超声与CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断周围型肺癌的临床应用及对咯血发生率的影响
2018-02-20惠俊国肖扬锐高瑞杰夏水伟
惠俊国 肖扬锐 高瑞杰 夏水伟
[摘要] 目的 探讨超声与CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检诊断周围型肺癌的临床应用及对咯血发生率的影响。 方法 选取168例疑似周围型肺癌患者作为研究对象,使用抽签法,随机分为对照组与实验组,分别为51例与117例,给予对照组患者超声引导,给予实验组患者CT引导。对其临床资料进行回顾分析,对比两组患者确诊率与咯血发生率,使用统计学进行分析。 结果 实验组诊断胰癌71例、鳞癌27例、小细胞癌6例、差分化癌1例;对照组诊断胰癌33例、鳞癌5例、小细胞癌6例、差分化癌0例,对照组患者与实验组患者周围型肺癌确诊率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组患者的咯血发生率7.84%与气胸发生率3.92%,与实验组患者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。针对两组的诊断情况进行调查发现,实验组患者的满意率为95.73%,高于对照组(90.20%),组间比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 選超声与CT引导对周围型肺癌患者经皮肺穿刺活检均具有较高的准确率,咯血的发病率较低,均值得临床上推广及使用。
[关键词] 超声;CT;引导;皮肺穿刺活检;周围型肺癌;咯血发生率
[中图分类号] R445.1;R734.2;R730.44 [文献标识码] B [文章编号] 1673-9701(2018)32-0119-03
Clinical application of ultrasound and CT guided percutaneous lung needle biopsy in the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer and its effect on the incidence rate of hemoptysis
HUI Junguo XIAO Yangrui GAO Ruijie XIA Shuiwei
Department of Radiology, the Central Hospital of Lishui City in Zhejiang Province, Lishui 323000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the clinical application of ultrasound and CT-guided percutaneous lung needle biopsy in the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer and its effects on the incidence rate of hemoptysis. Methods 168 patients with suspected peripheral lung cancer were selected as study subjects. The method of drawing lots was used, and the patients were randomly divided into the control group and the experimental group, with 51 cases and 117 cases in each group respectively. The control group was given ultrasound guidance, and the experimental group was given CT guidance. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. The diagnosis rate and the incidence rate of hemoptysis were compared between the two groups, and statistical analysis was carried out. Results In the experimental group, there were 71 cases of pancreatic cancer, 27 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 6 cases of small cell carcinoma, and 1 case of differentiated carcinoma. In the control group, there were 33 cases of pancreatic cancer, 5 cases of squamous cell carcinoma, 6 cases of small cell carcinoma, and 0 case of differentiated carcinoma. There was no statistically significant difference in the diagnosis rate of peripheral lung cancer between the control group and the experimental group(P>0.05). In the control group, the incidence rate of hemoptysis was 7.84% and the incidence rate of pneumothorax was 3.92%. There was no statistically significant difference compared with those in the experimental group(P>0.05). According to the investigation of the diagnosis of the two groups, the satisfaction rate in the experimental group was 95.73%, which was higher than that in the control group(90.20%). There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). Conclusion Ultrasound and CT guidance for percutaneous lung needle biopsy have a higher accuracy in the diagnosis of patients with peripheral lung cancer. The incidence rate of hemoptysis is low, and it is worthy of clinical promotion and application.
