miRNAs在肝细胞癌中的研究现状与展望
2018-06-29那延立张城硕张佳林
那延立,张城硕,张佳林*
(1.中一东北国际医院普通外一科,辽宁 沈阳 110623;2.中国医科大学附属第一医院肝胆外科暨器官移植科)
原发性肝癌是我国最常见的消化系统恶性肿瘤之一,2015年我国肝癌新发病例及死亡病例分别估计为46.6万人和42.2万人,位列全部恶性肿瘤第四位和第三位[1]。在原发性肝癌中,近91.5%为肝细胞癌,因此,不断深入研究并发现肝细胞癌重要的分子标志物及关键生物治疗靶点,对于提高肝细胞癌综合疗效具有重要的临床意义。肝细胞癌的发生发展是由于基因变异及其表观遗传改变共同导致的异质性疾病[2]。基因突变、转位、缺失以及异常扩增等基因变异已被广泛证实可引起肿瘤的发生发展[3]。而表观遗传作为一个关键点在肿瘤发生发展以及相应的细胞功能上发挥着重要作用。
微小核糖核酸(microRNAs,miRNAs)是一类长度约为19~23个核苷酸的非编码小分子RNA,由具有发夹结构、约70~90个碱基大小的单链RNA前体经过Dicer酶加工生成,主要通过与 靶 基 因 mRNA 3′非 翻 译 区(3′untranslated region,3′UTR)的完全或不完全配对,引起mRNA降解或翻译抑制,在转录后水平调节基因的表达,从而在功能上通过调控下游基因的表达来调节细胞的生物学功能。人类基因中3%的基因可编码miRNAs,已有超过1 500种miRNAs被预测或证实在细胞功能中发挥作用[4-5]。研究发现miRNAs在细胞增殖、分化、转移、凋亡、免疫调节及肿瘤发生等方面起着重要作用[6]。Morishita等[7]的研究证实miRNAs可能成为肝细胞癌的生物标志物。本文拟对近些年几种常见miRNAs在肝细胞癌中的作用进行简要综述,以期为今后相关研究提供经验借鉴与创新思路。
1 miR-122与肝细胞癌
miR-122是一个含有22个核苷酸的非编码RNA,其在肝脏组织中特异性表达,且占到肝脏miRNAs总量的70%[8]。Chang等[9]通过动态观察小鼠肝脏,发现miR-122在肝脏发育过程中特异性表达,该研究说明miR-122参与肝脏发育的变化过程。Deng等[10]研究也发现适当增加miR-122的表达可通过miR-122-FoxA1-HNF4a正反馈通路调节增殖与分化之间的平衡,促进肝脏细胞的分化与成熟。此外,miR-122在肝细胞癌中也发挥重要作用:研究发现miR-122在肝细胞癌组织和细胞中表达下降,其表达水平与肿瘤大小、血管浸润程度及肿瘤AJCC分期密切相关。低表达miR-122的肝细胞癌患者其肿瘤更易复发,总生存时间更短。体外相关研究发现过表达miR-122 可 通 过 抑 制 ZEB1/2、Snail1/2、N-cadherin、Vimentin和E-cadherin等蛋白调控上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)以及通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin通路影响肝细胞癌的生物学行为[11-12]。也有研究通过生物信息学软件预测,发现2个与肝脏肿瘤发生密切相关的miR-122靶基因cyclin G1基因和N-myc基因[13-14]。有研究利用TAT转导肽表面修饰的MS2噬菌体病毒样颗粒(bacteriophage virus-like particles,VLPs)作为递送载体,将其携带的miR-122运送到肝细胞癌细胞内,该载体携带的miR-122可明显地在体外抑制肝细胞癌细胞的增殖、侵袭、转移,促进细胞的凋亡,明显降低肿瘤在体内的形成[15]。研究发现,miR-122通过调节cyclin G1影响p53蛋白的稳定性和转录活性,降低肝细胞癌细胞的侵袭力,同时研究发现在肝细胞癌切除患者中,miR-122水平下降与患者复发期短相关[16]。综上所述,miR-122与肝细胞癌的发生密切相关,其可能作为肝细胞癌治疗靶点,在未来的肝细胞癌治疗中发挥作用。
