APP下载

妊娠早期甲状腺激素水平与妊娠期糖尿病相关性研究

2017-12-05邓松清陈海天祝彩霞刘斌王冬昱王子莲

医学信息 2017年23期
关键词:甲状腺功能妊娠期糖尿病

邓松清+陈海天+祝彩霞+刘斌+王冬昱+王子莲

摘要:目的 探討妊娠早期甲状腺激素水平特点及其与妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)的关系。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月~2013年12月于中山大学附属第一医院门诊产检的4111例孕妇,并于妊娠早期行甲状腺激素水平(TSH、FT3、FT4)检测,孕24~28 w行OGTT检测。对纳入研究的孕妇根据OGTT结果分为GDM组(n=727)及正常对照(NGT)组(n=3384)。比较两组间妊娠早期甲状腺激素水平特点,分析妊娠早期甲状腺疾病与妊娠期糖尿病的关系。结果 GDM组孕妇妊娠早期TSH明显低于对照组[(1.37±0.96) mIU/ml vs(1.53±1.12) mIU/ml,P=0.000),FT3[(4.75±0.91)mIU/ml vs(4.60±0.73) mIU/ml, P=0.000]明显高于对照组,FT3/FT4(0.35±0.06 vs 0.34±0.06,P=0.000)两组孕妇间存在明显差异。妊娠早期亚临床甲减者并发GDM的比例为24.37%。GDM组合并亚临床甲减者明显高于对照组(12.00% vs 8.00%,χ2=12.004,P=0.001)。 结论 GDM妊娠早期TSH及FT3水平发生明显改变,孕早期亚临床甲减者发生GDM的风险增高。

关键词:妊娠期糖尿病;甲状腺功能;亚临床甲减

中图分类号:R714.256 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1006-1959(2017)23-0039-03

Correlation between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Early Pregnancy

DENG Song-qing,CHEN Hai-tian,ZHU Cai-xia,LIU Bin,WANG Dong-yu,WANG Zi-lian

(Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University,Guangzhou 510080,Guangdong,China)

Abstract:Objective To investigate the early pregnancy and its characteristics of thyroid hormone levels in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus(Gestational diabetes,mellitus,GDM)relationship.Methods Retrospective analysis of January 2012~2013 year in December in the first affiliated hospital of Zhongshan university clinic 4111 cases of pregnant women in pregnancy,and early stage of thyroid hormone levels(TSH,FT3,FT4)detection, OGTT detection 24~28 w of pregnancy.Pregnant women included in the study according to the results of OGTT were divided into GDM group(n=727) and normal control(NGT)group(n=3384).The comparison between two groups of thyroid hormone levels in early pregnancy,early analysis of the relationship between thyroid disease and gestational diabetes.Results GDM group of pregnant women in early pregnancy TSH was significantly lower than the control group[(1.37±0.96)mIU/mlvs(1.53±1.12)mIU/ml,P=0.000),FT3[(4.75±0.91)mIU/mlvs(4.60±0.73)mIU/ml,P=0.000]was significantly higher than the control group,FT3/FT4(0.35±0.06vs0.34±0.06,P=0.000)have obvious difference two groups of pregnant women.The proportion of early pregnancy subclinical hypothyroidism complicated with GDM 24.37%.GDM composite and subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher than the control group(12.00%vs8.00%χ2=12.004,P=0.001).Conclusion The levels of TSH and FT3 in GDM early pregnancy were significantly changed,and the risk of GDM was increased in subclinical hypothyroidism in early pregnancy.endprint

Key words:Gestational diabetes mellitus;Thyroid function;Subclinical hypothyroidism

妊娠期糖尿病(Gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)是妊娠期常见的并发症,目前国内发病率约为17.5%[1]。GDM孕妇患妊娠期高血压疾病的风险增加,易出现巨大儿,增加剖宫产率,其远期并发症包括产后发生2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM),心血管疾病及代谢异常,同时其后代发生糖代谢异常的风险也明显增加[2-5]。这些并发症可以通过饮食、运动控制,以及适当的胰岛素治疗得到改善[6]。

