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对高中英语阅读教学主线式问题设计的思考

2018-09-04应常伟

中学教学参考·语英版 2018年5期
关键词:高中英语阅读教学

应常伟

[摘 要]高中英语阅读教学中的主线式问题设计要充分把握教学节奏和学生即时反馈,关注核心素养培养在课堂上的落实,围绕教学目标,直指语言输出。有效而合理的主线式问题设计能引导学生在解读文本、理解文本和体验文本的过程中提升语言能力,发展阅读技能,提高思维品质。

[关键词]高中英语;阅读教学;主线式问题设计

[中图分类号] G633.41 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1674-6058(2018)13-0032-03

一、课例背景

本课例是2017年浙江省高中英语课堂教学评比中的一堂阅读课,由笔者执教。本节课因其设计新颖,步骤流畅,教学效果良好,学生表现踊跃,在本次比赛中获得评委和观摩教师的好评,并获得一等奖。反思教学,反思课堂,现对本堂课的教学设计作详细分析,并在此基础上提出自己基于主线式问题设计的阅读教学浅见。

二、教学内容分析和学生分析

1. 教学内容分析。本节课的教学文本是一篇题为I was Waiting for Something Big的文章(见本文末)。该文通过一个具有情节高潮和冲突的故事,表达如下观点:每个人的努力方式会因为个体的性格特征不同而不同,这当中没有孰对孰错的问题,在乎的是属于自己的投入和努力过程。本公开课的上课材料词汇量并不算大,但是要深度读懂文章,形成对文章主题的理解是有较大难度的。高一学生现有的水平与材料本身还存在一定差距。

2. 学生分析。笔者执教的是建德严州中学的高一学生。严州中学为当地省一级重点中学,学生综合素养优,阅读能力较强,但高一学生的词汇积累和阅读技能仍较为有限。虽然部分生词会加大理解的难度,但是如果借助给定的参考词汇并运用根据语境猜读等技巧,学生是完全有能力完成阅读任务并最终理解这一篇章的。

三、主线问题的设计原则

“主线问题”来源于语文教学中的“板块阅读教学”,有效的主线问题设计能最大限度减少次重点和非重点的问题,使课堂教学时时刻刻围绕教学目标展开,使学生时时刻刻关注阅读课中的重点,同时通过串联繁杂的问题,形成精准的情境化问题链,大幅度提高学生的阅读学习力和课堂效率。有效的主线问题设计一般可遵循以下原则:

1. 基于文本的充分解读。阅读教学的过程是一个高度综合的过程,对文本深入而多元的解读是英语阅读教学的逻辑起点。(葛炳芳,2013)可以这样说,教学设计的起点应是教师对教学文本多角度、多维度的深入研读和解读,在此基础上理出文章的脉络和主题,设计阅读教学的问题、任务和活动。

2. 基于教学重难点的突破。阅读教学是教师帮助学生理解文本、拓展内涵、发展思维的一个连续进展的过程,问题设计一定要凸显整节阅读课的核心主线。(梁美珍,等,2013)也就是说,教师必须对整个篇章的行文逻辑和发展脉络有清晰的把握,问题设计要基于文本的核心主线,有侧重点,删减不必要的设计和处理,着重处理重要信息,牢牢把握课堂教学中重难点的突破。

3. 基于学生的现状和需求。学生是英语课堂的主体,有效的主线问题设计要基于学生的原有认知、知识储备和过往经验进行适切的问题设计和任务设计,关注学生的理解表达能力、语言能力与本堂课设定的教学目标和重难点之间的差距,教师应时时具备“支架搭建”意识,通过分析学生需求,提供有效的帮助,保证学生输出的质量。

四、教学目标设定

笔者在设定教学目标的过程中以高中英语核心素养为纲,基于“要到哪里去—怎么去—为什么这样去”,特别关注学生的最终输出和保证输出质量的阅读活动设计,阅读过程完成语言、情节和思维的铺垫。本节课主要的教学目标有:

1. 学生能够通过关注两位主要人物的主要动作如hear、take ones bow、know、practice、imagine、be used to、play、dream、read、beg、be forced to、figure和say 归纳出两位主角对待acting的看似完全不同的态度。

2. 学生能够通过分析人物的动作变化和言语逻辑矛盾判断“facts”和“opinions”,并最终全面理解人物性格特征。

3. 学生能够基于人物性格特征,猜测文章中Brad部分的留白内容,并给出合理的情节或细节补充,最终理解显性和隐性这两种不同形式的“hard work”。

4. 学生通过思考“open questions”理解作者的写作手法和语言铺设。

5. 学生通过小组合作,基于文章的理解和学习,创编接续性的一个短对话,运用课堂语言词汇,情节合理,思维开放。

五、教学过程

教学设计围绕“something big”核心词展开,沿着文章脉络before the casting call、at the casting call、the ending探寻人物性格特征、文章主题、作者写作手法和意图,开展一系列阅读活动。

Step 1. Warming up

At the beginning of the class, students listen to an audio of a real case about a student Ben being bothered by the comparison with his classmate in the ways they work and the results they receive. Students give their own idea of this case and get prepared for the story in the reading material.

