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D—二聚体、纤维蛋白原在系统性红斑狼疮及狼疮肾炎中的价值

2018-12-26薛晓倩江洪耿许百洁薛文昌莫守崎

中国当代医药 2018年31期
关键词:纤维蛋白原系统性红斑狼疮二聚体

薛晓倩 江洪耿 许百洁 薛文昌 莫守崎

[摘要]目的 探討D-二聚体(D-D)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)与系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)及狼疮肾炎(LN)的关系。方法 选取2015年1月~2018年3月揭阳市人民医院风湿免疫科住院的80例SLE患者作为研究对象,根据有无合并LN分为SLE合并LN(SLE-LN)组(40例)及SLE无合并LN(SLE-NLN)组(40例);再根据狼疮活动度,SLE-LN组分为SLE-LN低活动组(13例)、SLE-LN高活动组(27例),SLE-NLN组分为SLE-NLN低活动组(11例)及SLE-NLN高活动组(29例)。另同期选取40例正常者作为正常对照组。比较各组的D-D、FIB水平,分别测定SLE-LN组患者治疗前后血清中的D-D、FIB水平,测定SLE-LN组中的补体C3(C3)、补体C4(C4)、抗双链DNA抗体(ds-DNA)水平,评估SLE疾病活动度(SLEDAI)。结果 SLE患者的血清D-D及FIB水平明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);且SLE-LN低活动组的D-D、FIB水平高于SLE-NLN低活动组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);SLE-LN高活动组的D-D、FIB水平高于SLE-NLN高活动组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SLE-LN组治疗后的血清D-D、FIB水平较治疗前均有降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);SLE-LN且D-D>2 mg/L组的C3、C4水平均低于SLE-LN且D-D≤2 mg/L组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SLE-LN且FIB>4 g/L组的C3、C4水平均低于SLE-LN且FIB≤4 g/L组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。D-D与SLEDAI成正相关(r=0.337,P=0.036),FIB与SLEDAI亦成正相关(r=0.38,P=0.017)。结论 D-D及FIB与SLE疾病活动度及肾损害密切相关,且比ds-DNA灵敏度更高。

[关键词]D-二聚体;纤维蛋白原;系统性红斑狼疮;狼疮肾炎

[中图分类号] R593.24 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-4721(2018)11(a)-0018-04

Value of D-dimer, fibrinogen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis

XUE Xiao-qian1 JIANG Hong-gen2 XU Bai-jie1 XUE Wen-chang3 MO Shou-qi1

1. Department of Rheumatology, People′s Hospital of Jieyang City in Guangdong Province Jieyang Hospital Affiliated to Sun-Yat-Sen University, Jieyang 522000, China; 2. Department of Orthopaedics, People′s Hospital of Jieyang City in Guangdong Province Jieyang Hospital Affiliated to Sun-Yat-Sen University, Jieyang 522000, China; 3. Department of Dermatology, Chronic Disease Prevention and Control Center of Rongcheng Disteict of Jieyang City in Guangdong Province, Jieyang 522000, China

[Abstract] Objective To explore the relationship between D-dimer (D-D), fibrinogen (FIB) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and lupus nephritis (LN). Methods A total of 80 patients with SLE in the department of rheumatology and immunology in people′s hospital of Jieyang city from January 2015 to March 2018 were selected as experimental subjects and divided into the SLE with LN group (SLE-LN) and the SLE none LN group (SLE-NLN) according to whether or not associated with LN, 40 cases in each group. According to disease activity index of SLE, the SLE-LN group was divided into the SLE-LN with low activity group (13 cases) and the SLE-LN with high activity group (27 cases), the SLE-NLN group was divided into the SLE-NLN with low activity group (11 cases) and the SLE-NLN with high activity group (29 cases). In the same period, 40 normal subjects were selected as the control group. The levels of D-D and FIB were compared in each group. The serum levels of D-D and FIB were measured before and after treatment in SLE-LN group, the serum levels of complement C3 (C3), complement C4 (C4) and anti double stranded DNA antibody (ds-DNA) in the SLE-LN group were measured, and SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) was assessed. Results The serum levels of D-D and FIB in the patients with SLE were significantly higher than those in the control group, with statistical differences (P<0.01). The levels of D-D and FIB in the SLE-LN with low activity group were higher than those of the SLE-NLN with low activity group, with statistical differences (P<0.05), and the levels of D-D and FIB in the SLE-LN with high activity group were higher than those in the SLE-NLN with high activity group, with statistical differences (P<0.05). After treatment, the levels of serum D-D and FIB in the SLE-LN group were lower than that before treatment, with statistical differences (P<0.05). The levels of serum C3 and C4 in the SLE-LN with D-D>2 mg/L group were lower than those in the SLE-LN with D-D≤2 mg/L group, with statistical differences (P<0.05). The levels of serum C3 and C4 in the SLE-LN wiht FIB>4 g/L group were lower than those in the SLE-LN with FIB≤4 g/L group, with statistical differences (P<0.05). The positive rate of ds-DNA in the SLE-LN with D-D increased group was significantly higher than that in the SLE-LN with D-D normal group, with statistical differences (P<0.05). D-D was positively correlated with SLEDAI (r=0.337, P=0.036), and FIB was positively correlated with SLEDAI (r=0.38, P=0.017). Conclusion D-D and FIB are closely related to SLE disease activity and LN, and are more sensitive than ds-DNA.

