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英语阅读教学中读后续写微技能的渗透

2018-09-27郑焕华

关键词:阅读教学

郑焕华

摘 要:阅读教学是培养学生读后续写微技能的主渠道。在阅读教学中教师可以通过培养学生的发散性思维、引导学生合理拓展故事情节、帮助学生掌握细节描写的能力等读后续写微技能的渗透,逐步提升学生的读后续写能力。

关键词:阅读教学;读后续写微技能;读后续写能力

讀后续写是浙江省从2016年10月开始的英语新高考中写作部分的一个新题型。要提高学生的读后续写能力,除开展专门的读后续写写作指导课之外,教师要将读后续写涉及的微技能渗透到日常教学中,通过日积月累的方式,逐步提升学生的读后续写能力。阅读教学是培养学生读后续写微技能的主渠道,因此,笔者进行了思考和探究。

一、读后续写微技能的主要内容

《普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明(高考综合改革试验省份试用)(第一版)》指出,读后续写评分时,应主要从以下四个方面考虑:

(1)与所给短文及段落开头语的衔接程度;

(2)内容的丰富性和对所标出关键词语的应用情况;

(3)应用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性;

(4)上下文的连贯性[1]。

仔细分析以上四个方面的要求,不难发现读后续写主要考查学生在准确理解文章大意的基础上发散思维、合理拓展故事情节、对情节展开生动描写及用丰富而准确的语言表达情节等微技能。在阅读教学中,我们可以抓住契机渗透这些微技能,逐步培养学生的读后续写能力。下面以人教版高中英语教材中的阅读文本为例,分析说明如何在阅读教学中培养学生的发散思维、合理拓展故事情节、对情节展开生动描写等微技能。

二、阅读教学中读后续写微技能的渗透策略

(一)培养学生的发散性思维

根据所给文本续想故事可能的发展方向是读后续写关键的一步,所以学生具有较强的发散性思维很重要。在阅读教学中我们可以通过读前预测、读中在合适的点拓展和读后续想(或续写)等环节来培养学生的发散性思维。

1.读前预测

读前预测通常可以根据阅读文本的题目或插图让学生对故事的发展方向进行预测来实现。比如,在Book 2 Unit 3的“How Daisy Learned to Help Wildlife”阅读教学中,教师可以通过以下问题让学生根据题目和插图预测:Read the title and the pictures. What do you think the passage will tell us? 又如,在Book 3 Unit 4的“A Visit to the Moon”阅读教学中,教师可以通过以下问题让学生根据题目预测:According to the title, what do you think the writer will tell us in the passage?

【分析】在阅读文章之前经常让学生根据题目或插图预测能引发学生基于原有图式发散思维,思考文章可能涉及的内容,同时促使他们对即将阅读的内容产生兴趣,并在下一步的阅读中验证自己的预测。

2.读中拓展

在阅读教学中某个故事的情节发展到某个阶段,适合学生用自己的话说说故事后续可能发生的事,也是很值得让学生去尝试的[2]5。阅读过程中学生读到一定的阶段,遇到合适的点我们可以让他们暂时停下,基于原有情节进行拓展。

比如,在Book 1 Unit 3的“Journey Down the Mekong”教学中,当学生阅读第一段之后教师可以让学生做如下拓展:They decided to take a bike trip along the Mekong River from where it begins to where it ends. What difficulties might they meet during the journey and what might they do?

【分析】学生从第一段了解到主人公将从湄公河源头骑行到终点,旅途中他们势必会遇到很多困难,在这个点上让学生展开想象,思考可能遇到的困难和解决措施,是引发学生发散思维的良好契机。这样的设计促使学生在阅读文本的同时走入情境中去想象故事的发展,既能深入体验文本,又能沿着故事已有情节进行思维拓展。

3.读后续想(续写)

有些文章可以在读后环节设置续想或者续写任务,让学生沿着文本主线进行思维拓展。比如,在Book 2 Unit 4的“How Daisy Learned to Help Wildlife”阅读教学中,教师先通过如下问题帮助学生把握文本主线,了解主要内容:Where did Daisy go? What wildlife did she meet? What situation was it in? How did the animal/Daisy feel? What did she learn?

读后设置以下任务让学生续想或续写:Suppose Daisy would go on her trip, where might she go and what might she learn? Please continue the story according to above questions.