【設计说明】教师播放一段来自学生的电话录音,两种看上去完全不同的学习投入方式所产生的“不公平”结果引发学生对“unfair?”的思考并表达自己的看法,同时顺利过渡到文章的故事内容。

Step 2. Reading

1. Students read the passage with the title “I was Waiting for Something Dig” and find out the “big thing” in the story.

2. Students focus on Para.1—4 and circle out all the verbs of the two brothers in the passage and underline three statements in the process.

3. Students point out the attitude of each role towards acting according to the verbs they have found.

【设计说明】学生通过阅读文章查找出“the big thing”,也即两兄弟所面对的目标。这是文章的中心词,从中心词设计文章的主线问题。同时锁定文章casting call前的内容,查找出两兄弟的动作(动词),从中归纳出两个人对待做演员这件事情看似完全不同的态度。

4. Focus on the rest of the story.

Students analyze Para.4 to Para.7 again and find out the deeds of the two main characters. But this time they focus more on the behavior of Brad, especially the paradox in his words. Students finally understand the real attitude of Brad.

【设计说明】学生通过细读故事后半部分,关注Brad的动作特别是前后矛盾的话语和Brad的表现,获知Brad的真实态度。

5. Students try to help Steven figure out his puzzles by understanding Brads reply, the title of the story(I was waiting for something big), especially the word “waiting”. Students work in groups and guess what Brad might have done in each period from childhood and finally understand that “waiting” equals “preparing”.

【設计说明】学生通过小组讨论,猜测Brad在文章中未被提及的部分到底做了哪些Steven没有关注到的和看到的事,从而充分理解文章标题也即Brad最后的回答中waiting的真正含义(不是“等待”而是“准备”,是为了这重要一刻的默默准备)。至此获知人物性格特点(hardworking and quietly ambitious)。

6. The three statements from the passage are shown in detail and students judge whether these statements are facts or just Stevens opinions. Then they figure out the personalities of Steven finally.

【设计说明】教师再次详细呈现之前的三个statements,引导学生判定,这三个表述是客观事实还是仅仅为Steven的个人片面想法而已,至此完整归纳出Steven的人物性格特征(hardworking and self-esteemed)。

7. Students think hard about the following open questions and understand the way the author made the climax astonishing.

A. If steven hadnt asked Brad to the casting,would Brad have appeared?

B.“Then he read, and,as usual,he was good.”Why did the author use“good”here?Why not fantastic,marvelous,awsome...?

C.Why did the author seldom mention Brad at the beginning and“hide him away”?

【设计说明】学生通过开放式的问题,进行思维训练,锻炼评判性思维能力,充分理解故事人物和作者的写作手法。

Step 3. Dialogue

Students work in pairs and design a possible dialogue between the brothers after the declaration of the possible result. Each dialogue covers these following aspects:

1. The preparation work of both.

2. Their love for acting.

3. Their own understanding of hard work and success.

【设计说明】在基于文章阅读完成语言铺垫、情节铺垫和思维铺垫的基础上,学生通过设计短对话,应用本节课上的语言表达(部分圈划的动词和黑板上的形容词),把握人物特征,设计合理对话内容,呈现对两种不同努力方式的理解。

Step 4. Homework

·Write a possible ending according to the reading and students dialogues.

·Share their drafts with fellow classmates.

Step 5. The end

伴随着下课铃响,教师结束了本节公开课。

六、反思与启示

1. 主线式阅读教学要充分把握教学节奏和学生即时反馈。由于主线式阅读教学主线问题设计环环相扣,需要学生有较强的持续关注力,因而教师需要智慧把控课堂教学节奏,关注学生的课堂即时反馈。教学中的过渡和衔接部分以及教学环节的交替,教师用语应力求简洁、明快、紧凑;对于明确和简易的环节,节奏宜快,甚至可以“跳跃”,让学生不感到拖沓,不感到厌烦;教师的教学指令、评价性语言应简明扼要,到点到位,个性化和具体化。但是面对教材的重难点,教学节奏宜缓,缓而不松,疏而不虚,多层次、小台阶分步训练。课堂教学时间珍贵,做到“好钢用在刀刃上”十分关键,同时给学生充分的wait time 阅读和思考,理解和消化。这样的教学节奏高低起伏,张弛得当,有利于集中学生注意力,提高课堂教学效果。

