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立足语篇 以读促写

2019-01-11韦健

广西教育·D版 2019年12期
关键词:意图句型语篇

韦健

《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》对英语学习二级目标有关写作的具体要求如下:能根据图片、词语或例句的提示,写出简短的描述。这并非一般意义上的仿写,而是更加注重对写的意义表达。但写作在小学阶段是起步阶段,学生因知识储备有限,写的内容有一定局限性,因此写作教学成为“最难啃的一块骨头”。教师往往把精力更多地放在听、说、读的能力培养上,对“写”的教学研究不深。教材改版后,人教版英语(PEP)高年段的教材内容里出现了“Read and write”的内容。这让我们意识到,“读”应作为写的有效途径和手段。阅读是信息输入的主要途径,是写作的基础和源泉,读写结合是提高学生写作能力的有效途径。于是我们在语篇教学模式下,尝试以读促写的教学实践。本文以人教版英语(PEP)五年级上册unit 1 Whats he like?Part B Read and write为例,分享笔者的思考。

一、教材分析与目标定位

(一)教材分析

本单元主要学习用英语描述人的外貌和性格特点。“Read and write”部分是本单元的第四课时,以Wu Yifan日记中描述他的新朋友Robin为素材。在前面课时的学习中,学生已经能用helpful、funny、strict等词汇描述人物的性格特点,三年级、四年级时也能用big eyes、small nose等词汇零散描述人物的外貌特点,具备“can”句型的表述能力。本课的学习文本并不是太难理解,但需要通过阅读理解作者对Robin的喜爱,在文本提供的主题下鼓励学生对未来人工智能机器人做大胆的设想,并完成小练笔。

(二)目标定位

语言能力:1.全体学生能够读懂课文内容,对日记的文体有初步了解。2.大部分学生能较熟练地运用课文中出现的形容词和主要句型口头描述自己或别人,相关句型有“I am    .”“They/you/we are   .”“He/she is   .”“I/they/we/he/she can   .”“I/they/we have   .”“He/she has   .”等等;相关词汇有“helpful”“clever”“nice”“strict”“kind”等。3.围绕设计未来机器人的主题任务,学生能大胆进行口语交流,大部分学生能用三句或三句以上的句子完成“My robot friend in the future”的續写。

文化品格:学生能体验到人工智能时代给人类带来的便利,对新事物有理性的接纳态度。

思维品质:发展学生的判断能力,对未来robot能发表自己的见解和主张。

学习能力:掌握通过快速阅读找关键词的方法,并理解课文;学生在小组中完成讨论学习、合作练笔。

二、教学实施过程

(一)背景烘托,构建语篇整体概念

背景知识是理解特定语篇所必须具备的材料,背景知识的缺乏会造成阅读理解障碍。本单元之前的学习都围绕学生身边的人物展开,他们看得见摸得着,而本课描述的对象是学生生活中未曾出现过的机器人。克拉申的第二语言习得理论认为,只有当学习者接触到可理解性的语言输入,而他又能把注意力集中于对意义或信息的理解而不是对形式的理解时,才会产生语言的自然习得。所以我们采取了从话题整体入手,帮助学生用已知解决未知。

1.Free talking.

T:We know some lovely friends in our book. Mike,John,Wu Yifan,Tim...(PPT呈现单词English/black/glasses/strong)

任务:Guess——Who is he?

T:Here are some words about him. Please guess who he is. And tell us why you think so.

S1:I think he is Mike. He is an English boy.

S2:I think he is Wu Yifan. He has black hair.

S3:I think he is Wu Yifan too. Wu Yifan can speak English. He has a pair of glasses.

S4:Its Wu Yifan. He like English. He has black hair and black eyes. And he has a pair of glasses. Hes strong.

设计意图:用学生们熟悉的人物作为师生交流的突破口,导入人物描述话题。用关键词激发学生思考,引导他们用已学过的“He is...”“He can...”“He likes...”等句型说明推断理由,以旧引新,为新的课文学习做铺垫。

2.Predicting the content of the reading passage.

T:Yes,you are right. He is Wu Yifan. Wu Yifan has a very special friend. And he write a diary about him.Why he is special?Lets read his diary together.(PPT呈现日记日期和图片,具体内容虚化)

T:Is it a diary?(Let the students pay attention to the date. And try to read it out.)

T:I cant see the diary clearly.Can you find out Wu Yifans special friend?

S1:Its a robot friend.

T:How do you know that?

S1:I see the pictures.

T:Yes,youre so clever.

