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不同浓度芬太尼对诱发呛咳时间与发生率的影响

2018-09-03王茂华张静赵梦雅

中国医药导报 2018年13期
关键词:芬太尼发生率

王茂华 张静 赵梦雅

[摘要] 目的 探討不同浓度芬太尼对诱发呛咳时间与发生率的影响。 方法 选择2017年1~11月在扬州大学附属医院择期进行全麻手术的患者300例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为6组,未稀释对照A组(A1组);稀释1倍A组(A2组):将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰1稀释;稀释2倍A组(A3组):将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰2稀释,后3组均以5 s时间匀速注射;未稀释对照B组(B1组);稀释1倍B组(B2组):将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰1稀释;稀释2倍B组(B3组),将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰2稀释,后3组均以10 s时间匀速注射,每组各50例。记录比较各组患者出现呛咳反应的时间以及呛咳反应发生率。 结果 相同给药浓度,不同给药速度时,B1组出现呛咳时间比A1组明显延长(P < 0.05);B1组呛咳发生率低于A1组(P < 0.05);B2组出现呛咳时间比A2组明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);B2组呛咳发生率低于A2组(P < 0.05);B3组出现呛咳时间比A3组显著延长,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。相同给药速度,不同给药浓度时,与A1组比较,A2组、A3组出现呛咳时间无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);A2组呛咳发生率低于A1组(P < 0.05);且A3组呛咳发生率显著低于A1组和A2组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与B1组比较,B2组出现呛咳反应时间无延长趋势(P > 0.05);B2组呛咳发生率略低于B1组(P < 0.05);B3组出现呛咳反应时间与B1组、B2组比较,有延长趋势(P < 0.05);B3组呛咳发生率显著低于B1组和B2组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 降低芬太尼的给药速度和浓度,可延长出现呛咳反应的时间,降低其诱发呛咳反应发生率,将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰2稀释抑制呛咳反应效果显著,对提高患者麻醉安全具有重要意义。

[关键词] 芬太尼;给药浓度;呛咳;发生率

[中图分类号] R641.2 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2018)05(a)-0085-04

Effect of different concentrations of the incidence and onset time of rate of Fentanyl-induced cough

WANG Maohua ZHANG Jing ZHAO Mengya CHEN Maogui ZHANG Zhuan SUN Xiaohong SUN Jianhong

Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225000, China

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of different concentrations of the incidence and onset time of rate of Fentanyl-induced cough. Methods From January to November 2017, 300 patients with general anesthesia for elective surgery in Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University were selected as research subjects. They were randomly divided into six groups using a random number table, non dilution control group A (group A1). One times dilute group A (group A2)︰ Fentanyl and normal saline 1︰1 were diluted and was uniform; 2 times dilute group A (group A3)︰ Fentanyl and normal saline 1︰2 were diluted and was uniform, and those three groups were injected at 5 s, non dilution control group B (group B1). One times dilute group B (group B2)︰ Fentanyl and normal saline 1︰1 were diluted and was uniform; 2 times dilute group B (group B3)︰ Fentanyl and normal saline 1︰2 were diluted and was uniform, and those three groups were injected at 10 s, with 50 cases in each group. The time of cough and the incidence rate of cough among the six groups were recorded and compared. Results When the concentration of the drug was the same and the speed of drug delivery was different, the cough onset time in group B1 were significantly longer than group A1 (P < 0.05). The incidence of cough in group B1 were significantly lower than group A1 (P < 0.05), the cough onset time in group B2 were significantly longer than group A2 (P < 0.05). The incidence of cough in group B2 were significantly lower than group A2 (P < 0.05), the cough onset time in group B3 were significantly longer than group A3 (P < 0.05). When the speed of drug delivery was the same and the concentration of the drug was different, compared with group group A1, there was no statistically significant differences of cough onset time in group A2 and group A3 (P > 0.05), the incidence of cough in group A2 were lower than group A1 (P < 0.05), and the incidence of cough in group A3 were significantly lower than group A1 and group A2 (P < 0.05). Compared with group group B1, there was no longer of the cough onset time in group B2 (P > 0.05), and the incidence of cough in group B2 were lower than group B1, the differen (P < 0.05ce was statistically signifincant). Compared with group B1 and group B2, the cough onset time in group B3 were significantly longer than group B1 and group B2, and the incidence of cough in group B3 were significantly lower than group B1 and group B2, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Reducing the speed of drug delivery and concentration of Fentanyl, which can prolonging the time of the cough onset time, reduce the incidence of cough, when the Fentanyl and normal saline 1︰2 were diluted and was uniform, which can significant inhibition of cough, thus it is significance to improve the safety of the patients′ anesthesia.

