庆春
摘 要:随着新课程改革浪潮的兴起,如何适应改革的要求,在新课程标准的指导下进行有效的阅读课教学,是英语教师应该认真思考的问题。结合教学实际,就如何提高高中英语阅读课堂教学的有效性进行初步探讨,以求更有效地运用阅读这一手段培养和提高学生的英语实际运用能力。
关键词:高中英语;阅读教学;有效教学
在我国的英语教学中,阅读教学历来受到重视。《普通高中英语课程标准》明确指出,“高中英语阅读教学的任务主要有两个:第一,对学生进行阅读技巧的训练,培养其阅读理解能力;第二,通过阅读教学,使学生不断获得新的语言知识,提高其实际运用英语的能力。”但在实际的教学过程中,教师总是发现在经过大量的阅读教学之后,学生的阅读水平依旧提高很慢,时间的投入与效果的产出不成正比。因此,教师就需要考虑一个问题,即:如何提高高中英语阅读课堂教学的有效性。下面是我的点滴体会。
一、高中英语阅读教学的重要性
阅读是听、说、讀、写中最重要的能力之一,是英语学习的重点,是检测英语学习者综合英语能力的重要手段。《普通高中英语课程标准》指出:“阅读课教学的目的在于培养阅读策略,培养语感,特别强调培养学生在阅读过程中获取和处理信息的能力。”从应试的层面来说,阅读水平的高低直接决定了学生能否在高考英语中取得理想的成绩。考试大纲中对阅读做出明确要求——考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息。可见,无论从学生的长期发展还是应试的角度,英语阅读教学在高中英语教学中都有着举足轻重的地位。
二、目前高中英语阅读教学中存在的问题
课程改革要求教师要在发展学生语言能力的同时,培养学生的积极情感态度和价值观、良好的跨文化意识和有效的学习策略。我们的高中英语阅读教学情况不容乐观。首先,虽然课程改革不断地强调要转变教学观念,更新教学方法,但在高考的压力之下,很多的高中英语教师还是本着“务实”的原则,在课堂上依然只注重传授语言知识,不注重培养学生的阅读能力。其次,教师即使在课堂上涉及阅读技能,也是倾向于碎片化、表层化的教学方式,如在阅读课上,教师总是千篇一律地要求学生read for the main idea和read for the detailed information。教学方法单一、陈旧,学生感到乏味,对阅读课也失去了兴趣。
三、当前英语课程改革的方向
修订后的高中英语课程标准指出,课程的宗旨是立德树人,即:将学生培养成会学习,能够健康生活,有责任担当,敢于创新,具有人文底蕴、科学精神的全面发展的人。
在课程改革大潮的推动下,课程内容和教学方式也将发生变革。在课程内容上,将改变脱离语境的知识学习,将知识学习与技能发展融入主题、语境、语篇和语用之中,促进文化理解和思维品质形成,引导学生学会学习。在教学方式上,改变碎片化、表层化的教学方式,走向整合、关联、发展的课程,实现对语言的深度学习(即语言、文化、思维的融合),改变贴标签式的情感态度价值观教育,融育人目标于教学内容与教学过程之中。
四、高中英语有效性教学的探索——如何深层次地处理阅读素材
新课标要求,高中英语教学要从“知识教学和技能教学”转向“对学科核心素养的培养”,那么就需要教师加深对学科本质和价值的认识;重视对语篇意义的解读;在设计活动时关注内在逻辑和关联,注意提炼和整合内在的知识结构。
作为一名高中英语教师的我,在平时的阅读教学中,经过长时间的尝试与探索,总结了一套处理阅读素材的方法,它包括三个方面:(1)深挖素材,找到内在联系。(2)语言知识多样化处理,利用语法填空和改错翻译等设计。(3)核心话题相关素材输入,拓展语言运用渠道。
下面以译林版牛津高中英语模块二第一单元阅读课的部分处理方式为例。
本单元的话题为Tales of the unexplained,阅读材料为一篇题为“Boy missing,police puzzled”的新闻报道。
(一)深挖素材,找到内在联系
对于这篇阅读材料,我们可以通过设置填空的方式指导学生发现其中的内在联系。
Introduction of Justin Foster:
1.A (An) __________ (age),________ school student,went to play _______ with two friends at _______ on _______ evening.
2.He has a ______ sister ________ (name/call)Kelly,_______ (age) 9,______ heard him _______ home at about _______.
3.His mother,_______ ,was staying at home while his father was working on his _______ job.
4.He lives in _______,who went ________ that night.
Case:The boy was missing.
1._______ called the police on _______.
2.The police looked into the case:
Evidence
1.two friends:Justin went home ______ the game.
2.Witnesses saw Justin ________ towards his house at _______.
3.Kelly heard Justin ______ his favorite CD and saw a spaceship looking like _____.
4.Mrs Mavis Wood:who had been taken ________ the UFO,thought Justin was ________ by aliens.
Conclusion
Sam Peterson:
1.There was no _________ that aliens took him.
2.They didnt ________ the idea,but they were looking ______
other _________.
The news:
Justin went ______ _______ days ago. Some witnesses said he was _______ ______ by aliens since they saw strange lights and aliens. The puzzled police have stepped ________ their search.
