“九招”教你破解高考代词考点
2019-01-10山东
山东
代词是高考考查的重点语法项目之一,因其具有较大的灵活性,所以也是考生容易出错的项目。现笔者结合一些典型的考题,对该考点的命题方式进行剖析,同时对其常见考点进行归纳总结,供考生复习备考之用。
一、辨“真假”
【经典考例1】Many westerners who/that come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap______can be to eat out.(2018年浙江卷,第58题)
【经典考例2】How would you like________if you were watching your favorite TV program and someone came into the room and just shut it off without asking you?(2015 年浙江卷,第12题改编)
【命题剖析】该组题侧重考查it作形式主语和形式宾语的用法。第1题填it,作形式主语,真正的主语是to eat out;第2题填it,作形式宾语,真正的宾语是if引导的从句。
【备考策略】考生要熟练掌握it的这一用法。it可以作形式主语或形式宾语,真正的主语或宾语是后面的不定式、动名词或从句。如:①New technologies have made it possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost. ②It seemed that it would be very hard to achieve the goal.③It is no use trying to persuade him to have a holiday because he is a workaholic.
此外,还要注意一种特殊句式——强调句型。在强调句型“It is(was)+被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分”这一结构中it没有实际意义,只是起连接作用。如:It was when I got back to my apartment that I first came across my new neighbors.(2017 年天津卷,第 11 题改编 )
二、辨“雌雄”
【经典考例】I was eager to see him,but outside her room I stopped.(2013 年辽宁卷,短文改错 )
【命题剖析】该题考查的是人称代词的性别问题。句中的him(男)和her(女)出现了性别混乱,前后矛盾,故把her改为his。
【备考策略】考生应该提升自己对第三人称代词的“性别意识”,正确区分男女:主格he(男)、she(女),宾格him(男 )、her(女 );形容词性物主代词 his(男 )、her(女 )以及分别对应的名词性物主代词his(男)、hers(女)。
三、辨“人物”
【经典考例1】Running is cheap,easy and it’s always energetic.If you are time poor,you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports,so perhaps we should all give______a try.(2018 年全国卷Ⅰ,第 70 题 )
【经典考例2】However,the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months,more than 25000 people were using_____every day.(2017 年全国卷Ⅱ,第67题)
【经典考例3】Then everyone in the carriage began searching for the ticket,which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.(2014 年浙江卷,短文改错 )
【命题剖析】该组题要求考生熟练判断代词指代的是人还是物,因句中会出现多个名词对考生进行干扰,考生还要正确辨别代词指代的是哪一个人,是哪一个物。第1题填it,指代running;第2题填it,指代railway;第3题把his改为its,指代seat。
【备考策略】针对该考查方式,考生要学会排除干扰,厘清线索,准确判断代词所指代的人或物。此外,还要熟练掌握代词it的基本用法:
①it用作人称代词,指代前面所提到的事物、群体、身份不明的人或者婴儿以及未指明但谈话双方都明白的事情或情况。如:Some is knocking at the door.Who might it be at such a late hour?(it指身份不明的人 )
②it用作无人称代词时,主要指代天气、时间、距离、地点、温度、自然环境等。如:It is twenty miles from here to the village.(it指距离 )
四、分“你我”
【经典考例1】This picture often brings back to me many happy memories of your high school days.(2017 年全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)
【经典考例2】Instead,he hopes that our business will grow steadily.(2016年全国卷Ⅰ,短文改错)
【经典考例3】If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden your view and gain knowledge we cannot get from books.(2016 年全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错)
【命题剖析】该组题要求考生根据前后文语境从逻辑角度判断、使用合适的代词。题中的形容词性物主代词指代混乱,出现了“你我他”不分的情况,如第1题中的your与me不符,应改为my;第2题中的our与he不符,应改为his;第3题中的your与we不符,应改为our。
【备考策略】针对该命题方式,考生须认真通读全句,着重考虑前后文代词在人称上是否指代一致。
五、分“单复”
【经典考例1】They would say to us that playing card games would help my brain.(2018 年全国卷Ⅱ,短文改错 )
【经典考例2】Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.(2015年浙江卷,短文改错)
【命题剖析】该组题主要考查的是人称代词的单复数形式。人称代词表示或者指代单、复数时,应该用其对应的单、复数形式,如第1题,由后面my可以判断应把us改为me;第2题中的代词应该指代a beautiful park,因此应把them改为it。
【备考策略】考生碰到类似问题时应该通读全句,寻找代词所指代的名词,辨清代词指代的究竟是单数还是复数。
六、分“主宾”
【经典考例】When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find_______(they)alive.(2018 年全国卷Ⅲ,第68题)
【命题剖析】该题考查的是人称代词的宾格形式,要求考生准确区分代词的主格和宾格形式。题中find后面接宾语,故应填they的宾格形式them。
【备考策略】针对该命题方式,考生要准确区分代词的主格和宾格形式:I(主格)→me(宾格),you(主格)→you(宾格),he(主格)→him(宾格),she(主格)→her(宾格),it(主格)→it(宾格),we(主格)→us(宾格),they(主格)→them(宾格)。
七、找“物主”
