Zero—P颈前路椎间融合系统治疗颈椎病的研究进展
2018-08-28王翔宋文慧
王翔 宋文慧
[摘要] ACDF一直是治疗颈椎病的经典术式,术中应用颈前路钛板具有显著的优越性,但长期随访研究发现颈前路钛板的使用存在诸多并发症,特别是在长节段ACDF中。为克服颈前路钛板使用过程中出现的一系列问题,一种新型零切迹椎间融合系统应运而生。自Zero-P颈前路椎间融合系统在2008年应用临床以来,单/双节段ACDF研究诸多,其安全性及有效性已经经过大量研究得到证实。3/4节段颈椎病治疗的手术方法目前仍存在争议,然而应用Zero-P行ACDF治疗3/4节段颈椎病已成为国内外研究热点,但临床应用是否安全有效目前仍没有达成共识,存在争论。
[关键词] 颈椎病;Zero-P;脊柱融合术;吞咽困难
[中图分类号] R687.3 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)14-0159-05
[Abstract] ACDF is a classical operation for the treatment of cervical spondylosis. Applying anterior cervical titanium plate during operation is with significant advantages. However, researches including long-term follow-up found there were many complications of the application of anterior cervical titanium plate, especially in the long-segment ACDF. To solve the problems of anterior cervical titanium plate application, a new kind of zero-profile anterior cervical interbody fusion system appeared. Since Zero-P anterior cervical interbody fusion system began to be applied in clinical treatment, there were many studies on single/double-segment ACDF. The safety and effectiveness of this system has been confirmed by massive researches. The method of operation on the cervical spondylosis of 3/4 segment is still controversial. It has been a hot issue to treat cervical spondylosis of 3/4 segment using ACDF with the application of Zero-P. However, the safety and effectiveness of clinical application of this method have not reached a consensus and remain controversial.
[Key words] Cervical spondylosis; Zero-P; Spinal fusion; Dysphagia
早在上世紀50年代,Smith和Robinson[1]报道了颈椎前路椎间盘切除减压融合术(Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion,ACDF),半个多世纪以来,ACDF一直被视为治疗颈椎病的金标准[2,3],配合颈前路钛板固定,可以改善和维持颈椎曲度[4,5],提高植骨融合率[6-8],防止融合器移位及下沉[5],但由于钛板突出于椎体前缘,对颈前软组织产生较大干扰,术后随访研究发现存在吞咽困难[9,10]及食管气管损伤[11]等并发症,同时钛板的使用增加邻近节段退变的发生率[11,12],且在钛板植入时需要处理继发于退变及创伤的椎体滑移和椎体前缘骨赘[13],增加手术操作时间及难度。为降低前路钛板相关并发症的发生,一种具备“支撑、固定及融合”功能为一体的Zero-P颈前路椎间融合系统应运而生并成功应用于临床。目前应用Zero-P颈前路椎间融合系统行单双节段ACDF治疗颈椎病的研究颇多,多数学者[13,14]证实了其安全性和有效性,到目前为止,由于需要术区的广泛暴露及钛板应用的潜在并发症等因素,3/4节段ACDF仍没有达成共识,而Zero-P在单双节段成功的应用,也让越来越多的国内外学者将目光转移到应用Zero-P行3/4节段ACDF治疗颈椎病的研究上,成为研究热点。本文就Zero-P应用于ACDF的生物力学、临床疗效及术后并发症研究情况综述如下。
