乌索酸防治肿瘤作用及机制
2018-02-13郑佳露沈克平
郑佳露,闫 霞,沈克平,胡 兵
(1. 上海中医药大学附属龙华医院,上海 200032;2. 上海市中医药研究院,上海 200032)
乌索酸(ursolic acid)又名乌苏酸、熊果酸,广泛分布于藤梨根、白花蛇舌草、石见穿、夏枯草、女贞子等中药;研究证明乌索酸具有广泛的生物学活性,具有抗癌、保护脏器(肺、肾、肝和脑)、抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒(HIV和HCV)、抗原虫(antiprotozoal)、抗骨质疏松等药理作用,并表现出低毒性[1-3]。UA防治肿瘤的作用及机制已成为研究热点。
1 抑制肿瘤发生
正常细胞可由致癌因素诱发,突变转化为肿瘤细胞,抑制肿瘤发生是提高肿瘤防治水平的重要措施。Liu等[4]研究发现乌索酸可以抑制香烟烟雾提取物对支气管上皮细胞的细胞毒作用,其机制与恢复氧化还原平衡、减轻DNA损伤相关;乌索酸还可抑制A549肺癌发展。Kowalczyk等[5]研究表明乌索酸可抑制二甲基苯丙蒽(DMBA)和12-O-十四烷酰佛波醇-13-醋酸酯(TPA)诱发的上皮增生和肿瘤发生,其机制与抑制c-jun、p50、COX-2和 IL-6表达相关。Shanmugam等[6]研究证实,乌索酸可以前列腺癌发生、发展,其机制可能是通过下调各种促炎症介质(包括NF-κB,STAT3,AKT和IKKα/β),降低TNF-α和IL-6,下调细胞周期素D1、COX-2,上调Caspase-3水平。
Furtado等[7]通过评估乌索酸对1,2-二甲基肼(DMH)诱导的雄性Wistar大鼠的结肠隐窝病灶(ACF)的影响,结果显示乌索酸可以抑制ACF的形成,提示乌索酸对结肠癌的发生具有保护作用。胡晶等[8]亦发现乌索酸可抑制大肠癌的形成,其可能机制为抑制癌组织中COX-2的表达。毛文超等[9]研究发现乌索酸对二乙基亚硝胺诱发的小鼠肝癌前病变具有防护作用,并可保护肝功能,并证实乌索酸与枸杞联合应用效果更好。Gayathri等[10]在对二乙基亚硝胺诱发苯巴比妥米那促发的大鼠肝癌模型中发现,乌索酸可抑制细胞增生,降低氧化应激介导的改变。
2 抑制细胞增殖
肿瘤细胞呈现失控增殖,抑制增殖是控制肿瘤生长的重要方法。Xiang等[11]研究发现乌索酸可抑制BGC-823胃癌细胞增殖,促进BGC-823胃癌细胞凋亡,增加G1期细胞比例,并可抑制BGC-823胃癌细胞迁移,其机制可能与上调miR-133a相关。Yie等[12]研究表明乌索酸可抑制肝癌HepG2细胞生长,促HepG2细胞细胞凋亡,其机制可能是促AMP活化蛋白激酶α(AMPKα)磷酸化,抑制DNA甲基1(DNMT1)和转录因子Sp1表达。Lin等[13]研究表明乌索酸可以抑制大肠癌的生长和细胞增殖,抑制Cyclin D1和CKD4表达,上调p21表达,阻滞细胞周期于G0/G1期;抑制Bcl-2表达,上调BAX表达,促大肠癌细胞凋亡[14]。Wang等[15]研究表明,乌索酸可抑制STAT3磷酸化,降低结肠癌起始细胞(colon cancer-initiating cells)存活和干细胞球形成;乌索酸通过活化Caspase-3,-8和-9,下调Bcl-2表达,抑制BGC-803胃癌细胞的增殖并诱导凋亡,从而抑制其在体外和体内的的生长。
3 激发细胞凋亡
