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课堂内外一体化英语阅读教学模式的探究

2018-09-27徐永军陈程程于海波

关键词:英语阅读教学阅读策略阅读能力

徐永军 陈程程 于海波

摘 要:閱读教学是英语教师实现多元化教学目标的主要载体,在英语教学中处于非常重要的位置。英语阅读教学应该将课外阅读作为课堂内阅读教学的有机组成部分,使课外阅读与课堂内阅读教学进行整合,不仅充分发挥课外阅读的作用,还使课堂内的阅读教学更加具有针对性,提高英语阅读教学的有效性。

关键词:英语阅读教学;课堂内阅读教学;课外阅读;阅读策略;阅读能力

阅读教学在英语教学中处于非常重要的位置。“通过阅读教学,英语教师可以实现多元化的教学目标,如进行语言知识及话题知识的讲授,训练学生的阅读策略,提升学生的阅读能力等。”[1]但是,“课堂内的阅读教学时间及阅读量是有限的,而学生阅读策略的培养及阅读能力的提升需要一个长时间的过程及充分的阅读量”[2]。因此,“英语阅读教学应整合课堂内的阅读教学与课外阅读,使课外阅读成为课堂内阅读教学的有机组成部分”[3]。基于此目标,笔者构建了课堂内外一体化的英语阅读教学模式,将课堂内的阅读教学与课外阅读进行整合。

一、课堂内外一体化英语阅读教学模式的构建

课堂内外一体化英语阅读教学的核心是构建课堂内阅读教学与课外阅读之间的联系,将两者进行优化组合,旨在提升英语阅读教学的有效性。课堂内外一体化英语阅读教学有两种实施方式:一是将课外阅读作为课堂内阅读教学的基础,即课外阅读为课堂内的阅读教学提供语篇的背景知识及阅读策略的先行训练;二是将课外阅读作为课堂内阅读教学的延伸,让学生在课外阅读中运用课堂内阅读教学所获取的阅读策略。第一种实施方式更具可行性,因为课外阅读的练习题及其所涉及的阅读策略是提前设定好的,已经为课堂内的阅读教学界定了需要训练的阅读策略,从而使课堂内的阅读教学更具针对性。因此,笔者采用第一种实施方式,将课外阅读作为课堂内阅读教学的基础,构建课堂内外一体化英语阅读教学模式(见图 1)。该教学模式包括两个教学阶段——课外小语篇的阅读教学和课内主语篇的阅读教学。

(一)课外小语篇的阅读教学

课外小语篇的阅读教学是为课内主语篇阅读教学进行阅读策略的先行训练,同时为课内主语篇的阅读提供背景知识。因此,课外小语篇的主题必须与课内主语篇的主题相一致。根据课内主语篇的主题,教师选取相应的课外小语篇阅读文本,然后对课外小语篇的文本信息进行解读,提取与课内主语篇文本信息相关的内容,构建两者之间的联系,从而为课内主语篇阅读的话题导入做好准备。此外,教师需要对课外小语篇的阅读练习题进行分析,明确阅读练习题的类型及其所涉及的阅读策略,以此作为课内主语篇阅读练习题设计的参照。课外小语篇的阅读教学由三个教学环节组成。首先,让学生独立完成课外小语篇的阅读练习。然后,教师为学生讲解阅读练习的答案,讲授相应的阅读策略,帮助学生完成阅读练习的错误分析。接下来,基于课外小语篇的文本信息,教师为课内主语篇的阅读进行话题导入。

(二)课内主语篇的阅读教学

课内主语篇的阅读教学是为了让学生练习课外小语篇所涉及的阅读策略,同时对课内主语篇的文本信息进行深入解读。课内主语篇的阅读教学包括七个教学环节:(1)教师挑选可能影响学生理解语篇的词汇及短语进行简要介绍,让学生在书中注明这些词汇及短语的意义,帮助学生突破阅读过程中可能出现的语言障碍,保证阅读顺畅进行;(2)学生阅读全文,完成基于课外小语篇阅读策略所设计的相关阅读练习,练习运用课外小语篇的阅读策略;(3)教师为学生讲解阅读练习的答案,进一步强调相关阅读策略在这些练习中的应用;(4)教师为学生呈现语篇的部分框架图,要求学生阅读全文后完成语篇的整个框架图,使学生从整体层面了解语篇的框架结构及主要内容;(5)当学生对语篇的内容有了大致了解后,教师引导学生对语篇的文本信息进行精读,帮助学生深入了解语篇的内容及具体的细节;(6)学生完成教师设计的输出任务,如基于语篇的核心问题发表议论或形成观点、完成语篇摘要的填空、根据关键词完成语篇内容的复述等,旨在加深学生对语篇内容的理解,培养学生的批判性思维能力;(7)教师布置课后作业,以巩固、拓展阅读教学的成果。