1 Zero-P系统
Zero-P颈前路椎间融合系统(Synthes,Switzerland)由前方钛板、后方可透X线的PEEK椎间融合器以及带有锁定头的螺钉集成在一起组成。其中钛板中间与两端分别有向尾侧及头侧的2个螺钉植入孔,带有锁定头的螺钉植入后,头、尾端螺钉成角(40±5)°,内、外侧成角2.5°。新一代产品钛板两侧各有1个螺钉植入孔,使手术操作更加简单。椎间融合器植入钽标记物,便于观察植入位置是否合适,其表面的齿状结构提供了初始的稳定性。钛板与融合器之间创新型的结合界面,使得钛板上的应力与融合器分离。Zero-P颈前路椎间融合系统于2008年研制成功后经美国食品与药品管理局(FDA)批准,开始应用于临床。
2 生物力学稳定性
关于单节段Zero-P的生物力学研究已有较多报道。2009年Scholz等[15]在24例尸体标本上应用3种不同颈前路固定系统行单节段ACDF研究生物力学稳定性,结果显示,Zero-P的生物力学稳定性与实验中两种钛板的稳定性相似,同时,基于体外基础研究的限制,作者认为,体外实验缺少肌肉韧带维持颈椎稳定的力量,所以临床应用其稳定性可能更好。2014年Stein等[16]进行尸体体外研究,对比分析3螺钉Zero-P系统与融合器联合钛板在单节段ACDF中的生物力学稳定性,结果提示两种内固定系统的生物力学稳定性无显著性差异。Wojewnik等[17]、Majid等[18]也证实了Zero-P在单节段ACDF中的生物力学稳定性。基于Zero-P在单节段ACDF中理想的生物力学稳定性,Zero-P在单节段ACDF中得以广泛成功的应用[13,19]。Zero-P在多节段ACDF中能否提供与融合器联合钛板相似的生物力学稳定性关系到其临床应用的安全性,因此,2015年Scholz等[20]进行了多节段ACDF生物力学实验,发现在2/3节段ACDF中,Zero-P与融合器联合钛板都可降低节段的ROM,都能够提供一定的生物力学稳定性,但后者的生物力学稳定性更优,同时随着植入物的增加节段稳定性降低。目前Zero-P在多节段ACDF中的生物力学研究报道少,一定程度上限制了临床应用,所以需要更多学者研究以期为临床应用提供可靠依据。
3 临床疗效及影像学评估
Zero-P在单节段ACDF中能够提供理想的生物力学稳定性,在单节段ACDF中应用广泛,所以关于应用Zero-P行ACDF治疗单双节段颈椎病的文献报道相对较多。2013年Vanek等[19]对77例颈椎病患者分别应用Zero-P和融合器联合钛板行ACDF,其中双节段颈椎病患者19例,最短随访时间超过2年,术后NDI均得到显著改善,颈椎Cobb C在术后6周时改善最明显,达到最大值,之后略有下降,但两组在颈椎曲度改善及维持上并无差异。Chen等[14]的对比研究也得出相似的结论:应用Zero-P行ACDF治疗双节段颈椎病能够获得良好的临床疗效和植骨融合率。Yun等[21]又对比研究了应用Zero-P和融合器联合钛板行ACDF的63例相邻双节段颈椎病患者,结果提示Zero-P对于双节段颈椎病的治疗是安全、有效的,同时认为Zero-P在临床应用过程中最重要的一点是其植入的适当位置,如果Zero-P植入时前缘与颈椎前缘连线相切,则其在颈椎曲度改善维持和椎间高度维持方面能达到更优的预期。可见,应用Zero-P治疗单双节段颈椎病是安全有效的,在获得良好神经功能改善和植骨融合率的同时,可以很好地改善及维持颈椎曲度。
然而,Zero-P对3/4节段颈椎病的治疗是否安全有效没有达成共识,存在争议,相关研究也由于病例少,随访时间短受到限制。Albanese等[22]应用Zero-P治疗24例3/4节段颈椎病患者,平均随访39个月,术后VAS、NDI、SF-36和颈椎曲度均获得显著改善,在末次随访中,颈椎曲度稍有丢失,但与术后早期比较并没有统计学意义,提示Zero-P在随访过程中能够很好地维持颈椎曲度,这与相关[23]研究结果一致,但该项研究中仅有4例3节段病例。Albanese 等[22]研究融合率为49%,认为较低的融合率与融合面多相关,Guo等[24]研究也得出同样的结论,但融合率低与不满意的临床疗效并没有相关性,在未融合的病例中,獲得良好颈椎曲度改善维持的患者在随访中保持了满意的临床疗效[22]。Barbagallo等[13]的研究结果与上述研究中较低融合率形成鲜明对比,融合率高达94.5%,但其应用Zero-P治疗的32例颈椎病患者中,3节段6例,4节段7例,融合率高可能与3/4节段病例占比低有关。虽然临床研究由于病例数少而存在局限性,但上述作者[13,22,23]都认为Zero-P系统对于3/4节段颈椎病的治疗是安全、有效的,同时Albanese 等[22]得出在3/4节段ACDF中颈椎曲度改善与临床疗效呈正相关这一重要的结论。Shi等[25]又对38例3节段脊髓型颈椎病患者分别采用Zero-P和融合器联合钛板行ACDF,平均随访30.3个月,结果显示所有患者均获得了满意的神经功能改善,在末次随访中无患者不融合,但手术节段曲度的改善及维持Zero-P组不及融合器联合钛板组,这与上述研究报道不同,作者认为可能与随访时间短有关,同时吞咽困难发生率、cage沉降率Zero-P组并没有比融合器联合钛板组低,因此,在3节段颈椎病治疗器械的选择上作者不推荐常规使用Zero-P。应用Zero-P行3/4节段ACDF治疗颈椎病的研究少,其颈椎曲度改善及临床疗效等方面存在争论,而且并发症发生率可能增加,所以在临床应用中需要慎重考虑,其可行性、安全性有待进一步研究。