研究表明妊娠早期特定的生物指标可能与GDM发病相关,如HbA1C,维生素D,铁蛋白以及胎盘生长因子[7-10]。糖尿病患者较普通正常人群发生甲状腺功能异常的风险明显增加,对223例糖尿病患者研究发现其甲状腺功能异常的发病率为10.8%[11]。1型糖尿的发病机制与免疫激活相关,而甲状腺疾病发病也有免疫系统参与,因而研究发现,1型糖尿病患者中最终1/3患甲状腺功能异常[12]。2型糖尿病发生甲状腺功能异常的风险也明显高于正常人群[13],这说明糖尿病与甲状腺功能异常之间存在除免疫机制以外的共同发病因素。GDM与糖尿病的发病机制相似均为胰岛素敏感性下降和餐后胰岛素分泌不足,对淀粉的利用率下降,而对蛋白质、脂肪的利用率升高[5, 14]。甲状腺功能异常与妊娠期糖尿病的相关关系尚不明确,本研究通过分析比较对妊娠期糖尿病患者孕早期甲状腺激素水平的研究,探讨甲状腺激素在妊娠期糖尿病发病中的作用,以期为临床治療提供指导。

1 资料与方法

1.1一般资料

回顾性分析纳入2012年1月~2013年12月于中山大学附属第一医院产科门诊产检的4111例单胎妊娠中国孕妇。所有的纳入的孕妇均于孕早期行甲状腺激素检测(TSH、FT3、FT4),并于孕24~28 w行OGTT检测。排除标准包括:孕前甲状腺疾病患者,孕前糖尿病患者,或胰岛素依赖的糖尿病患者。

1.2 诊断标准

采用ADA 2012年GDM诊断标准[15]:75 g OGTT任一时间血糖达到即诊断为GDM:①空腹血糖(FPG)≥5.1 mmol/L(92 mg/dl);②服糖后1 h血糖(OGTT1)≥10.0 mmol/L(180 mg/dL);③服糖后2 h血糖(OGTT2)≥8.5 mmol/L(153 mg/dl)。采用美国ATA标准[16],孕早期,TSH 0.1~2.5 mIu/L,FT4及FT3检测结果受干扰因素教授,因此FT4、FT3采用中山大学附属第一医院临床实验室的参考标准FT4 8.62~15.7 pmol/L,FT3 3.33~5.55 pmol/L。在TSH升高的情况下FT4水平降低或正常分别被定义为临床甲状减和亚临床甲减。在TSH降低的情况下FT4水平升高或正常定义为临床甲状亢和亚临床甲亢。TSH在正常水平,而FT4降低定义为低甲状腺素血症。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 17.0 统计软件进行数据分析。计量资料采用(x±s)描述,采用t检验进行分析;计数资料采用率进行描述,?字2检验进行统计分析。P<0.05视为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 GDM与对照组OGTT血糖及甲状腺激素水平比较

本研究纳入的727例GDM患者排除了孕期糖尿病及孕前甲状腺功能异常者。GDM组及对照组血糖情况及甲状腺水平情况,见表1。GDM组年龄明显高于对照组[(31.21±4.35)岁vs(29.24±4.09)岁,P=0.000]。GDM组空腹血糖及OGTT1h、OGTT2h明显高于对照组,糖化血红蛋白GDM组也明显高于对照组[(5.00±0.37)g/L vs (4.82±0.33)g/L,P=0.000]。

GDM孕妇TSH明显低于对照组[(1.37±0.96)mIU/ml vs(1.53±1.12)mIU/ml,P=0.000),而FT3明显高于对照组[(4.75±0.91)mIU/ml vs(4.60±0.73)mIU/ml,P=0.000]。两组间FT3/FT4值存在明显统计学差异(0.35±0.06 vs 0.34±0.06,P=0.000),而FT4水平两组间比较无明显统计学差异。

2.2 GDM与对照组发生甲状腺疾病情况比较

纳入研究的4111例孕妇中GDM患者727例,其发病率为17.68%。纳本研究中357例亚临床甲减孕妇中87例发生GDM,发病率为24.37%。GDM及正常对照组发生甲状腺功能异常的情况,见表2。妊娠期糖尿病患者发生亚临床甲减为12.00%,而对照组为8.00%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(?字2=12.004,P=0.001)。临床甲亢、亚临床甲亢、临床甲减、低甲状腺毒素血症两组间比较差异无统计学意义。