2. 关注核心素养在实践课堂上的落实。主线式阅读教学不仅要关注知识与技能、过程与方法,也应体现情感态度与价值观。同时在问题和任务设计过程中要灵活安排信息输入、信息加工和语言输出三大类问题。在本节课中,教师设计了识记、理解和应用等低阶思维活动(Bloom,1956),同时设计了分析、评价和创新等高阶思维活动( David, 2002),在语言学习基础上,注重学生英语思维和评判思维的培养,体现对学生英语学科核心素养(语言能力、思维品质、文化品格和学习能力)的培养所做的努力。笔者在本节课的课堂活动设计中,有意识地涉及这四个方面。教师不仅关注学生的英语知识基础,同时还关注学生对英语这门学科的情感体验。(王蔷,2015)

3. 问题和任务设计要围绕教学目标,直指语言输出。一堂课成功与否关键还在于学生的输出质量以及输出内容与教学目标的切合度。要保证学生达成课堂既定目标,“走得远,不跑偏”,要求教师紧紧围绕教学目标展开各项活动,要不断为学生的输出搭建充分的内容、语言、思维、评价等方面的支架,同时保证阅读与输出之间的合理信息差,促进学生思维的发散性和独创性,使输出有新意,有诚意。

七、结语

问题是思维的起点,有效而合理的主线式问题创设能引导学生在解读文本、理解文本和体验文本的过程中提升语言能力,发展阅读技能,增强思维品质。21世纪创新人才更需要学习和创新技能、批判性思维能力、解决复杂问题的能力、创造性的思考能力等。(龚亚夫,2015)因此作为创新人才培养者的英语教师要不断修炼内功,提升自身素养,借助文本解读,多维度、多角度设计出具备思维含量和品质的问题及问题链,指导学生深入解读文本,增强学生分析和解决问题的能力,促进学生英语核心素养的不断提升。

[ 参 考 文 献 ]

[1] Bloom B S, Engelhart M D, Furst E J, et al. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook I[M]. New York: David McKay,1956.

[2] David R Krathwohl. A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy:An Overview[J].Theory Into Practice,2002(4).

[3] 龚亚夫. 构建英语教育的核心素养体系[DB/OL].(2015-04-14).http://blog.sina.com.cn/shangzhiyizhong.

[4] 王薔. 从综合语言运用能力到英语学科核心素养:高中英语课程改革的新挑战[J]. 英语教师, 2015(16).

[5] 葛炳芳. 英语阅读教学的综合视野:内容、思维和语言[M]. 杭州:浙江大学出版社,2013.

[6] 梁美珍,黄海丽,於晨,等. 英语阅读教学中的问题设计:评判性阅读视角[M]. 杭州:浙江大学出版社,2013.

附:教学材料

Steven had had his first starring role in kindergarten, playing a talking stone in a class play. From the moment that he heard the applause and took his bows, he knew he wanted to be an actor. He “drew” his name as it would look at a theatre. In his mind, he “practiced” his acceptance speech to the Academy Awards.“I want to thank my agent...” he imagined himself saying to the crowd.

By sixth grade, he was used to starring in school productions. He played Romeo in this years Junior Shakespeare Festival. His brother said he was probably the first Romeo in the history of theater to have braces. Steven liked everything about acting—except for his brothers comments about it. Brad was not interested in acting.

Steven dreamed of going to California or New York when he got older. Meanwhile, he read the “trades” at the library—the newspapers and magazines of the acting business. He couldnt believe it when he saw that there was going to be an open casting call in his own Midwestern city. He begged his parents to take him, but they worked on Saturdays and they couldnt take the day off. He was forced to ask his older brother, the critic.

The part called for a boy who looked about 14. Steven figured he could pass. Unlike Brad, Steven looked older than his age. Brad, on the other hand, at 16 looked more like 14. The boys arrived early at the theater where the tryouts were taking place. There were already over 200 kids there. Steven picked up his application. Brad picked up one, too—“just for fun,” he said. Each of them then studied the short script theyd been handed. Like all the other kids, they mouthed the words over and over. Some kids found quiet spaces to read their lines aloud, with all the right emotion.

Steven asked Brad to listen to his reading. “Okay, but you have to listen to mine, too.”

“Deal,” Steven answered. Then he read, and, as usual, he was good. Next, it was Brads turn. Steven couldnt believe what he was seeing and hearing. Why hadnt Brad ever tried out for a play? Where had he gotten all this talent all of a sudden? He asked his brother, “Why havent you tried before?”

“I was waiting for something big,” Brad replied.

(參考词汇略)

(责任编辑 周侯辰)

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