4 ACDF术后并发症
4.1术后吞咽困难
传统ACDF术后报道最多的并发症是吞咽困难,发生率达2%~67%,尽管大部分患者吞咽困难症状会在术后3个月内自行消失,但慢性吞咽困难的发生率仍然高达12.5%~35.1%[26-28]。尽管术后吞咽困难的病理机制现在仍不明确,但多数学者认为颈前钛板突出于颈椎椎体前缘,对食管的机械刺激是导致术后出现慢性吞咽困难症状的主要原因[26,29],Lee等[29]也认为术后吞咽困难的发生与钛板的设计及厚度存在相关性,尽管钛板越来越薄和显微外科技术的发展应用显著减少术区的暴露,但长节段钛板植入术后吞咽困难发生率仍然很高[26,29]。确实,Zero-P完全容纳于椎间隙,有效地避免了内植物对食管产生的机械性刺激,从而显著降低术后吞咽困难发生率。
国内的一项系统性综述和Mate分析,结果显示Zero-P可以有效降低术后吞咽困难发生率,术后短期吞咽困难发生率为29.2%,而337例患者中只有2例出现慢性吞咽困难症状[30]。Innocent等[23]、Miao等[31]、Barbagallo等[13]也证实了Zero-P可以有效降低术后吞咽困难的发生率,同时,Barbagallo等[13]研究显示在单/多节段ACDF中,C4~5/C5~6节段术后患者吞咽困难发生率更高,Tortolani等[32]也报道了相似的结果,认为C5~6水平的解剖因素是导致这一结果的主要原因,但部分学者[10,26]认为颈椎手术节段越高,吞咽困难发生率越高,可能是因为手术节段越高,损伤喉上及咽部神经的可能性更大。Albanese等[22]在长达3年的随访研究中,报道了应用Zero-P行3/4节段ACDF治疗颈椎病术后吞咽困难的发生率为20.8%,显著低于文献报道,并在术后6个月完全消失,作者认为在多节段ACDF中吞咽困难更可能与手术刺激和软组织肿胀有关而不是植入物。Vanek等[19]、Yun等[21]、Shi等[25]研究并没有证实Zero-P在单多节段ACDF中可降低术后吞咽困难发生率,作者认为钛板不是导致吞咽困难的唯一因素,而是多方面因素共同的结果,食管收缩、水肿,食管神经丛或喉上神经损伤,椎前软组织术后肿胀也可能起到一定作用。
4.2术后cage沉降
Duan YC等[30]进行关于ACDF的临床疗效及术后并发症的系统性综述和Mate分析,结果显示融合器联合钛板的cage沉降率为5%,而使用Zero-P沉降率为17.8%。cage沉降这一并发症可能导致继发的颈椎后凸[33],但有研究[34]认为其不会影响临床疗效和融合率,Schmieder等[35]也得出相似的结论:cage下沉不会导致明显的椎间孔高度丢失,即使同时存在颈椎曲度变直也不会影响临床疗效。
4.3術后ASD
ACDF后另一个潜在的并发症是ASD,文献报道在接受颈前路手术后10年内的发生率约为25%,超过15%的患者因ASD需行二次手术[36,37]。ASD发生机制尚不明确,现在被广泛接受的是颈椎局部生物力学改变和邻近节段自然退变两种[33,38],也有学者[12]认为颈前路钛板的使用及钛板较长达到相邻椎间盘水平会增加相邻椎间盘的应力,而加速邻近节段椎间盘的退变和骨赘的形成。而Zero-P最大限度地减少了内植物对相邻节段的影响,从而减少邻近节段退变的发生。Albanese等[22]在最长达6年的随访研究中,没有发现应用Zero-P行多节段ACDF后邻近节段退变的病例,Yang等[39]研究也发现应用Zero-P能降低邻近节段退变的发生率,尽管如此,Miao等[31]认为长期的随访观察是必须的。
5 小结
综上所述,Zero-P在单双节段ACDF中都可以提供良好的生物力学稳定性,在临床中广泛应用,并且经过大量临床研究,证实了其安全性及有效性,在获得良好神经功能改善和植骨融合率的同时,可以很好地改善及维持颈椎曲度,术后吞咽困难发生率也明显降低。目前关于应用Zero-P行3/4节段ACDF的研究较少,临床应用是否安全有效目前仍没有达成共识,存在争论,现在普遍认为应用Zero-P治疗3/4节段颈椎病可以获得充分的神经减压、良好的颈椎曲度改善和满意的临床疗效,但由于相关并发症发生率可能增加,不推荐常规使用,其可行性、安全性及并发症还需进一步研究。
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(收稿日期:2018-02-07)