[Key words] D-dimer; Fibrinogen; Systemic lupus erythematosus; Lupus nephritis

系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)是一种多系统损害的自身免疫性疾病,血清学中可检测到以抗核抗体为主的多种自身抗体存在,且患者普遍存在高凝状态,尤其是补体系统的激活,更容易出现凝血-纤溶系统异常[1]。狼疮肾炎(LN)的主要机制是免疫复合物在肾小球、血管壁等沉积而引起的损伤[2],同时肾小球微血栓亦不少见[3]。D-二聚体(D-D)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)在凝血-纤溶系统中起重要作用,且与血栓形成及狼疮活动度相关[4-5]。临床发现SLE尤其是同时合并LN的患者血清中D-D及FIB水平明显升高,D-D及FIB升高是否仅仅用于提示血栓形成危险性,在SLE中D-D及FIB水平的升高究竟有怎样的临床意义,这些都是值得探讨的问题。本研究通过观察D-D、FIB在狼疮活动度及狼疮肾炎中的水平变化,探讨D-D、FIB与狼疮活动度及狼疮肾炎的关系,旨在为SLE的诊治提供参考,现报道如下。

1资料与方法

1.1一般资料

选取2015年1月~2018年3月揭阳市人民医院风湿免疫科住院诊断为SLE的80例患者作为研究对象,根据有无合并LN分为SLE-LN组(40例)与SLE-NLN组(40例)。SLE-LN组中,女35例,男5例;年龄19~53岁,平均(34.5±14.6)岁。SLE-NLN组中,女39例,男1例;年龄9~63岁,平均(35.2±16.1)岁。再根据狼疮活动度,SLE-LN组分为SLE-LN低活动组(13例)、SLE-LN高活动组(27例),SLE-NLN组分为SLE-NLN低活动组(11例)及SLE-NLN高活动组(29例)。选取同期的40例正常者作为正常对照组,其中女36例,男4例;年龄18~59岁,平均(33.5±15.7)岁。纳入标准:①诊断标准均符合2009年ACR SLE及LN的诊断标准[6-7];②病情均处于活动期;③通过常规检查未发现有血栓形成等情况。排除标准:①病例资料不齐全;②病情无活动;③有血栓形成的病例。以上资料收集均经相关医学伦理委员会批准,并取得参与研究者的知情同意。

1.2检测方法

1.2.1血浆D-D、FIB的测定 D-D采用德赛诊断系统(上海)有限公司的贝克曼DXC800全自动生化分析仪检测,方法为颗粒增强型免疫透射比浊法,正常值为0.0~0.5 mg/L;FIB检测采用日本希森美康株社会社的CA-1500全自动凝血分析仪检测,方法为凝固法,正常值为2~4 g/L。

1.2.2补体C3、C4测定 均采用免疫投射比浊法,采用日立7600 Series全自动生化分析仪进行检测。补体C3正常值为0.6~1.6 g/L,补体C4正常值为0.1~0.4 g/L。

1.2.3 抗双链DNA抗体(ds-DNA)定量测定 采用酶免法,在亚辉龙UNION免疫分析仪上进行检测。ds-DNA正常值为0~30 IU/ml。

1.2.4 SLE疾病活动度(SLEDAI)评分 0~4分为基本无活动,5~9分为轻度活动,10~14分为中度活动,≥15分为重度活动。

1.3统计学方法

采用SPSS 17.0统计学软件对数据进行处理,计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验,相关性分析采用Pearson相关性分析,计数资料以率(%)表示,采用χ2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2结果

2.1 SLE患病组与正常对照组D-D、FIB水平的比较

SLE组患者的血清D-D及FIB水平均较正常对照组明显升高(P<0.05);SLE-LN低活动组的D-D、FIB水平高于SLE-NLN低活动组(P<0.05),SLE-LN高活动组的D-D、FIB水平高于SLE-NLN高活动组(P<0.05)(表1)。

与正常对照组比较,*P<0.01;与SLE-NLN低活动组比较,△P<0.05;与SLE-NLN高活动组比较,P<0.05

2.2 SLE-LN组患者治疗前后D-D、FIB水平的比较

SLE-LN组患者治疗后的血清D-D、FIB水平均较治疗前明显降低(P<0.05)(表2)。

2.3 SLE-LN患者血清D-D、FIB与补体的关系

SLE-LN且D-D>2组患者的C3、C4水平均低于SLE-LN且D-D≤2组患者(P<0.05)。SLE-LN且FIB>4组患者的C3、C4水平均低于SLE-LN且FIB≤4组(P<0.05)(表3)。