任務1:Brain storm——In your opinions what the robots are like?

(When the student says,T should write some key words on the blackboard.)

设计意图:未进入文本前,鼓励学生联系自己的生活实际描述机器人,形成初步的主题交流,丰富文本学习的背景知识,帮助学生通过对比更深刻地理解文本。

任务2:Give more questions about Wu Yifans robot friend.

(The students should discuss in groups and give some questions.)

T:Can you tell me what do you want to know about Wu Yifans robot friend.

S1:What can he do?

S2:Is he strong/tall/funny/clever...?

S3:Whats his name?

S4:Who made him?

(Teacher writes the questions on the board.)

设计意图:利用师生的主题情景会话和学生的主动提问等方式,导出阅读关键新词和一些重要的表达法,创设情景,搭建支架,把接受学习变为发现学习。

(二)任务设置,挖掘语篇深层内涵

任务1:Read and find the answers.

T:Ok. Its a good way to give some questions before you read. Thanks for your questions.We should try to find the answers. Read the diary or read the pictures. Lets go.

(Ask the students to read diary and try to find out the answers. If there is no answer in it,T can encourage them to give their opinions by using their personal experiences.)

T:Its time to share your answers now.Which question can you answer?

S1:Robot can speak Chinese and English.

T:Great!How do you know that?From the diary or from the pictures?

S1:Diary.

T:Can you read that sentences for us?

S1:He can speak Chinese and English.

T:Thank you. Everybody,can you find this sentence?In paragraph 1,2,3 or 4?

Ss:2.

T:Good. Lets read it together.

T:Robin can speak Chinese and English. Do you have different idea?

S2:He can cook.

T:Nice.How do you know that?From the diary?

S2:No,picture.

T:Ok,lets look at the pictures. Do you agree?

Ss:Yes.

T:I think you can say more about him. Look at the pictures,he also can...

设计意图:语言和思维是相互依存的,离开了思维,语言就变得贫乏而无意义。教师引导学生读文读图,基于文本,又挖掘文本,多层次多角度地解读文本,让他们在完整的篇章中自主学习,并进入深度思考。

任务2:Make a mind map.

T:Youre wonderful. You can read by yourselves and you can find all the answers. I think you know robot very well. Can you finish this mind map?(PPT呈现图1)

Ask the students to read again and practice in four.And the teacher help them to write on the board.

T:Lets draw the mind map together. First,we know his name,Robin.Whats Robin like?

S1:Hes helpful.

T:Yes. Because he can...?

S1:He can cook. He can wash the dishes.

T:Very nice.

设计意图:学生二读文本,在感知、理解的基础上,需要吸收内化,并进行适当的迁移。通过脑图架构句型表达的框架,将零散的、单一的认识进行整合。脑图框架中给出的空格远远多于文本中提供的信息,旨在鼓励学生通过读图、想象填上适当的词语,生成多样化、个性化的表达,为写作做铺垫。

任务3:Discuss——Does Wu Yifan like Robin?

T:Do you think Wu Yifan like his new friend,Robin?Why?

S1:Yes,Robin is helpful and clever.

T:If you are Wu Yifan,how to introduce your friend?

S1:He is helpful at home. He is really clever. He can speak Chinese and English.

(Ask the students to pay attention to the stress.)

设计意图:学生紧紧围绕语篇第三次读文本,通过讨论、朗读体会作者表达的意义,把文字读出了温度。以语言能力为基础,以文化品格为价值取向,挖掘语言内涵、获取信息,比较异同的核心素养理念得到进一步落实。

(三)创编文本,拓展语篇综合运用

语篇是表达意义的一个单位,是有语境和逻辑的。通过三次任务型的阅读,学生已对信息进行了加工、整理、提炼,能把握文本的篇章结构和逻辑主线,这一系列读的活动为写做了充分的准备。

T:Do you need a robot friend like Robin?

S1:Yes.

T:So good. Please design your robot friend in the future. You can write some sentences about him or her.If you like,you also can draw a mind map.

(Give the students 5 minutes to do it. Then they shall share.)

本課的设计围绕单元主题创设情境,从身边熟悉的人物迁移到未来人工智能时代的机器人,在整体的情境中学语言知识,让学生在情境中自主思考,激发了好奇心和求知欲,突出了“三阶四步”语篇教学模式的感知、品味、内化、运用语言的渐进性。运用思维导图等工具帮助学生搭建支架、提取信息、概括信息、整合信息,可以让学生更加明白文本的意义和逻辑,有利于实现以读促写。

(责编 蒋海兰)

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