英语教学中课堂检测题的设计
2018-03-15周华
周华
摘 要:课堂检测反馈是英语教学的重要环节,该环节中的检测题不能只考查学生对单词、短语和句子的简单记忆和翻译,而要着眼于学生语言能力、思维品质、文化品格、学习能力的培养。教学中教师要在语境中考查学生综合运用所学语言知识的能力,并注重渗透学习策略和方法的指导,注重文化知识的拓展和运用,以提升学生的综合语言运用能力和核心素养,促进学生的人文素养和可持续性发展。
关键词:课堂检测反馈;检测题;核心素养
英语教学包括课前预习、课堂教学、课堂检测反馈和家庭作业等多个环节。其中课堂检测反馈是教师及时发现学生学习的薄弱点和教学中存在的问题的有效途径,有助于教师反思和调控课堂教学,有助于学生在课堂学习中主动思考,积极参与,是英语教学的重要组成部分。
课堂检测反馈的效果取决于检测题的设计,检测题不能只考查学生对单词、短语和句子的简单记忆和翻译,要着眼于学生核心素养的培养。因此,笔者在教学实践中精心设计课堂检测题,培养学生的语言能力、思维品质、文化品格、学习能力,让学生在真实的语境中灵活运用所学知识,充分发挥课堂检测反馈的效用,达到巩固语言知识,发展学生能力的效果,发展和提高学生的综合素养。
一、巩固操练 灵活运用
语言知识是英语学习的基础,课堂检测题的设计不能完全脱离语言知识,而是要设计真实的语境,引导学生根据上下文语境去运用语言知识,以提高学生的语言能力。有教师在译林版义务教育教科书《英语》(以下所举例子都为同一套教材)八年级下册 Unit 4的阅读教学中,根据阅读文本和重点词汇,编写了以下短文填空的练习,检测学生在语篇中运用词汇的能力。
Gulliver set off on a ship to the South Seas, but they ran into bad weather soon. The ship c__________ against the rocks. Gulliver swam as far as p___________. When he woke up, he found himself on a b___________. He was t__________ to the ground and could not move. He looked down and saw a t____________ man on his body. Soon more small men started c__________ all over him. Gulliver s____________ at them. The noise was so loud that they all fell over. However, they c___________ moving across his body. Gulliver finally m___________ to break the ropes. When he lifted his left hand, the small men began to shout. He looked down and saw a huge a___________ of small people coming straight towards him. Could he get away?
(參考答案:crashed; possible; beach; tied; tiny; coming; shouted; continued; managed; army)
【评析】该语篇是课文部分的摘要,所缺单词大多为课文部分的核心词汇。学生在语篇情境中运用词汇,需要根据上下文判断词汇的正确形式。语篇填词有助于提高学生的语篇能力和综合语言运用能力。此外,该语篇也为学生完成家庭作业提供了范例,有助于学生在课后根据该语篇,发挥想象,续写课文。
再如八年级上册Unit 7 语法部分介绍了简单句的五种基本句型,即主谓、主谓宾、主系表、主谓+双宾语、主谓宾+宾语补足语。在课堂检测反馈环节,笔者设计了单项选择和写出句子结构类型两个检测题型。
1. 单项选择
(1)The structure of the sentence “ Parents give them too much money.” is “_____” .
A. S+ V+ DO B. S+V+IO+DO
C. S+V+P D. S+V+DO+OC
(2)Which of the following has the same structure as “He often makes me happy.”
A. The students cleaned their classroom.
B. My parents bought me a nice present.
C. The flowers in the garden smell so nice.
D. Local people asked us to enjoy ice lanterns.
2. 请在句子后面写出句子的结构类型
(1) The clouds became dark.
(2) They covered the sun.
(3) Mum and Dad gave me some books.
(4) I laughed happily.
(5) I heard a bird singing outside.
