以“线索法”巧解“七选五”

浙江

阅读理解“七选五”不同于传统的问答选择型阅读理解，其要求学生要充分理解篇章内容，更要理解文章内在的逻辑关系。而供选择的答案之间又具有迷惑性，使得学生解题有一定困难。通过摸索题目规律，笔者总结出“词汇线索、逻辑线索和表象线索”，根据线索，顺藤摸瓜，印证检查，问题便迎刃而解。

一、词汇线索

“七选五”设空处的句子，与上下文构成完整的段落，设题句与上下文围绕同一个主题展开。因此，“七选五”的解题要着重于段落或上下文，就近思考最佳选项，实现主题一致、逻辑衔接。学生应保持对词汇线索的敏感性，词汇线索常有重复词、代词、副词、近义词、反义词、同类词等。其中，重复词、代词和副词线索较为常见，以下举例说明。

（一）重复词

设题句与上下文连贯构成完整意义，在论述中就有可能出现中心重复词。重复词的出现则为学生寻找合适答案提供了线索。

例1.[2018年北京卷]

Each person,no matter who they are,has psychological imbalances.People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry.Also,sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition,but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.

[解题思路]53.E (Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state,where anger is in the background of your mind.) 这一段主要的关键词是“personality traits”（个人性格特征）。答案E与设空处前一句中均出现了“personality traits”一词， 故“personality traits”为重复词线索。印证分析，前一句提到容易生气的性格特质，答案E“拥有这些个人性格特征意味着生气前兆状态”，与前一句衔接自然。故53题选E。

（二）代词

有所指代，必有所交代。代词为前指，即代词所指代的内容往往在前文有所交代。代词在设题句里，或在设题句的后文中。

例2.[2015年全国卷Ⅰ]

Unfortunately,we've all been victim s of betrayal.Whether we've been stolen from,lied to,m isled,or cheated on,there are different levels of losing trust.Sometimes people simply can't trust anymore.It's understandable,but if you're willing to build trust in a relationship again,we have some steps you can take to get you there.

[解题思路]37.E (They've been too badly hurt and they can't bear to let it happen again.) 答案E里的代词“they”指代设空处前一句中的“people”，为代词线索。印证分析，设空处前一句“有时候人们不再轻易相信他人了”，答案E“他们受到了深深的伤害，不能容忍它再次发生”，衔接自然。故37题选E。

（三）副词

副词also,even等，与前文形成逻辑衔接，表示并列、程度等。利用这些副词的隐含逻辑关系，可以找出设空处的最佳答案。

例3.[2016年四川卷]They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections.This means that women generally get sick less often and less seriously than men.The common cold is a good example：women,on average,get fewer colds than men.

[解题思路]39.C (Women are also helped by their female genes.) 答案C中的“also”为副词线索。印证分析，39题上文提到，女人受益于they （hormones）（荷尔蒙），比男人感冒要少。答案C“女人也受益于他们的雌性基因”，与上文“受益于荷尔蒙”并列，衔接自然。故39题选C。

二、逻辑线索

小句关系指句子呈现在语篇环境中与其他句子建立起来的意义联络，是作者与读者在语篇交互平台上对话语意义单位的静态建构与组合。根据小句间的逻辑语义关系和语篇内“承上启下”的原则，学生可以借助句子之间的解释关系、例证关系、因果关系和转折关系等逻辑线索，快速找到合适的句子填入设空处。

（一）解释关系

设空处的语句，与上一句或下一句形成解释关系，即两句在一定程度上表达相同或相近的意思，形成相互解释、支撑的关系，可表示为A=B的关系。

例4.[2016年全国卷Ⅰ]

People have used secret codes for thousands of years.Code breaking never lags（落后）far behind code making.The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.

[解题思路]36.D (As long as there have been codes,people have tried to break them) 。答案D “只要有密码，人们就尝试破解密码”与后一句“破解密码从不落后于设置密码”为解释关系，后一句是对前一句的进一步解释。故36题选D。

（二）例证关系

例证关系是两句之间存在用具体实例证明、说明观点的关系。通常情况下，设题句为观点，具体实例的句子含有for example（例如）,such as（比如）等词汇。

例5.[2016年全国卷Ⅰ]

There are three main types of cryptography.For example,the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me.”

[解题思路]37.E (You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out) 。设空处后一句为实例，“My elephant eats too many eels”的首字母就拼出了“Meet me”这一隐藏起来的信息。实例正是对E 选项中的观点的说明：“你可以用每个单词的首字母拼写出一条信息，以此来隐藏它。”。故37题选E。

（三）因果关系

因果关系是前后两句为原因和结果的关系。两句在位置关系上，为前因后果或前果后因。设题句有可能为原因，也有可能为结果。标志性词汇有so（因此）,therefore（因此）,as a result（结果）,consequently（因此）,because of （由于）,due to（由于）等；标志性句型有The reason why...is that...，That's why +结果，That's because +原因等。

例6.[2017年北京卷]

One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories.We know that,while awake,fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing（加强）connections between brain cells,but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.

