宾语从句要点透视
2018-04-03北京
北京 杨 岚
在复合句中,用来充当主句中及物动词、介词及glad,sorry,sure,happy,afraid等形容词的宾语的分句,称为宾语从句。
□用法点拨
引导词、语序、时态、否定转移和标点是学习宾语从句需要注意的五个要点,只有掌握好这些要点,才能正确运用宾语从句。
一、宾语从句的引导词
1.当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,引导词用that。此时that没有词义,也不作任何句子成分,因此在口语或非正式文体中常被省略。例如:
①She says.He is a Chinese teacher.→She says(that)he is a Chinese teacher.她说他是一名中文老师。
②I'm sure.She can win the game.→I'm sure(that)she can win the game.我相信她能够赢得这场比赛。
2.当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,引导词用if或whether,二者都表示“是否,是不是”的意思。虽然这两个引导词不作句子成分,但也不可以省略。例如:
①I don't know.Will the man come the day after tomorrow?→I don't know if/whether the man will come the day after tomorrow.我不知道那个男人后天是否会来。
②Nobody knew.Could he pass the exam?→Nobody knew if/whether he could pass the exam.没有人知道他是否能通过考试。
【注意】当从句作介词的宾语,或引导词与动词不定式、or not连用时,只用whether,而不用if。例如:
①I can't say whether or not he will come on time.我不敢说他是否能准时来。
②I'm interested in whether she likes English.我关心的是她是否喜欢英语。
③I asked him whether to start early.我问他是否能早点出发。
3.当由特殊疑问句充当宾语从句时,只需要用原来的疑问词引导,只不过它们的名称变成了连接代词或连接副词。此时这些连接词有词义,在从句中作句子成分,不可以省略。例如:
①Could you tell me? Where is the police station?→Could you tell me where the police station is? 你能告诉我警察局在哪里吗?
②What do you want? My mother asked. →My mother asked me what I wanted.妈妈问我想要什么。
二、宾语从句的语序
1.当引导词在宾语从句中不作任何句子成分或无引导词时,用“(引导词)+主语 +谓语……”的形式。在这类句式中,常见的引导词有(that),if,whether。例如:
①She says (that)she won't take part in the sports meeting.她说自己将不参加这次运动会。
②I wonder if/whether you have told the news to her.我想知道你是否把这个消息告诉了她。
③I'm sorry(that)I don't know.很抱歉我不知道。
2.当引导词在宾语从句中作主语时,用“引导词+谓语……”的形式。在这类句式中,常见的引导词有who,what,which等。例如:
①Could you tell me who knows the answer,Li Lei?李磊,你能告诉我谁知道答案吗?
②The boy doesn't know what is in their stockings.这个男孩不知道他们的袜子里有什么东西。
3.当引导词在宾语从句中作主语的定语时,用“引导词+名词+谓语……”的形式。在这类句式中,常见的连接词有whose,what,which,how many,how much等。例如:
①She asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.她问我们班上谁的书法最好。
②He asked us how many people there were in the room.他问我们房间里有多少人。
4.当引导词在宾语从句中作宾语、状语或表语时,用“引导词 +主语 +谓语……”的形式。在这类句式中,常见的引导词有who,whom,what,which,how many,how much,when,why,how,where等。例如:
①Could you tell me what I should do with the money?你能告诉我我应该如何处理这笔钱吗?
②I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他什么时候会回来。
③Do you know whom the girl in red is? 你认识穿红衣服的女孩是谁吗?
5.当引导词在宾语从句中作宾语或表语的定语时,用“引导词+名词+主语+谓语……”的形式。在这类句式中,常见的引导词有what,which,how many,how much,how等。例如:
①Do you know which class Linda is in?你知道琳达在哪个班级吗?