【评析】句子结构和句子成分是初中英语教学的一大难点。如果学生掌握得好,有助于用英语正确表达,对于口语和书面表达都有重要的意义。以上两道选择题,第一题选择正确的句式结构,考查的是动词后接双宾语的句式;第二题要求学生选择与例句相同结构的选项,需要学生首先知道例句的结构,再逐一判断四个选项,选择正确答案。写句子结构题选用五个不同结构的句子,让学生写出结构类型,帮助学生巩固、操练和运用所学语法项目。
二、創设情境 有效激趣
语言的学习和运用离不开真实的语境,教师要“尽可能多地为学生创造在真实语境中运用语言的机会,鼓励学生在教师的指导下,通过体验、实践、参与、探究和合作等方式,发现语言规律,逐步掌握语言知识和技能”[1]2。学生只有在动态的交际运用中才能自觉地把语法的形式、意义和用法有机结合起来,通过自身的知识结构重组,使语法技能发展成为运用语法进行交流的能力[2]。
有教师在过去进行时语法教学中,以学生喜欢的电视节目“爸爸去哪儿”作为线索和情境设计检测题:“上周日Kimi在和其他孩子玩的时候吉他被偷,你能查明谁是小偷吗?”学生在有趣的情境中运用过去进行时语法填空,兴致盎然。
It was 8:20 in the morning, Kimi ____________(play) with other kids. At that time, Mr. Fat ____________(have) breakfast while Mr. Cook ______________(cook) in the dessert shop. A little girl said Mr. Cook ___________(not cook) in the dessert shop. He got a call and drove away quickly. When Mr. Cook arrived at the party quietly, the children ____________(play) games and their fathers ____________(chat) with each other. So they didnt notice Mr. Cook was at the party. So Mr. Cook must be the real thief.
【评析】授课教师设计了有趣的悬疑情境,检测学生对过去进行时语法项目的运用,学生在故事情境中整合、内化和运用目标语法,有助于形成和保持对英语学习的兴趣和成功感。
三、发展能力 渗透策略
课堂检测题的设计要注意“着重考查学生的综合语言运用能力,避免单纯考查语言知识;要选用真实、地道的语言素材”,以“考查学生对于语言材料的理解能力和在语言材料中获取信息的能力”[1]37。
八年级上册Unit 7的阅读文本是一首关于介绍季节的诗歌。课堂中学生在教师的引导下读诗、赏诗、品诗、诵诗、填诗、写诗,品读和鉴赏诗歌的意境之美和韵律之美。在检测反馈环节有教师选用下面一首关于蜜蜂的诗歌,让学生朗读后完成题目,检测学生对诗歌学习策略的掌握。
Buzz! Buzz! Buzz!
This is the song of the bee.
His legs are yellow;
A happy, good fellow,
And yet a great worker is he.
On days that are sunny,
Hes getting his honey;
On days that are cloudy,
Hes making his wax,
On pinks and on lilies.
Buzz! Buzz! Buzz!
From morning s first light,
Till the coming of ______.
Hes singing and working,
The summer day through.
1. What does “Buzz” mean in the first line of the poem?
A. The sound of bees.
B. The smell of flowers.
C. The colour of bees legs.
D. The jobs bees are busy with.
2. The underlined word “he” in the first paragraph refers to(指)________.
A. a man B. a child
C. a song D. a bee
3. What are bees busy with on sunny days?
A. Getting honey. B. Singing songs.
C. Making wax. D. Flying around.
4. The missing word in the last paragraph may be __________ .
A. night B. afternoon
C. noon D. dinner
5. This poem wants to show us that ___________.
A. bees like singing songs very much
B. bees are hard-working but happy animals
C. bees like making honey on different flowers
D. bees are a group of animals with yellow legs
【评析】以上检测题中第1至3题考查学生对于诗歌细节的理解,第4题考查诗歌的押韵特点,这是该课新学内容,第5题需要学生整体把握诗歌大意,概括诗歌主题。这样的检测题不但检查学生课堂学习情况,了解学生欣赏诗歌、理解诗歌的能力,同时也有助于激发学生的学习兴趣,培养学生的文化素养。改版后的译林版义务教育教科书《英语》,增加了诗歌等文学类素材。教师不能墨守成规,单调讲解这些文学作品中的词汇和语言点,而是要引导学生去理解诗歌大意,品读和欣赏诗歌的韵律美、意境美和语言美,培养学生的赏析能力,保持学生对于英语学习的兴趣。
四、学以致用 以讀促写
阅读课教学是学生接受语言输入、学习语言知识、发展语言能力和语篇能力的主要课型,读写结合可以帮助学生认真阅读课文、深入理解文本,更有效地学习语言知识,发展语篇能力和语言运用能力[3]。教师可以在阅读课检测环节,设计写作任务,引导学生整合运用所学语言知识,增加学生对语言形式和语言意义的兼顾,提高语言表达的准确性。
九年级上册Unit 4的阅读文本介绍了篮球明星韦伯从小热爱打篮球,但因为身高问题一次次被学校球队和NBA拒绝。他没有灰心丧气,反而更加努力,最终获得成功。有教师在该课阅读教学第二课时检测反馈环节让学生写一篇文章,介绍自己的梦想,是如何实现的,遇到过哪些困难,是如何克服的,取得了什么成绩,检测题如下。
Write an article about how you realized your dream. What difficulties did you have? How did you overcome the difficulties? What achievements did you make?