[Key words] Fentanyl; Injection concentration; Cough; Incidence rate

芬太尼是阿片类药物中较为常用的一种,理论上具有镇咳功效,但在临床实际应用过程中,特别是单次静脉注射给药时,有50%左右的患者会伴随出现呛咳反应[1]。芬太尼临床特点为较强应激反应抑制、快速起效,医生在全麻诱导的临床中最为常用。对于预防芬太尼药物引发的呛咳反应,目前有大量研究报道认为,通过减少药物给药剂量、控制药物给药速度以及给予利多卡因、地佐辛、麻黄碱、酸酸纳美芬、右旋美托咪啶等药物干预,能够实现对呛咳的预防[2-3]。但有关芬太尼的浓度对呛咳反应的影响,目前文献报道较少。本研究通过观察不同浓度的芬太尼引起呛咳反应的发生率和发生时间的影响,从而有效抑制芬太尼引起的呛咳反应,为临床医生如何使用芬太尼提供依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选择2017年1~11月在扬州大学附属医院(以下简称“我院”)择期进行全麻手术的患者300例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为6组,未稀释对照A组(A1组)、稀释1倍A组(A2组)、稀释2倍A组(A3组);未稀释对照B组(B1组)、稀释1倍B组(B2组)、稀释2倍B组(B3组),每组各50例。年龄18~65岁,平均(41.56±15.76)岁;体重43~70 kg,平均(56.52±9.05)kg。纳入标准:年龄18~65岁;患者接受择期全身麻醉;ASA(美国麻醉师协会)Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级[2]排除标准:患者近3个月内使用过阿片类药物、支气管扩张剂类药物或者血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂类药物;患者有长期吸烟史;患者有哮喘、慢性咳嗽、气道高反应性疾病以及气胸等既往病史;患者有腦手术或者脑外伤病史;患者近期有上呼吸道感染症状。我院医学伦理委员会审批此项研究方案,患者均同意并签署知情同意书。两组患者ASA分级、年龄、体重以及性别等一般情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。

1.2 研究方法

为了避免发生药物之间的相互干扰,手术当日对所有患者均未安排术前药物,入室后,为患者安排心电图常规监测、无创血压监测以及血氧饱和度监测。使用静脉留置针(型号为18G)在腕部头静脉处打开静脉通路,将复方氯化钠注射液按10 mL/kg在30 min内预输注,完毕后按照500 mL/h的速度通过泵注维持,并准备全麻诱导。A1组:常规剂量芬太尼药液以5 s时间匀速注射;A2组:将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰1稀释后以5 s时间匀速注射;A3组:将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰2稀释后以5 s时间匀速注射;B1组:常规剂量芬太尼药液以10 s时间匀速注射;B2组:将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰1稀释后以10 s时间匀速注射;B3组:将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰2稀释后以10 s时间匀速注射;分别观察给药速度5、10 s各组患者是否出现呛咳反应,并通过运动秒表进行计时,将开始注射药物的即刻时间设置为计时零点,患者第一声咳嗽出现的时间设置为计时终点,观察时间为1 min,然后给予患者面罩吸氧并安排其他全身麻醉诱导药物。

1.3 观察指标

于给药后,观察患者是否出现呛咳反应:如果患者未出现咳嗽症状,判定芬太尼未诱导患者发生呛咳反应;如果患者出现呛咳,则需准确记录呛咳出现的时间(从给药开始直至呛咳出现的时间)以及呛咳的强度。呛咳程度评分分级[3]:0级标准,无呛咳反应,呼吸平缓均匀;1出现多次呛咳反应,且持续时间不超过3 s;2级标准,出现连续呛咳反应,且持续时间超过3 s。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行数据分析,计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较采用LSD-t检验;计数资料用率表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

相同给药浓度,不同给药速度时,B1组出现呛咳时间比A1组明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),B1组呛咳发生率低于A1组(P < 0.05);B2组出现呛咳时间比A2组明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);B2组呛咳发生率低于A2组(P < 0.05);B3组出现呛咳时间比A3组显著延长,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);B3组呛咳发生率与A3组比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2。