【经典考例1】Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and_______(they)use unconsciously,meaning that...(2017年11月浙江卷,第64题)
【经典考例2】Then the driver stood up and asked,“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh dear!It’s______(I).”(2014 年全国卷Ⅱ,第69 题 )
【命题剖析】该组题考查了形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的形式。第1题中use是名词,所以用形容词性物主代词their修饰;第2题应该填名词性物主代词mine,指代my suitcase。(此处也可填me,由于本部分主要阐述形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法,故不进行详细说明。)
【备考策略】考生应该正确区分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的形式,并且学会如何去判断这两类代词。形容词性物主代词起形容词的作用,用在名词前,如第1题;而名词性物主代词起名词的作用,后面无名词。名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词,为避免重复使用名词,有时可用“名词性物主代词”来代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”的形式,如第2题。
名词性物主代词有:①单数形式:mine(我的……),yours(你的 ……),his(他的 ……),hers(她的 ……),its(它的……),one’s(某人的……);②复数形式:ours(我们的……),yours(你们的……),theirs(他们的……)。
形容词性物主代词有:①单数形式:my(我的),your(你的),his(他的),her(她的),its(它的);②复数形式:your(你们的),our(我们的),their(他们的)。
八、找“自我”
【经典考例1】I had done myself homework,but I was shy.(2018年全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)
【经典考例2】“She thought I had hurt______(I),”says Pahlsson.(2017 年浙江卷,第 59 题 )
【经典考例3】At first,I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by yourself.(2016 年全国卷Ⅲ,短文改错)
【命题剖析】该组题考查了反身代词的用法。反身代词不能作定语,因此第1题中的myself应改为形容词性物主代词my;反身代词与句中的主语是同一个人,因此第2题填myself,第3题应把yourself改为myself。
【备考策略】首先,考生要明确反身代词的构成形式:反身代词以-self(单数)或-selves(复数)结尾,第一、二人称的反身代词由物主代词加-self构成,第三人称的反身代词由人称代词宾格加-self构成。其次,要熟悉反身代词的用法:
①反身代词通常表示其与句中的主语是同一人,在句中作宾语,不能省略,否则该句是一个意义不完整的错句。如:Jane is too young to look after herself.
②反身代词可以表示强调,即用来加强某个名词或者代词的语气,可译成“亲自”“本人”。即使去掉,也不影响句子的完整性。要注意,反身代词不能作主语,但是可以作主语的同位语,放在主语后或句末。如:I myself did the homework last night.
③含有反身代词的习惯搭配:devote oneself to致力于,dress oneself自己穿衣,enjoy oneself过得愉快,boast oneself自夸,help oneself to 随便吃,make oneself at home不拘束,say to oneself心里想,seat oneself就 座,teach oneself自学,come to oneself恢复知觉,explain oneself说明自己的意图,talk/speak to oneself自言自语,feel oneself觉得正常,forget oneself忘我、失态,excuse oneself为自己辩解等。
九、遵“指示”
【经典考例】In many ways,the education system in the US is not very different from_______in the UK.(2016 年浙江卷,第3题改编)
【命题剖析】该题考查了指示代词的用法,要求考生准确找出空格中代词所指代的名词,进而做出判断。在该题中,根据比较对象可知,应该用that代替the education system。
【备考策略】指示代词有this(这,这个),that(那,那个),these(这些 ),those(那些 ),在句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语。在某些表示比较的句型中,常用指示代词that或those代替前面出现的名词,以避免重复,如以上考题。注意:that代替单数名词或者不可数名词,而those代替可数名词复数。如:I’d rather like the cars made in France than those made in Japan.
【小结】通过对以上代词考点命题方式的分析可以看出,代词的考点聚焦在以下几个方面:人称代词的性别、人称代词的主格和与其对应的宾格形式、形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的区别、反身代词的形式和用法、指示代词以及it的常见用法。考生在复习备考时要熟练并系统地掌握代词的这些基本用法。
【巩固练习】
1.On my recent visit,I held a lively three-month-old twin that had been selected by______(it)mother.
2.Usually what weighs us down is not the burdens of life,but how we handle_______(they).
3.I took______for granted that they were not coming.
4.Ms Shen’s method of teaching is nothing like______of the teachers at my Junior High school.
5.The old lady is said to have three children,and two of_______(they)are studying abroad.
6.This is my schoolbag._________(you)is on the desk.
7.The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase_______.
8.We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake.(改错)
9.We must find ways to protect your environment.(改错 )
10.He had a deep voice,which set himself apart from others in our small town.(改错 )
【参考答案】1.its;2.them;3.it;4.that;5.them;6.Yours;7.it;8.ours 改为 our;9.your改为 our;10.himself改为him