Way of writing:
1. the importance of the first and the last paragraph;
2. the order of time in the main body;
3. the use of contrast.
Useful expressions:
while, but, after, however, practise even harder, as a result/finally, try out for ..., lose heart, be refused to ..., succeed in doing, graduate ...
【评析】在阅读第一课时中学生了解了课文的写作特点——对比、首尾段的互相照应和时间顺序。在阅读第二课时的课堂检测反馈中教师要求学生在写作中运用这些写作特点,还要求学生尽可能多地运用阅读文本中的核心词汇去完成文章。这样的设计,真正体现了“学以致用”的原则。检测内容和课堂学习高度相关,却又高一层次,考查学生运用所学知识再现生活经历的能力,“考查学生对语言知识的掌握情况,考查学生的语言运用能力,而不是孤立地考查知识点,更不是考查对知识的机械记忆”[1]37。
五、拓展运用 渗透文化
语言和文化密不可分。教师应“通过扩大学生接触外国文化的范围,帮助学生拓宽视野,使他们提高对中外文化异同的敏感性和鉴别能力,进而提高跨文化交际能力”[1]23-24。教师应把语言教学和英语文化意识的培养看成一个整体,贯穿于英语教学之中,并在练习和测试题中适当增加比例。
八年级下册Unit 5的Study skills板块是关于英语谚语习语的理解和学习。在课堂检测反馈环节,笔者设计了3道单项选择题和3道语境填空题,检查学生理解、掌握、运用谚语的情况。
1. 单项选择
(1) —Oh,dear!How can I finish so much
work in 20 minutes?
—Dont worry. . We can give
you a helping hand.
A. No pain, no gain
B. Many hands make light work
C. It never rains but it pours
D. When the cat is away, the mice will play
(2) —Jane got full marks in the Maths test.
—_______________. She works the hardest in our class.
A. Many hands make light work
B. The grass is always greener on the other side
C. Early birds catch the worm
D. Dont put all your eggs in one basket
(3) —Nobody will become a hero without the help of others.
—Thats true. __________.
A. Practice makes perfect
B. The early bird catches the worm
C. One finger cant lift a small stone
D. Where there is a will, there is a way
2. 从方框里选择合适的谚语填在横线上
[The grass is always greener on the other side.
Dont put all your eggs in one basket.
When the cats away, the mice will play.
Many hands make light work.
No pain, no gain. ]
(1) —Tommy, you cant play computer games without doing your homework.
—But Dad isnt at home.
(2) —My job is so boring. I wish I had my own business like my friend Peter.
—Maybe he wishes to have a job like yours.
(3) —My cousin has realized his dream after working hard for many years.
—Just as the saying goes, “ ”
【评析】以上检测题,学生需要结合上下文语境选择正确的谚语,不但保持了检测题与课堂教学内容的一致,而且也在文化知识考查方面体现了很好的检测和导向作用。
课堂检测反馈环节检测题的设计对于课堂教学改革有着重要的意义。教师应精心设计检测题,以及时发现教学中存在的问题和学生薄弱环节,引导学生积极参与课堂活动和任务。检测题的设计要注意题目与教学目标和教学内容的统一,语言输入与语言输出的统一,语言形式和语言意义的兼顾,知识和能力的协调发展,关注学生的能力发展和素养的提高,以提高学生综合语言运用能力和英语核心素养,促进学生的可持续性发展。
参考文献:
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