2 miR-101与肝细胞癌
miR-101是一个抑癌基因,miR-101在肝细胞癌组织及细胞中表达下降,其可通过调节下游靶基因发挥抗肿瘤作用。有研究发现抗凋亡BCL-2家族中MCL-1为miR-101靶基因[17]。Cao等[18]研究发现miR-101通过靶基因Girdin抑制肝细胞癌增殖、侵袭和转移等生物学行为。Sheng等[19]研究发现乙肝病毒通过抑制miR-101启动子活性而降低miR-101表达,下调miR-101可通过其靶基因Rab5a的异常活化促进肝细胞癌的增殖和转移。此外,Wei等[20]研究发现与正常癌旁组织相比,miR-101在乙肝病毒相关性肝细胞癌组织中表达下降,其在肝细胞癌的表达情况与DNMT3A呈负相关,在肝细胞癌发生过程中,下调miR-101可增加DNMT3A的表达,诱导细胞异常甲基化。Xu等[21]研究发现miR-101通过直接作用于EZH2抑制肝细胞癌细胞的进展,并增加细胞对化疗药物的敏感性。Shen等[22]研究则证实miR-101通过调节异常表达的NLK活性而发挥抑癌作用。有报道称自噬可以促进病毒复制,而miR-101可以通过抑制自噬来抑制病毒的复制。Xu等[23]研究发现miR-101在肝细胞癌HepG2细胞中可以通过调节RAB5A、STMN和ATG4D等基因表达抑制细胞自噬。Li等[24]利用TCGA数据库对353例肝细胞癌患者miR-101表达水平进行分析,研究发现肿瘤组织中miR-101低表达可作为肝细胞癌诊断和预后评估的重要标志物,其低表达与肿瘤分化差、分期晚、淋巴结转移及AFP值高密切相关。综上所述,目前研究发现miR-101不但可以作为监测肝细胞癌进展的分子标记物,还可作为肝细胞癌潜在预后评估及靶向治疗的作用位点。
3 miR-124与肝细胞癌
miR-124是一种在脑组织中丰富表达的miRNAs,其在原肠胚形成及神经发育过程中发挥关键作用[25]。在肝细胞癌中,Furuta等[26]研究首次证实miR-124为抑癌miRNAs,其在肝细胞癌形成过程中表达沉默。Xu等[27]研究发现miR-124在肝细胞癌组织和细胞中表达下降,降低肝细胞癌细胞miR-124的表达可以促进其启动子甲基化;过表达miR-124可以抑制细胞体内外增殖,其可通过抑制靶基因CASC3进而抑制MAPK通路来影响肿瘤的生物学行为。Zheng等[28]研究证实过表达miR-124可以通过调控EMT及靶基因ROCK2和EZH2抑制肝细胞癌细胞在体外的迁移和侵袭能力,在体内可以抑制肿瘤的肝内转移及肺转移,该结果说明miR-124可抑制肝细胞癌细胞的转移。进一步研究还发现miR-124在肝细胞癌组织及细胞中表达均下降,miR-124表达降低往往与肝细胞癌患者病情进展快及预后差密切相关。Wu等[29]研究指出miR-124在肝细胞癌中低表达,其可通过下游靶基因KLF4的激活来影响肿瘤进展。Lang等[30]研究发现miR-124通过抑制靶基因PIK3CA的表达进而抑制肿瘤形成。Lu等[31]研究发现miR-124在肝细胞癌中通过靶向抑制STAT3的表达进而发挥抑癌基因作用。以上结果表明miR-124通过与靶基因结合从而抑制肝细胞癌的发生与发展,miR-124在调节肝细胞癌侵袭及转移等分子机制中发挥重要作用,可作为评价预后及分子治疗的关键miRNAs。
4 let-7与肝细胞癌