二、课堂内外一体化英语阅读教学模式的实践

笔者以人教版NSEFC Book 5 Unit 3 Life in the future的主语篇“First impressions”为例,示范说明课堂内外一体化英语阅读教学模式。“First impressions”的主题为未来生活的变化,通过描述主人公李强一次穿越未来的旅行,对人们未来生活的变化(good changes and bad changes)进行了详细描述。基于主语篇的主题,笔者选取了相应的小语篇“What will the future be like?”(小语篇、练习及主语篇的完整练习详见浙江教学月刊社网站www.jxyk.com“资料下载”中的“原文选登”)。该语篇主要讲述了科学家对未来生活所做的预测(optimistic prediction and pessimistic prediction)。

(一)课外小语篇的阅读教学

Step 1. Complete the reading comprehension of mini-passage.

【设计意图】小语篇的5道阅读练习题分别考查学生对主旨大意的提取(如第1题)、细节信息的理解(如第2、3题)、词意的猜测(如第4题)及作者态度的推断(如第5题)。通过完成小语篇的阅读练习,学生可以为主语篇的阅读做好话题知识的储备,同时也可以检验自己对相应阅读策略的掌握情况,并发现自己在阅读策略方面存在的不足之处。

Step 2. Check the answers of reading comprehension of mini-passage.

T: Lets check the answers of above five multiple choices. The first one is about the main idea of this passage and you can use skimming to find the answer. Skimming refers to looking only for the general or main ideas and you just need to read the first and the last paragraphs and the first and the last sentences of each paragraph. The right answer of this multiple choice is D and you can find the answer in the last paragraph. The passage doesnt mention the other three options ...

【设计意图】在教师对练习题的讲评中,尤其是在相关阅读策略的传授中,学生认识到对不同类型的阅读练习应采取相应的阅读策略,从而更有效地运用这些阅读策略,提高他们的英语阅读能力。

Step 3. Lead in the topic of the main passage.

T: According to the pessimists, what problems may people face in the future?

S: The resources of the earth may have been used up; seas and the air are badly polluted; there will be no farmland left because of the doubted population.

T: Will all these problems be solved in the future?

S: We are not sure.

T: Thats OK. Today we will study a new passage about Li Qiang and he will tell us the answer. Now open your textbooks and turn to Page 17.

【設计意图】教师从小语篇中提取与主语篇内容相关的信息,进行话题导入,激活学生相关的背景知识,为主语篇的阅读做好准备。

(二)课内主语篇的阅读教学

Step 1. Introduce some new words and phrases.

T: Firstly, I will introduce the meanings of some new words and phrases in the passage and you need to write down the meanings in your textbook.

previous:happening or existing before something or someone else (L6)

tablet: pill (L9)

capsule: the part of a space boat in which people live and work (L12)

adjustment: a small change (L12)

be back on ones feet : recover (L26)

slide into: slip into (L32)

sweep up: clean up (L47)

【设计意图】教师挑选可能影响学生理解语篇的词汇及短语进行简要介绍,让学生在书中注明这些词汇及短语的意义,帮助学生解决阅读过程中可能出现的语言障碍,保证阅读能顺畅进行。

Step 2. Read the whole passage and complete the reading comprehension.

【设计意图】基于小语篇阅读策略所设计的主语篇阅读练习是:1. What does this passage mainly talk about? 2. What does “time lag” mean according to the author? 3. What may Li Qiang think of his journey to the future in the time capsule? 4. Li Qiang narrates the bad changes to life in AD 3008 except ______. 5. What is the authors attitude toward the future?以上5个练习题同样考查学生对语篇主旨大意的提取、词意的猜测、细节信息的理解及作者态度的推断。学生在完成同类型的题目中练习了在小语篇阅读中学到的阅读策略。

Step 3. Check the answers of reading comprehension.

T: Lets check the answers of five multiple choices. The first one is about the main idea of this passage and you can skim the first paragraph to find the answer. The right answer is A. The second one is to guess the meaning of “time lag” and there is an explanation of this phrase in the Paragraph 1 ...