【分析】这篇文章条理非常清晰,以地点变化为主线讲述Daisy在不同地点拜访不同野生动物并了解它们目前的生存状况,从而学习到该如何保护野生动物。有了阅读过程中的支架搭建,学生的读后续想或续写就可以依据课中思路有条理有内容地展开,思维得到有效拓展。读后续想或续写的任务设置不要拘泥于高考读后续写的题目形式,平时的训练应该先考虑能否打开学生的思维,不能因题型受到过多的限制。

(二)引导学生合理拓展故事情节

读后续写部分和所给短文属于同一个完整的语篇,续写部分的情节必须是所给短文情节的合理发展与延伸,与所给短文与情节共同服务于文本大意和叙述意图[3]。学生的故事情节拓展是否合理主要看与所给短文及段落开头语的衔接程度,其中与所给短文的衔接教师可以引导学生关注原文的主要细节、人物的性格特征及文章的主题等。

1.关注原文主要细节和人物性格特征

读后续写的文章通常为记叙文,记叙文的主要细节通常包括故事的人物、时间、地点和事件。因此,在阅读教学中首先要引导学生关注文章的记叙要素。比如,在Book 3 Unit 1的“A Sad Love Story”教学中,教师可以通过以下问题引导学生关注文章的记叙要素:Who were the main characters? When did the story happen? Where did the story happen? What happened to the main characters?

在学生了解故事主要内容后,教师继续提问帮助学生推断人物的性格特征:What kind of person do you think Li Fang was? What about Hu Jin? Why?

基于以上铺垫再让学生续写故事结尾,然后让学生根据文章的细节和人物性格特征评价同学续写的故事情节是否合理。以下是例文的两个续写及学生评价。

续写1:Hu Jin was waiting for his answer, though still feeling nervous, he opened his mouth, “Its my fault, but it must be a misunderstanding. I was also waiting for you for a long time.”“Really?” Hu Jin said, her eyes filled with doubt. Looking at Hu Jins expression, Li Fang had no choice but to seek the manager of the shop for help to prove his long-time waiting. Then together they walked back to the coffee shop. To Li Fangs delight, the manager was so kind that he agreed to help Li Fang. Eventually, Hu Jin believed Li Fangs words and forgave him.

评价:I think it was not possible for the manager of the shop to help Li Fang. Because we have read in Paragraph 2 that it was very late and the manager of the shop was waiting for Li Fang to leave. After Li Fang left, he must have closed the shop.

续写2:He opened his mouth but speechless. Thinking for a while, he decided to tell the truth to Hu Jin. Hu Jin believed him but felt disappointed and unhappy, because she didnt receive her boyfriends gift. In order to make Hu Jin happy again, Li Fang invited her to a grand restaurant and had a wonderful dinner. With Hu Jins happy tears, they hugged firmly. They would never leave each other.

評价:I dont think Hu Jin would act like that. Because from the text we know Hu Jin was generous and patient. But here her behavior seems unreasonable.

【分析】本课是让学生展开读后续写较合适的一个文本,教师设计主问题帮助学生梳理文本,获取主要细节,推断人物性格特征。通过以上梳理、续写和评价,学生会逐渐把握读后续写读时的关注点、写时的主要基点,从而学会合理拓展故事情节。

2.关注文章主题

任何故事都有一定的目的[4]127,即向读者传达一定的主题思想。在续写中沿袭作者的思想,保持主题的一致性尤为重要。因此教师有必要在阅读中带领学生剖析文章主题,在续写时引导学生关注文章主题。

(1)情节拓展要围绕文章主题

比如,在Book 3 Unit 2的“Come and Eat Here”教学中,有教师对学生脱离文章主题的不合理拓展进行了以下引导。

T: So in the end Wang Peng and Yong Hui combined their ideas and got married. Can you think of other endings to them?

S1: Wang Peng couldnt earn his living by running his small restaurant and became addicted to gambling. Finally, he had to beg on the street.

T: What do you think of his ending?

Ss: Err ...

T: Think of what the author wants to tell us in this passage. We have just discussed about it.

S2: A balanced diet, healthy eating. Wang Peng became addicted to gambling and had to beg. That is not so related to healthy eating.

T: I agree! Remember to keep the theme in your mind while continuing the story.

【分析】我们需要根据写作意图来仔细选择细节、设计故事情节[4]127。该案例中在对学生故事可能结果的续想评价时教师指点学生要考虑作者的写作意图,从而使学生明白续写要围绕主题拓展故事情节,更好地表达出作者的思想。

(2)选择与主题密切相关的内容拓展情节

比如,在Book 3 Unit 2的“Come and Eat Here”教学中,有教师在拓展故事情节中进行了以下引导。

T: Why did Wang Peng and Yong Hui get married? Can you add more details to the story?