我們在分析高考真题时发现,一篇文章所设计的题目都是紧紧围绕文章主线展开的,所以我在设计阅读教学时,通过事件发生的时间顺序重组文章,而不是简单地完成课后的一些具体细节题目。本文的主人公是一位15岁的高中生,通过重组文章,首先对他的家庭成员做了一个归纳,找出他爸妈、妹妹的一些细节信息。接着,主人公失踪了,警方过来调查取证,通过不同目击者的描述,最后得出结论。通过这种练习,学生能真正理清事件的来龙去脉,同时也训练了语言知识运用能力,更重要的是培养了学生的思维品质。通过阅读本篇文章,我们可以引导学生思考在以后的人生道路上假如遇到类似事件该怎么面对,这样才能达到真正的育人目标。
(二)语言知识多样化处理,利用语法填空和改错翻译等设计
下面谈谈对文章语言知识的一些处理:
1.Police has stepped _______ their search_______ a fifteen-years-old boy who _______ (go) missing three days ago.
2.Witnesses _______ the incident also say they saw Justin ________(walk) towards his house ______ 10.45pm.
3.Kelly,_______ (age) 9,saw a large spaceship _______ (fly) outside the curtains.
4._______(stand) inside was the large number of strange creatures_____ white skin.
5.Mr Foster was working when these events were occurred.
6.Luckily,they returned me home without any _______(injure).
7.When _______ (ask) about the ________(possible) that Justin was taken by aliens,Sam,_______ has taken charge _______ the case,said that they will not give up until ______ (find) out ______ happened.
我所设计的这些题目,不仅仅是单句语法填空,可能里面还有改错这样的陷阱题。如第一句中的has,fifteen-years-old,第四句中的was,the large number等错误。
对文章中出现的语言知识,我没有仅仅停留在讲解层面,而是采用解决问题的方式,让学生自己发现他们的弱项所在。这种教学方式改变了过去“老师讲,学生被动记”的填鸭式教学模式,通过问题发现式的教学手段,充分调动学生自主学习的热情,也能更好地因材施教。
(三)核心话题相关素材输入,拓展语言运用渠道
阅读完这篇新闻报道之后,可以补充相关未解之谜的素材,拓宽学生的语用渠道。如可以补充一篇关于crop circle的阅读材料。
Crop circles are patterns that appear in fields. The pattern is created when certain areas of the crops are tamped down,but others are left intact. The edge is so clean that it looks like it was created with a machine. Even though the stalks are bent,they are not damaged.Most of the time,the crops continue to grow normal. Sometimes,the patterns are simple circles. In other instances,they are complex designs consisting of several interconnecting geometric shapes. The season for crop circles runs from April to September,which coincides with the growing season.
Mentions of crop circles were sporadic before the 20th century,but the phenomenon didnt gain attention until 1980,when a farmed in Wiltshine County,England,discovered three circles,each about 18 meters across in his oat crops. UFO researchers and media went to the farm,and the world first began to learn about crop circles. By the 1990s,crop circles had become something of a tourist attraction. In 1990 alone,more than 500 circles emerged in Europe. Within the next few years,there were thousands. Visitors came from around the world to see them. Some farmers even charged admission to their mysterious attractions.
Researchers have been thinking about the question of crop circles for several decades,but they still haven t come up with a real answer as to why they exist. Possibly the most controversial theory is that crop circles are the work of visitors from other planets——sort of like alien calling cards. The most scientific theory says that crop circles are created by small currents of swirling winds called vortices. The spinning columns force a burst of air down to the ground,which flattens the crops. Some researchers believe that the earth creates its own energy,which forms the circles. One possible form of earth energy is electromagnetic radiation. In fact,scientist have measured strong magnetic fields inside crop circles,and visitors have sometimes reported feeling a tingling sense in their body while in or near the circles. The easiest explanation for crop circles is that they are man-made circles,created either for fun or to challenge scientists.
先讓学生阅读文章,了解文章大意:
Summarize the main idea of each paragraph.
Para1:introduction of crop circles
Para2:the attention to crop circles
Para3:how crop circle might be created
接着设计一些题目加深对素材的理解:
They are complex designs __________ (consist) of several interconnecting geometric shapes.
1.Some farmers even charged ________ (admit) to their _________ (mystery) attractions.
2.Researchers __________ (think) about the question of crop circles for several decades,but they still haven t come up with a real answer as to _______ they exist.
最后,引导学生在阅读之后探索crop circle的成因,培养他们的科学探索精神:Lets have a discussion:What do you think caused crop circles?
在课后,老师还可以提供一些未解之谜的话题,如百慕大三角,鼓励学生上网或者去图书馆查询相关资料,努力将他们培养成热爱科学、敢于创新的人。
当然,在教学中,老师应选用难度不同的材料,设计复杂程度不等的学习活动,设置要求高低不一的学习目标和评价标准,以因材施教。
在新课程标准的指导下,高中英语教师需要探索的还有很多。在平时的教学中,我们应基于学生的已知,立足学生的未知,通过听说读写看等途径,帮助学生获得语言知识和文化知识,理解文化内涵,分析语篇结构和语言特点,引导学生通过比较、分析、批判和评价等活动,发展思维品质,辨识真善美,汲取文化精华,塑造文化品格。我想,我们都要为之而奋斗!
参考文献:
[1]王蔷.英语教学法教程[M].高等教育出版社,2006.
[2]陈勇.新课程有效教学疑难问题操作性解读 高中英语[M].教育科学出版社,2008.
编辑 郭小琴