【设计意图】教师为学生讲解主语篇阅读练习的答案,再次强调如何使用阅读策略完成这些阅读练习,帮助学生进一步掌握相关阅读策略。

Step 4. Scan the whole passage and fill in the blanks.

[Before arriving

in the future

(Paras.1-2) · Li Qiang took up a ______ he won last year and travelled to the future through a time ______. · The capsule swung gently ______ as they lay relaxed and dreaming. When arriving

in the future

(Paras.3-4) · At first, the new surroundings were difficult to ______.

· Hit by a lack of fresh air, Li Qiangs head ached, so Wang Ping handed him a ______ and took him to a small room for a rest. Soon Li Qiang was ______ again.

· Li Qiang took a hovering cabbage to reach a place where they were too many carriages ______

by in all directions. · Li Qiang found the wall of a room made of ______.

· Wang Ping ______ a switch on a computer screen and a table and some chairs rose from under the floor as if by magic. ]

【设计意图】教师为学生呈现语篇的部分框架图,要求学生阅读全文后完成整个框架图,使学生从整体了解语篇的框架结构及主要内容。

Step 5. Detailed reading.

T: Through completing the last reading exercise, we have known the basic structure and content of this passage. Next, we will read this passage paragraph by paragraph to obtain more detailed information about this passage. Firstly, please read Paragraphs 1-2 and answer the following questions.

The main idea of Paragraph 1: .

How did Li Qiang feel when he left his own time?

The main idea of Paragraph 2:

.

Why was Li Qiang given a calming drink?

T: Read Paragraphs 3-4 and summarize the main ideas of these two paragraphs.

T: Read Paragraphs 3-4 again and clarify the good changes and the bad changes happened to life in AD 3008 from three aspects—air quality, transport and houses.

[ Good changes Bad changes Air quality In public places:

. At home:

. Transport People use hovering carriages driven by computer. It is easy to and can move . It is difficult to find the way because .

Houses The house living space, for example, its furniture is stored under the floor. is a big challenge in the future. ]

T: In your opinion, what may result in the good changes and the bad changes to the future?

【设计意图】本环节使学生获取语篇的具体细节信息,有助于学生对语篇的文本信息进行整合与提炼,也可以帮助学生进一步挖掘语篇的深层次信息。

Step 6. Discussion.

T: Discuss one of the following questions in a group of four and give us a report.

1. Are you willing to live in such a life in the future like Li Qiang described? Why?

2. What can you do to make the future life become better?

【设计意图】本环节中学生完成基于语篇核心问题的语言输出任务,实现语言技能的整合,提高综合语言运用能力。另外,將语篇的话题知识延伸到学生的真实生活中,让学生有机会运用所学的语言知识及话题知识表达自己的观点,从而培养他们的批判性思维能力。

Step 7. Homework.

T: Suppose you are the father or the mother of Li Qiang, please write a 100-word letter to respond Li Qiang, telling him their thoughts of the future life and some advice for him.

【设计意图】教师让学生课后进行读后续写,给学生足够的空间和时间去回顾语篇的内容,鼓励学生走出作者的思维框架,运用所学的语言知识及话题知识表达自己的观点,提出自己的问题,满足其个性化学习的需要,从而提高他们的综合语言运用能力。

课堂内外一体化英语阅读教学模式将课外阅读作为课堂内阅读教学的有机组成部分,使课外阅读与课堂内阅读教学进行整合,不仅充分发挥课外阅读对学生的阅读策略训练及阅读能力提升的作用,提高课外阅读的有效性,还使课堂内的阅读教学更加具有针对性。具体教学中,教师需要将课外阅读纳入到教学计划中,对课外阅读与课堂内的阅读教学进行整体的教学设计,优化两者之间的组合。另外,将课外阅读纳入到教学计划中,可以引起学生对课外阅读的关注,有助于学生改变对课外阅读的态度,更加积极地完成课外阅读的练习。

参考文献:

[1]余德英. 中国英语阅读教学模式研究述评[J]. 肇庆学院学报,2015(1):42-45.

[2]王英. 高中英语阅读教学:问题与对策[D]. 武汉:华中师范大学,2007.

[3]鲁子问. 中小学英语阅读教学理论与实践[M]. 北京:中国电力出版社,2005:167.

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