细胞凋亡是由基因控制的自主性细胞死亡,抗癌在药物作用重要机制。Aguiriano-Moser等[16]研究发现乌索酸可抑制甲状腺癌髓样癌细胞增殖,激发凋亡。Li等[17]的研究结果表明,乌索酸可活化ROCK1和PTEN,促丝切蛋白1(cofilin-1)从细胞质转移至线粒体,激活Caspase-3和caspase-9,促进胃癌SGC-7901细胞凋亡。Son等[18]的研究证实,乌索酸通过激活AMPK,促GSK3β磷酸化,激发HepG2肝癌细胞凋亡。Wang等[19]实验结果表明,在结肠癌细胞中,乌索酸可抑制细胞增殖和移动,活化Caspase-3和9,激发细胞凋亡。Gai等[20]发现乌索酸通过抑制Akt1和IκBα,抑制NF-κB和Bcl-2表达,上调Caspase-3,激发人膀胱癌细胞的凋亡。张慧锋等[21]研究证实熊果酸可以激发卵巢癌SKOV3细胞凋,其作用机制与增强Caspase-9和Caspase-3的活性相关。Meng等[22]研究显示,乌索酸可抑制前列腺肿瘤的生长,抑制前列腺癌细胞增殖,并可促前列腺癌细胞凋亡,其机制与调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路相关。
4 阻滞细胞周期
肿瘤细胞由于基因表达的改变,呈现失控的增殖周期,阻滞细胞周期是治疗肿瘤的重要策略。Weng等[23]研究结果表明,乌索酸可抑制胆囊癌肿瘤生长和细胞增殖,阻滞细胞周期于S期,并可活化Caspase-3和9,激发细胞凋亡。Harmand等[24]研究发现乌索酸可HaCaT永生化表皮细胞增殖,上调p21WAF1表达,阻滞HaCaT细胞周期于G1期;活化Caspase-3,促HaCaT细胞凋亡。Zhang等[25]研究表明乌索酸可抑制MDM2和TOPK,上调p53和p21,阻滞乳腺癌、结肠癌细胞周期于G1期,并可促细胞凋亡。
5 诱导细胞自噬
细胞自噬(autophagy)也称II型程序性细胞死亡(type II programmed cell death),是损坏的蛋白或细胞器被自噬小泡包裹后,进入溶酶体降解,引发的细胞死亡,细胞自噬已成为肿瘤治疗的靶标。Shen等[26]研究表明乌索酸可通过活性氧介导的内质网应激促恶性神经胶质瘤U87MG自噬。Leng等[27]研究发现乌索酸可促进宫颈癌细胞TC-1自噬,其机制与Atg5相关。Xavier等[28]研究证实乌索酸可促凋亡耐受大肠癌细胞自噬,抑制结肠癌肿瘤生长,其机制与活化JNK相关。
此外,细胞自噬作为细胞存活机制,在不同的情况下,可能起到促肿瘤细胞死亡或抑制肿瘤细胞死亡乃至参与化疗耐药的作用[29]。Shin等[30]研究显示,乌索酸可以促前列腺癌PC3细胞凋亡和自噬,但3-methyladenine或RNA干扰抑制自噬可增强乌索酸对PC3细胞凋亡的作用。其他中药制剂,如榄香烯注射液,作为细胞自噬诱导剂,可抑制apatinib或血清饥饿诱发的细胞凋亡[29]。这些研究提示,乌索酸对肿瘤细胞自噬作用对治疗结局的影响需要更多的研究。
6 抑制上皮-间质转化
上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)是上皮类细胞,包括上皮类肿瘤细胞,向成纤维细胞或间质细胞形态转化的生物过程。EMT细胞呈现上皮标志蛋白表达下调,如E-cadherin等;间质标志蛋白表达上调,如N-cadherin、波形蛋白(Vimentin)。EMT可增强肿瘤细胞的转移能力,并与化疗耐药密切相关。Zhang等[31]研究表明乌索酸通过抑制上皮-间质转化(EMT),抑制卵巢癌干细胞的增殖,促细胞凋亡,增强化疗敏感性,从而抑制卵巢癌干细胞裸鼠移植肿瘤生长。Liu等[32]研究证实乌索酸能抑制人肺癌A549细胞粘附、移动和侵袭,并可抑制EMT,其机制与抑制NF-κB信号进而抑制AEG-1表达相关。
7 抑制转移
肿瘤转移涉及多个生物过程,如细胞黏附、移动、侵袭,失巢凋亡耐受以及上皮-间质转化等。转移是恶性肿瘤治疗失败的重要原因,中医药在肿瘤转移防治方面显示出一定优势。Kim等[33]实验证实乌索酸可抑制Bcl-2表达,上调BAX和Caspase-3,诱导SNU-484胃癌细胞凋亡;降低基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2表达,抑制SNU-484细胞的转移表型。Huang等[34]发现乌索酸可以降低VEGF和转化生长因子β1水平,抑制细胞间黏附分子-1 (ICAM-1)、MMP-9和MMP-2表达,从而抑制肺癌细胞增殖、侵袭和转移。