let-7家族共含有13个成员,位于人类9号染色体中,其首先在秀丽隐杆线虫中被发现,且其功能在人和蠕虫中相对保守[32]。最近,很多研究确认let-7在肝细胞形成过程中发挥重要作用。Zhu等[33]研究发现let-7在肝细胞癌组织中表达下降,其低表达与组织低分化密切相关。Xue等[34]研究发现增加let-7表达可通过调控靶基因STAT3增加肝细胞癌细胞对化疗药物的敏感性。Shimizu等[35]通过芯片分析发现let-7负性调节Bcl-xL基因的表达并可通过靶向干扰Mcl-1基因表达诱导肝细胞癌细胞凋亡。也有研究发现let-7g可通过COL1A2进而抑制肝细胞癌的转移[36],let-7含有的包括DNA复制、凋亡及细胞分化等功能产生一种综合的抑制肝细胞癌进展的效应。因此,在let-7缺失的肝细胞癌细胞中增加let-7的表达是未来肝细胞癌治疗的一种可行方式。
5 miR-221与肝细胞癌
Li等[37]研究发现血清miR-221的表达水平与肿瘤大小、肝硬化程度及肿瘤分期密切相关;Kaplan-Meier生存分析发现高miR-221表达组的总体生存时间明显低于低miR-221表达组,说明肝细胞癌患者血清miR-221表达水平可为预后评估提供一种手段。miR-221在肿瘤发生中的促进作用可能是由于miR-221可靶向干扰某些抑癌基因。miR-221是高侵袭性肝细胞癌中主要上调的miRNAs之一,miR-221可靶向调控抑癌基因CDKN1C/p57、 CDKN1B/p27、 PTEN、DDIT4 和Caspase-3等表达[38-40]。有研究发现在移植肝细胞癌小鼠模型中抑制miR-221的表达可改善小鼠生存,说明该靶点可能改善进展期肝细胞癌患者的预后[41]。最近有研究利用转铁蛋白标记的负电荷脂质体给药系统将反义寡核苷酸antimiR-221转入肝细胞癌细胞中,其可更加有效地抑制肿瘤细胞内miR-221的水平,增加PTEN等抑癌基因的表达[42]。鉴于此,使用miR-221抑制剂或许可以成为将来治疗肝细胞癌的有效手段之一。
6 miR-21与肝细胞癌
miR-21的异常表达是通过人胶质母细胞瘤miRNAs芯片筛查首次发现的[43]。与肿瘤癌旁组织及正常细胞系相比,miR-21在肝细胞癌组织及肝细胞癌细胞系中表达上调[44]。Meng等[45]通过miRNAs芯片也发现miR-21在肝细胞癌组织及细胞系中过表达。miR-21的表达上调与肿瘤增殖、迁移及浸润能力密切相关,上调miR-21可能导致抗肿瘤蛋白表达的降低,最终促进肝细胞癌的发生;抑制miR-21在肝细胞癌中的表达可增加抑癌基因PTEN、PDCD4等表达,抑制细胞增殖、迁移及浸润能力[46]。在人类及鼠肝细胞癌细胞系中,特异性沉默miR-21的核苷酸类似物可降低肝细胞癌细胞的增殖及克隆形成能力[47]。这些发现意味着沉默miR-21的核苷酸类似物可作为肝细胞癌大有前景的治疗途径。
7 问题与展望
近年来,外泌体miRNAs日益成为最受关注的一类可能作为肿瘤诊断、预后评估及靶向精准治疗的生物分子,这是由于脂质的包裹作用使得外泌体不易被RNA酶降解从而能稳定存在于细胞外液中,但目前相关研究尚处在起步阶段,其转化价值尚需时日加以评估。此外,虽然部分miRNAs已发展为肝细胞癌等疾病潜在的重要分子标志物与治疗靶点[6,16],但目前的研究大多局限于寻找肝细胞癌组织与正常组织中差异表达的miRNAs,进而研究其功能,却往往忽视了探寻导致这些miRNAs异常表达的原因。如果能更进一步阐明肝细胞癌中miRNAs变化的具体机制,将其作为靶点来逆转,那么可能将会为肝细胞癌的临床治疗提供一种全新的思路。
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