相同给药速度,不同给药浓度时,与A1组比较,A2组、A3组出现呛咳时间无明显变化,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);A2组呛咳发生率低于A1组(P < 0.05);且A3组呛咳发生率显著低于A1组和A2组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与B1组比较,B2组出现呛咳反应时间无延长趋势(P > 0.05);B2组呛咳发生率显著低于B1组(P < 0.05);B3组出现呛咳反应时间与B1组、B2组比较,有延长趋势(P < 0.05);B3组呛咳发生率显著低于B1组和B2组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2。

3 讨论

芬太尼属于临床中常用的人工合成阿片类药物,也称枸橼酸芬太尼,是一种分子结构与吗啡类似的止痛药,具有镇痛作用迅速,维持时间短,对心血管功能影响小,能抑制气管插管时的应激反应等特点[4-5]。芬太尼引发呛咳反应的机制至今还尚不清楚,可能与以下几个方面有关:激动肺部快速适应性牵张感受器;激动支气管补和肺部C纤维感受器;激动中枢神经系统中的阿片受体;芬太尼结构中的枸橼酸盐具有致咳机制,枸橼酸对C纤维传导具有抑制作用,对上呼吸道和喉部的RARs进行刺激,使神经激肽受体被激活,进而引发炎症的神经源性反应,致使支气管发生收缩,导致咳嗽;抑制中枢交感神经,使迷走神经出现相对兴奋,支气管出现反射性收缩,从而导致咳嗽的发生[5-7]。芬太尼诱发机体出现的呛咳反应,通常能够瞬间引起机体内部环境出现剧烈的变化,诱发呛咳反应的主要触发部位在肺部,机体肺泡内部压力瞬间急剧升高,能够引发气胸。药物成团块状通过肺循环,浓度高,感受器或神经元易产生放电或激活效应[8-11]。

芬太尼诱发呛咳反应受多种因素的影响,包括芬太尼剂量、给药途径、给药速度、年龄、哮喘、气道高反应性疾病、吸烟史以及慢性阻塞性肺疾病等[12-14]。Yu等[12]发现,稀释后的芬太尼(25 μg/mL或10 μg/mL)可能使肺部血管的相应受体受到的刺激减弱,从而抑制了咳嗽反射。本研究中,相同给药速度,不同给药浓度时,A2组呛咳发生率(30%)低于A1组(52%)(P < 0.05),且A3组呛咳发生率(6%)显著低于A1组(52%)和A2组(30%),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);B3组出现呛咳反应时间与B1组、B2组比较,有延长趋势(P < 0.05);B3组呛咳发生率(4%)显著低于B1组(34%)和B2组(20%),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),本研究结果与Lin等[15]观察的结果基本一致。提示,不同浓度的芬太尼引起呛咳的发生率和出现呛咳时间长短不同,浓度越小往往引发的呛咳发生率越小,出现呛咳时间越滞后。Chen等[16]发现,分别以2 s和15 s给予4.0 μg/kg的芬太尼,呛咳发生率由44%降低至8%,出现呛咳时间由(16.1±2.7)s延长到(23.2±3.2)s。本研究中,分别以5 s和10 s给予相同浓度的芬太尼,A1组和B1组呛咳发生率分别为52%和34%,出现呛咳反应时间由(9.14±1.35)s延长到(11.67±3.51)s,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);A2组和B2组呛咳发生率分别为30%和20%两组比较差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);B2组出现呛咳时间比A2组延长滞后,B3组出现呛咳时间比A3组延长滞后(P < 0.05),结果提示,不同的注射速度给予相同浓度的芬太尼,呛咳的发生率不同,出现呛咳时间也不同,且速度越慢呛咳发生率越小,出现呛咳时间越延长越滞后。芬太尼稀释后,B3组呛咳发生率为4%,与A3组的6%比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),可能与样本量较少有关,与Soh等[17]相关研究报道一致。其原因可能是因为芬太尼伴随血液流动缓慢到达肺部时已经发生被动稀释,显著降低芬太尼在肺内出现的瞬间峰值,致使诱发呛咳反应发生的神经元和感受器未产生放电反应以及激活效应[19-20]。

综上所述,降低芬太尼的给药速度和浓度,可延长出现呛咳反应的时间,减轻其诱发呛咳反应发生率,将芬太尼与生理盐水1︰2稀释抑制呛咳反应效果显著,对提高患者麻醉安全具有重要意义。

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(收稿日期:2018-03-09 本文編辑:任 念)

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