Xiang等[35]研究显示乌索酸可抑制肝癌、黑色素瘤细胞黏附、移动、侵袭,并可抑制黑色素瘤转移,其机制与抑制FAK信号转导相关。Prasad等[36]研究表明乌索酸能抑制结肠癌细胞增殖和转移,其机制与抑制NF-κB,下调Bcl-xL、Cyclin D1、MMP-9等表达相关;还可抑制VEGF表达和血管生成。米磊等[37]研究发现乌索酸可抑制人腺样囊性癌ACC-83细胞的侵袭力、黏附力及运动能力。于丽波等[38]研究表明乌索酸能抑制卵巢癌细胞HO-8910PM的侵袭和转移,可能与抑制MMP-2和MMP-9相关。
8 作用于耐药细胞
肿瘤的化疗耐药,特别是多药耐药,是影响化疗疗效和肿瘤根治的重要原因;逆转耐药可以提高肿瘤化疗的治疗作用。Li等[39]研究发现乌索酸抑制吉西他滨耐药胰腺癌细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,其机制与抑制PI3K/Akt/NF-κB信号通路和活化JNK有关。Shan等[40]研究显示乌索酸可多药耐药结肠癌细胞增殖,其机制可能与下调Bcl-2、Bcl-xL和survivin表达相关。杨茗钫等[41]研究表明乌索酸可抑制顺铂耐药卵巢癌细胞增殖,诱导细胞凋亡并可阻滞细胞周期于G0/G1期。Yang等[42]研究显示乌索酸可通过活化BAX,促半胱天冬酶非依赖性细胞凋亡诱导因子(AIF)核转位,诱导多柔比星耐药HepG2细胞凋亡。
9 增强化疗作用
放化疗是肿瘤治疗的主要方法之一,中药联合放化疗已成为我国肿瘤治疗的一大特色。Prasad等[43]实验表明乌索酸通过抑制炎症微环境,抑制胰腺癌生长并增强吉西他滨的作用。Kim等[44]研究表明乌索酸抑制肺癌细胞VRK1催化活性,与DNA损伤化疗药协同抗癌。蒋洁敏等[45]发现乌索酸能增强紫杉醇对人胃癌BGC-823细胞的敏感性,可能与熊果酸抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路,降低P-gp的表达相关。
10 增强放疗作用
Yang等[46]研究表明乌索酸能有效增强胃癌BGC-823细胞对放疗的敏感性,其机制与G2/M期细胞周期阻滞,增加活性氧生成,下调Ki-67表达和诱导细胞凋亡相关。
11 抑制血管生成
血管生成是肿瘤生长、转移的基础,抗血管生成已成为肿瘤治疗的常规方法。Saraswati等[47]实验发现乌索酸能抑制艾氏腹水瘤皮下移植瘤血管生成,可能与抑制VEGF等蛋白表达相关。Lin等[48]认为乌索酸通过抑制VEGF-A、bFGF等,抑制大肠癌血管生成;还可抑制人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖、移动和管腔形成。沈晶等[49]研究证实乌索酸可以抑制鸡胚尿囊膜血管生成。
综上所述,乌索酸在脑胶质母细胞瘤、腺样囊性癌、甲状腺癌、肺癌、胃癌、肝癌、胆囊癌、胰腺癌、大肠癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌、前列腺癌、黑色素瘤等恶性肿瘤中有明显的抗癌作用;可以抑制肿瘤发生、抑制细胞增殖、激发细胞凋亡、阻滞细胞周期、诱导细胞自噬、抑制上皮-间质转化和转移、作用于耐药细胞、增强放化疗作用及抑制血管生成,乌索酸有希望开发为新型的肿瘤防治药物。
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