[解题思路]72.E (That's why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning) 。设空处前一句“一种观点认为，睡眠帮助我们巩固新的记忆”为原因，答案E（如果学生在学习后有机会睡觉，他们会做得更好。）为结果，答案E与前一句形成前因后果的关系。故72题选E。

（四）转折关系

转折关系是设题句与前一句或后一句形成相反或对比的逻辑关系。这类题中表现转折关系的词常有but（但是）,however（然而）,instead（代替，而不是）,though（然而，不过）,otherw ise（否则）等。

例7.[2018年北京卷]

[解题思路]55.D (Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry) 。由衔接词“However”可知，设空处内容应与后一句内容相反，答案D“发怒是一种特别强烈的情感，或许人们认为愤怒是情有可原的”，与后一句“但愤怒很容易转为暴力，最好要了解出现愤怒的原因，以便阻止愤怒发生”形成转折关系，衔接自然。故55题选D。

三、表象线索

通过观察篇章结构、设题特点，由表象特征即可预测答案。这些表象线索常有小标题、主题句、位置（总起）、标点符号等。下面举例说明。

“总 — 分”结构的文章，由小标题引领各部分。如设空处恰好处于小标题的位置，则该处应为一个小标题。而小标题的供选项一般为祈使句，相对于其他选项，句子较短，特征较为突出。一个小标题常有两个供选项，其中一个为迷惑选项，通常也是最终多余的两个选项之一，不会是任何题的答案。小标题线索题目较为明显，学生容易发现小标题的特征，题目较为简单，学生可优先做该题。

例8.[2016年全国卷Ⅱ]

Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants,flowers,patterns and masses of color.Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers（肥料）.However,there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.One of them comes from our earliest years.

● Recall（回忆）your childhood memories

（一）小标题

Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood....

[解题思路]37.A (Know why you garden) 。该处应是一个小标题。观察选项，A和B (Find a good place for your own garden) 为祈使句，符合小标题的特征。分析下文，38设空处之前列举了一些人的观点，38设空处之后提到“other reasons that might explain why you want to garden”，由此，可以推断出本段的主旨：你要知道自己为什么要种植花木。故37题选A。而B选项为最终多余的两个选项之一。

（二）主题句

从上下文看，如果每个项目或要点由一个主题句引领，其中某个要点的首句为设题句，则该处应为主题句。

例9.[2017年浙江卷]

● Hit the streets with confidence.Say,“Excuse me,I work for XYZ News,and I was wondering if you could share your opinion about this topic.”This is a quick way to get people to warm up to you.

● Move on to the next person if someone tells you she is not interested in talking on camera.Don't get discouraged.

[解题思路]34.A (Lim it your time.) 从实心圆点看，每段单独成项。再看33设空处前，有主题句。因此，34设空处应为主题句。再根据34设空处后面的第一句话和后面内容可知，这段主要是关于限制时间的。故34题选A。

（三）位置（总起）

设题句在文章开头，往往起到总起作用，引领下文。所选答案的语句通常为：“Follow ing is the advice on how to...”“Here are a few tips to...”“The follow ing steps may help you to...”。而下文内容正是这些“advice”，“tips”，“steps”的具体内容。

例10.[2018年浙江卷]

M oving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience.Of course,you want to make sure that you become an accepted and valuable part of your new neighborhood.The easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should.

Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property （房产）neat,clean,and in good repair...

[解题思路]31.G (Here are a few tips to help you w in over everyone in the neighborhood quickly.)设题句为该段的最后一句。由下文可知，内容为如何保持良好邻里关系的几条建议。因此，设题句应为总领下文内容的句子。故31题选G。

（四）标点符号

如果设空处后面是逗号，则该处填入的句子应为“未完待续”的句子；如果设空处前面是逗号，则该处填入的句子的首字母应为小写（专有名词除外）。

例11.[2018年全国卷Ⅰ]

Color is fundamental in home design—something you'll always have in every room.A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you'll love to live in.Do you want a room that's full of life? Professional?Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?,color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.

Over the years,there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.，they can get a little complex.But good new s is that there're really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home：the small ones,the medium ones,and the large ones.

[解题思路]36.B (Whatever you're looking for) ；37.A (While all of them are useful)。由36、37设空处后为逗号可知，这两个设空处应填入不完整的句子，即选项A、B和C (If you're experimenting with a color)，三选二，有一个选项为最终多余选项之一。36设空处前几句提出三个问题，因此36设空处的句子应该对上文的问题做出回应，B选项符合语境，且B选项中的“looking for”为原词再现。37设空处的上句指出，有很多不同的技巧帮助设计者达到这重要的一点。本句应该对这些技巧作出回应，A选项符合语境，且A选项中的“all of them”指代上句中的“different techniques”。故36题选B， 37题选A。

以上为“七选五”中常见的解题线索，值得注意的是，这些线索只是帮助学生快速锁定预选答案。学生还需要把预选答案代入设空处，通读上下文，根据语言逻辑和衔接性进行印证，判断选择最终答案。另外，线索有时候也会把学生引入误导项。如根据重复词线索锁定预选答案，但此选项可能恰恰是出题者设置的误导项或陷阱。因此，解答“七选五”如同破案，线索为我所用，但要检查、证实，才能选出正确答案。