[Key words] Ultrasound; CT; Guidance; Percutaneous lung needle biopsy; Peripheral lung cancer; Incidence rate of hemoptysis
肺癌是一种常见的恶性肿瘤,具有发病率高、死亡率高的特点,肺癌的临床症状会受到部位、转移、并发症等因素影响,表现复杂,早期无明显的临床表现[1]。肺癌分为中央型与周围型,中央型肺癌的症状常会在发病早期出现,且比较重,但是周围型肺癌的临床症状往往出现较晚且症状不明显[2]。临床上常使用CT与超声引导经皮肺穿刺活检对周围型肺癌进行诊断,本文对我院168例疑似周围型肺癌患者进行分析,现报道如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2016年5月~2017年11月168例疑似周围型肺癌患者作为研究对象。纳入标准:所有患者均经CT检测,出现周围型肺部病变;使用常规痰检未确诊,符合本次研究的标准,并表示自愿参加本次研究。排除标准:排除严重咯血、肺气肿、心脏功能不全、肺动脉高压、精神疾病等患者[3]。使用抽签法,随机分为对照组与实验组,分别为51例与117例。其中对照组男32例、女19例;年龄38~80岁,平均(57.85±5.71)岁。实验组男76例、女41例;年龄40~82岁,平均(58.01±5.35)岁。两组患者的性别、年龄等资料对比无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 对照组 给予对照组患者超声引导:使用的超声设备为彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,型号为东芝SSD240。具体操作为:对患者进行胸部CT检测,确定病灶的具体位置,使用超声探头对患者肺部病变的具体情况进行探查,其中包括部位、至胸壁的距离以及组织关系,以便确定进针的部位、路径、深度以及角度。对穿刺的部位进行常规消毒,并铺垫洞巾,使用麻醉剂进行局部麻醉,核对穿刺点、路径、深度以及角度,在超声检测下进行穿刺活检,以及对组织一般活检2~3次,使用甲醛溶液(浓度为10%)将穿刺组织进行固定,送去检测病理[3]。
1.2.2 实验组 给予实验组患者CT引导:使用的CT设备为32排螺旋CT机,型号为西门子。对患者进行胸部CT检测,确定病灶的具体位置,以便确定穿刺的位置与进针部位。根据患者的实际情况,使患者保持有利的体位,以每层3 mm的方式对患者的病灶进行扫描。对病灶处的体表使用金属条进行定位并扫描,确定最合适的穿刺点、进针的距离、进针的角度、进针的深度。对穿刺的部位进行常规消毒,并铺垫洞巾,使用浸润麻醉(浓度为2%的利多卡因)进行麻醉,进行病理活检2~4次,使用甲醛溶液(浓度为10%)将穿刺组织进行固定,送去检测病理。
1.3 观察指标
对比两组患者确诊率与咯血发生率。以自制管理满意度问卷为工具对两组研究样本行诊断后满意度检测评定,满意度赋分范围在0~10分,8分以上者纳入满意者行列,计算两组诊断满意率。
1.4统计学方法
运用SPSS21.0统计学软件进行数据统计分析,计数资料用%表示,采用χ2检验,计量资料用(x±s)表示,采用t检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者确诊率比较
实验组诊断胰癌71例、鳞癌27例、小细胞癌6例、差分化癌1例;对照组诊断胰癌33例、鳞癌5例、小细胞癌6例、差分化癌0例,对照组患者与实验组患者周围型肺癌确诊率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.2两组患者并发症发生率比较
对照组患者的咯血发生率7.84%与气胸发生率3.92%,与实验组患者比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.3两组患者满意率比较
实验组患者的满意率为95.73%,高于对照组(90.20%),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)
3 讨论
人体的肺器官属于较容易发生原发性癌细胞的器官,同时也是较为容易出现癌细胞转移的器官[4]。肺癌是目前临床上常见的呼吸系统疾病,预后效果非常差。而研究表明,非小细胞肺癌能够及时准确地制定治疗方案能有效增强患者的预后效果[5]。但是,医学界上对于肺癌的诊断及时性并不高,往往是出现相关的症状之后才发现病情。以往对疑似原发肺癌病例均采取传统的X线胸片进行诊断,X线胸片虽然操作简单、方便,但是由于其存在着漏诊率高的缺点,因此,临床获得的诊断结果可信度不高[6]。近年来,原发性肺癌的发病率呈逐年上升趋势。目前,该疾病的诱发机制尚未明确,有学者指出,可能与遗传因素、激素水平、长期辐射等存在一定的关系[7-8]。
目前,传统主要以彩色多普勒超声诊断为主,该诊断方式能够清楚地观察到肿瘤的位置、回声、血流运行情况等,然而单纯超声诊断受到分辨率低的影响,对直径较小的肿块诊出率相对较低,会增加疾病误诊或漏诊的几率[9]。随着医学科研水平与临床治疗水平的不断发展进步,CT的影像学诊断技术被广泛运用到临床对恶性肿瘤类疾病的诊断中[10]。CT可以通过多层的观察以及多个平面重建功能,在对原发肺癌患者进行扫描观察时,对病灶的形态表现做出立体观察与分析;并且在实际的检查过程中,CT对病灶的密度、大小、位置、数目、形态、边缘、周围细节以及病灶内部结构等可以实现综合分析,这些优势不仅提高CT对原发肺癌病灶的检出率,也大大降低漏诊率,给临床诊断、治疗原发肺癌患者提供实质性的依据[11-12]。借助超声通过或CT引导经病理活检对肺癌患者进行确诊,各有优势,超声引导行肺部的病理活检诊断,具有无辐射、体位要求低、实时检测、创伤小等特点[13-14]。CT技术具有密度大于分辨率高等特点,能够清晰地显示病灶的有关情况,其中包括形态、大小、密度与组织结构等,使穿刺针的部位、角度与深度等有关情况更加准确,有效的提高了病理活检操作的安全性与准确性[15-17]。CT引导行肺部的病理活检诊断,具有创伤小、定位准等特点,在对患者的周围型肺癌诊断中,均具有较高的诊断率,有助于患者早发现早治疗[18]。但是由于其创伤性,容易使患者出现咯血、气胸等多种并发症,在对患者进行治疗时,操作人员需熟练掌握穿刺技术,并且做好术前准备与预后护理[19-20]。本次研究表明,對照组患者与实验组患者周围型肺癌确诊率,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对照组患者的咯血发生率与气胸发生率与实验组患者比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
综上,选超声与CT引导对周围型肺癌患者经皮肺穿刺活检均具有较高的准确率,咯血的发病率较低,均值得临床上推广及使用。
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(收稿日期:2018-08-14)