S: After they worked together for a period. They found each others strengths. Wang Peng was good at housework. Though Yong Hui was bad-tempered, Wang found she was lovely and kind. So they fell in love.

【分析】这位学生有较丰富的想象力,但是所表达的内容与文章主题完全脱节。仔细分析可见,教师设计的任务“Why did Wang Peng and Yong Hui get married?”本身与文章主题“healthy eating”关联不大,学生的拓展更难以与主题挂钩。如果改为让学生续想“What would their restaurant be like after they got married?”则学生更容易围绕主题进行拓展,因为餐馆的未来状况会涉及相关的饮食理念、菜谱等等。因此,教师平常选择让学生拓展的情节时首先要考虑该内容是否与主题密切相关,是否为必要拓展细节,逐步培养学生细节选择的能力。

(三)帮助学生掌握细节描写的能力

一个好的语篇应该具备连贯、统一、丰富、简洁等特征,其中的丰富是指语篇必须有足够的细节支撑主题[5]。这些细节描写还要生动、具体、形象才能引人入胜。描写也就是用语言来“画”出人、物或一定的场景[4]116。教师可以在阅读教学中通过引导学生对表达手法、修辞手法等的赏析、模仿、运用等环节来帮助他们掌握这一写作微技能。

1.表达手法

对于表达手法的学习教师可以通过引导学生对比句子来实现。

比如,在Book 3 Unit 4的“A Visit to the Moon”教学中,教师可以进行以下表达手法的引导。

T: Try to find the sentences in the passage that have similar meanings to the following ones.

1) The moons gravity will not be strong.

2) But when I tried to step forward, I was carried far and fell over.

3) Leaving the moons gravity was not painful.

Ss: 1) The moons gravity will not be as strong a pull as the earths.

2) But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.

3) Leaving the moons gravity was not as painful as leaving the earths.

T: Compare these sentences, which ones impress you more and why?

Ss: The ones in the passage because in them the gravity on the moon is compared with that on the earth. We know about it better.

T: I agree. So sometimes we can use comparison in our writing to make it more vivid and concrete.

【分析】教師引导学生通过对比发现作者用比较的手法让读者对月球上的重力情况了解得更清楚,同时使描写更加生动具体。学生通过这种体验感知比较这一表达手法的作用,并逐渐学会运用到自己的写作中。

2.修辞手法

对于修辞手法教师同样可以通过对比的方法引导学生掌握。比如,在Book 6 Unit 5的“An Exciting Job”教学中,教师可以通过如下方法引导。

T: Compare the following writings. Which description do you think is more vivid and why?

Version 1: I heard a strange sound, like a railway train passing my window ... I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became as bright as day ... There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was fountaining hundreds of metres into the air.

Version 2: I heard a strange sound ... I was about to go back to sleep when suddenly my bedroom became bright ... There had been an eruption from the side of the mountain and red hot lava was rising hundreds of metres into the air.

Ss: The first writing is more vivid because “like a railway train passing my window”, “as bright as day” and “fountaining hundreds of metres into the air” tell us what the sound and the scene are like vividly. We feel as if we were there.

T: Yes, here what kind of writing techniques does the writer use?

Ss: Figure of speech—simile and metaphor.

T: Now look at these animation cartoons, writing about the rain, the wind and the lightening, using simile and metaphor.

【分析】Version 1的內容来自课文。学生在教师引导下对比两段关于火山爆发的描写,发现课文中的段落由于用了一定的修辞手法,如明喻、暗喻等,显得更为生动,更让人感觉身临其境。在此基础上,教师展现“下雨、刮风、闪电”的动画,马上让学生进行微训练,进一步感受运用修辞手段描写细节所起到的作用。

教师需要关注阅读和写作教学的微技能,并在平时的课堂教学中加以培养[2]7。要在阅读教学中有效渗透读后续写微技能,教师首先要研究考纲、考题,把握读后续写测试要求;此外要做好文本研读,挖掘文本特点,并结合学情设计教学;还要引导学生主动分析、归纳、模仿和运用,多让他们参与评价。

参考文献:

[1]中华人民共和国教育部考试中心.普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语科考试说明(高考综合改革试验省份试用)(第一版)[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社,2015:28.

[2]葛炳芳. 读写整合引领语言运用 思维能力统整语言学习——浙江省英语新高考首考带来的启示[J].教学月刊·中学版(教学参考),2017(1).

[3]傅咏梅.英语新高考写作微技能导学[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2017:10.

[4]丁往道,吴冰,钟美荪,等. 英语写作手册[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009.

[5]鲁子问,康淑敏. 英语教学方法与策略[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2008:223.

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