2.4 SLE-LN患者D-D、FIB与ds-DNA的关系

SLE-LN且D-D升高组的ds-DNA阳性率为81.0%(17/21),高于SLE-LN且D-D正常组的31.6%(6/19),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。SLE-LN且FIB正常组的ds-DNA阳性率為63.3%(19/30),高于SLE-LN且FIB升高组的40.0%(4/10),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

2.5 D-D、FIB与SLEDAI的关系

D-D与SLEDAI成正相关(r=0.337,P=0.036),FIB与SLEDAI亦成正相关(r=0.38,P=0.017)。

3讨论

SLE是一种自身免疫性疾病,以自身抗体产生、免疫复合物沉积和组织器官损伤为主要特征[8]。研究显示,SLE患者身上存在凝血系统失调,提示凝血级联反应与SLE致病相关,且凝血级联反应、补体系统、炎性反应与SLE疾病严重程度密切相关,在SLE病情活动时,这种效应明显增强[9]。Li等[10]发现在SLE尤其是LN患者中血清α-烯醇化酶抗体(AB)明显升高,AB主要与纤溶状态相关,提示SLE患者存在纤溶系统异常。LN主要病理基础是免疫复合物沉积,纤维蛋白原抗体在肾脏的沉积亦是其病理形式之一[2],而肾小球微血栓(GMT)在狼疮性肾炎中并不少见,并与活动性肾损伤和进行性肾损害有关[3]。

D-D是纤维蛋白被纤溶酶激活后降解的产物。在体内,纤维蛋白凝块通常通过纤维蛋白溶酶进行纤溶,释放D-D作为特定的纤维蛋白裂解产物。因此,在已经形成血栓的患者中,D-D明显升高,而升高的D-D也可能存在于那些以异常高的速度形成和降解纤维蛋白的患者中,而这些患者无相关临床依据提示有显著的血栓形成[11]。在SLE患者中发现不论抗磷脂抗体状态如何,如果持续出现不明原因的D-D水平升高,特别是当D-D≥2 mg/ml时,血栓形成的风险明显升高,提示D-D可用于预测SLE血栓形成的风险[12]。但有研究显示[13],在无血栓形成的SLE患者中,同样存在D-D水平升高。Liang等[9]通过蛋白组学及基因组学的研究发现D-D与狼疮活动度相关, 且高水平的D-D与浆膜炎发生密切相关[4]。本研究结果显示,在SLE患者中,D-D水平明显高于正常对照组,尤其在同时合并狼疮肾炎时,D-D水平更高;治疗后狼疮活动度降低,D-D水平明显降低,在D-D水平>2 mg/L时,血液中补体C3、C4水平降低更明显,SLEDAI评分更高,提示D-D可以協同补体、ds-DNA等用于评估狼疮活动度,特别是当出现一些狼疮活动,但是ds-DNA仍正常的患者,D-D预示狼疮活动更敏感,且其水平明显升高者(>2 mg/L),往往更容易出现狼疮肾炎,这与国内的相关报道相一致[14]。

FIB是一种340 kDa的血浆糖蛋白,在全身炎症和组织损伤中可明显升高。D-D通过活动凝血酶的活性在肝脏中合成并转化成纤维蛋白,这是血小板聚集、凝块形成、伤口愈合和凝血的关键凝血因子[15]。高纤维蛋白原血症(FBG>342 mg/dl)使血栓形成风险增加约3倍[16],且高纤维蛋白原血症与SLE患者肺动脉高压、高凝状态密切相关[5]。临床发现SLE活动期患者,尤其是合并LN的患者,FIB明显升高。本研究结果显示,在SLE患者中FIB水平高于正常对照组,且合并狼疮肾炎的患者血清FIB水平更高,治疗后FIB水平有所下降,且在SLE合并LN患者中FIB水平越高,补体水平越低,ds-DNA阳性率及SLEDAI评分越高,提示FIB与SLE病情活动度及狼疮肾炎的发生密切相关。

D-D及FIB在凝血-纤溶系统中起重要作用,SLE患者在疾病活动时出现D-D及FIB的升高,且同时合并LN的患者升高明显,提示SLE及LN患者存在凝血及纤溶系统异常,而LN主要机制是免疫复合物沉积及肾小球微血栓形成,两者均可导致凝血纤溶系统的激活,这可能是D-D及FIB升高的原因。血管内血栓和血栓的致密性降低可能会加重血栓部位的血管阻塞,并可能加重SLE相关并发症的病程和结局[17],因此,采用D-D及FIB预测SLE患者的凝血及纤溶状态显得尤为重要。

综上所述,D-D及FIB不仅可预示SLE患者的凝血及纤溶状态、还可协同补体、ds-DNA用于预测SLE病情活动度,且比ds-DNA灵敏度更高,经治疗后两者水平明显降低,可用于治疗效果的评估。D-D及FIB水平明显升高的患者,狼疮肾炎发生率更高。

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[15]Xu WY,Zhang HH,Yang XB,et al.Prognostic significance of combined preoperative fibrinogen and CA199 in gallbladder cancer patients[J].World J Gastroenterol,2018,24(13):1451-1463.

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(收稿日期:2018-05-09 本文编辑:祁海文)

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