②She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。
三、宾语从句的时态
1.当主句是一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等现在的某种时态或祈使句时,宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定(即用所需要的任何时态)。例如:
①I hear you were born in 2005.我听说你出生于2005年。
②Please tell me where your friend has gone.请告诉我你的朋友已经去哪儿了。
③She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.她说她要在他桌子上留张便条。
④I am thinking about who can win the match.我正在考虑谁能赢得这次比赛。
2.当主句用一般过去时态时,宾语从句的时态必须与主句时态一致(即用过去时态的某种形式)。例如:
①He told me that he had never been to the Great Wall before.他告诉我他从未去过长城。
②Wei Dan said she was learning English from Mr.Green.魏丹说她正向格林先生学英语。
③He said(that)he was going to take care of the baby.他说他会去照看这个婴儿的。
【注意】在宾语从句中,如果从句表达的是自然现象、真理、客观事实、名言、警句、格言或谚语等等,即使主句是一般过去时,从句也必须用一般现在时。例如:
①The teacher said that the earth travels round the sun.老师说地球绕着太阳转。
②We were told that time is money.有人告诉我们时间就是金钱。
③His mother told him there are four seasons in a year.他的妈妈告诉他一年有四季。
四、宾语从句的否定转移
在含有宾语从句的复合句中,当主句的谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,guess等词,而且主语是第一人称的时候,如果宾语从句的谓语是否定的,一般要将否定词not转移至主句的谓语上去,将从句的谓语改为肯定形式,从而形成“形式否定主句,意义否定从句”的局面。例如:
①I don't think he has time to come to the party.我认为他没有时间来参加聚会。
②I don't suppose that it is true.我猜测那不是真的。
③We don't think we'd be this late.我们认为我们不会到得这么晚。
【注意】
1.当主句的主语不是第一人称单复数时,一般不进行否定的转移。例如:
①You think that he isn't fit for the job.你认为他不适合这份工作。
②She believes he doesn't study harder.她相信他学习不够努力。
2.如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,一般不进行否定转移。例如:
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully.我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课。
3.当主句的谓语动词是一般过去时态时,一般不进行否定转移。例如:
We thought that this book was not worth reading.我们认为这本书不值得一读。
五、宾语从句的标点
宾语从句末尾用什么样的标点符号,应该取决于主句的句子类型,而不受宾语从句的限制。
1.当主句是陈述句或祈使句时,宾语从句之后用句号。例如:
①He asks who is going to the Great Wall tomorrow.他问明天谁打算去长城。
②Please remember that this answer is right.请记住这个答案是正确的。
2.当主句是疑问句时,宾语从句之后用问号。例如:
①Do you know which school he studies in?你知道他在哪所学校上学吗?
②Could you tell me how I can get to the park? 你能告诉我怎样能到达公园吗?
□考例呈现
1.—Do you know_______yesterday?
—Yes.Because he went for the boat race.【2017·广东省中考题】
A.why didn't Peter go to school
B.why doesn't Peter go to school
C.why Peter didn't go to school
D.why Peter doesn't go to school
【答案与解析】C 考查宾语从句的语序和时态。选项A和B不是陈述语序,首先排除掉。根据句中的时间状语“yesterday”可知,宾语从句应该用一般过去时态。故选择C项。
2.—Do you know_______Ann goes to work every day?
—Usually by underground.【2017·安徽省中考题】
A.why B.how
C.when D.whether
【答案与解析】B 考查宾语从句的引导词。根据答句的意思“通常坐地铁”可以判断出,问句应该是询问“去上班”的方式。表示方式的副词用how,意思是“如何;怎么样”。
3.—Summer vacation is coming!Could you tell me_______?
—Xi'an.I really want to visit the Terracotta Army.
A.where are you going
B.what are you doing
C.where you are going
D.what you are doing
【答案与解析】C 考查宾语从句的时态和语序。选项A和B的语序不是陈述句形式,因此首先排除掉这两个选项。根据答句的意思“西安。我真的想参观兵马俑”可知,西安是回答者想要去的地方。因此,问句应该是询问“要去哪里”。故选择C项。
□巩固自测
Ⅰ.将各组句子合并为含宾语从句的复合句。注意标点和大小写
1.I'm glad.You are trying to help others.
2.I believe.These boys can't play football in the street.
3.The teacher said.The moon goes around the earth.
4.I don't know.How long does it take to fly to Hong Kong?
5.She asked me.Have you been to the Great Wall?
Ⅱ.将下列句子翻译成英文
6.你知道火车能否准时到达吗?
7.老师问学生们出什么事了。
8.你知道上学期我为什么能够通过这次考试吗?
9.他告诉我他下一年就上大学。
10.我认为这个男孩不会迟到。
(答案见64页)