3 讨论

3.1妊娠期甲状腺激素水平与妊娠期糖尿病关系

妊娠期孕妇的甲状腺在非碘缺乏地区增大约10%,而在碘缺乏地区甲状腺增大20%~40%。这使得甲状腺素(thyroxine,T4)及三碘甲状腺氨酸(triiodothyronine,T3)增加50%。促甲状腺激素(thyrotropin,TSH)受胎盘分泌的人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)的影响而降低[16]。Moura Neto A等[17]及Islam S等[18]研究发现,2型糖尿病患者的TSH水平与正常对照组无明显差异。本研究发现GDM孕妇的TSH水平较正常对照组明显降低,这可能是由于妊娠早期hCG水平升高,增加了对甲状腺的刺激作用。endprint

3.2亞临床甲状腺功能减低与妊娠期糖尿病

亚临床甲减与GDM是妊娠期常见的内科合并症,对母胎的近期及远期都有不良影响[3, 5, 16]。本研究中GDM的发病率为17.68%,这与既往研究结果一致[1,19]。而孕早期发生亚临床甲减的孕妇并发GDM的比例明显升高,增加至24.37%。来自Konstantinos A.Toulis的一篇mata-analysis表明,若假定GDM的发病率为5%,那么在亚临床甲减孕妇中发生GDM的风险将比甲状腺功能正常者增加一倍[14]。在亚临床甲减患者中存在游离脂肪酸水平升高、胰岛素进入胰岛素敏感组织能力降低、葡萄糖转运子2移位。且以上病理机制均出现在高血糖及高胰岛素血症之前,因此亚临床甲减被认为是一种胰岛素抵抗状态[14]。一项研究表明, FT3、FT4与胰岛素抵抗指标HOMA-IR明显相关[20]。Bilic-Komarica E等的研究表明[21],对空腹胰岛素水平升高的亚临床甲低患者给予甲状腺素治疗后,空腹胰岛素水平降至正常水平。

本研究回顾性分析GDM患者妊娠早期甲状腺激素水平特点,发现GDM孕妇中亚临床甲减明显多于正常对照组。但本研究未分析亚临床甲减患者接受甲状腺素治疗后对妊娠期糖尿病发病及妊娠结局的影响,为明确此相关性,仍有赖于前瞻性研究和干预性临床试验的进一步验证,这也是此研究的局限性和进一步研究的可能方向。

参考文献:

[1]Zhu W W,Yang H X,Wei Y M,et al.Evaluation of the Value of Fasting Plasma Glucose in the First Prenatal Visit to Diagnose Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in China[J].Diabetes Care,2013,36(3):586-590.

[2]Bonde L,Vilsbφll T,Nielsen T,et al.Reduced postprandial GLP-1 responses in women with gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Diabetes Obesity&Metabolism,2013,15(8):713-720.

[3]Jr E J,Catalano P M,Waters T P.Perinatal outcomes associated with the diagnosis of gestational diabetes made by the international association of the diabetes and pregnancy study groups criteria[J].Obstetrics&Gynecology,2014,124(3):571-578.

[4]Beharier O,Shohamvardi I,Pariente G,et al.Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is a Significant Risk Factor for Long Term Maternal Renal Disease[J].Journal of Clinical Endocrinology& Metabolism,2015,100(4):1412-1416.

[5]Kessous R,Shohamvardi I,Pariente G,et al.An association between gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term maternal cardiovascular morbidity[J].Heart,2013,99(15):1118-1121.

[6]Farrar D,Simmonds M,Bryant M,et al.Treatments for gestational diabetes:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Bmj Open,2017,7(6):e015557.

[7]Wei B,Baecker A,Song Y,et al.Adipokine levels during the first or early second trimester of pregnancy and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes mellitus:A systematic review[J]. Metabolism-clinical&Experimental,2015,64(6):756-764.

[8]Miehle K,Stepan H,Fasshauer M.Leptin,adiponectin and other adipokines in gestational diabetes mellitus and pre-eclampsia[J].Clinical Endocrinology,2012,76(1):2-11.

[9]De Seymour J V,Conlon C A,Sulek K,et al.Early pregnancy metabolite profiling discovers a potential biomarker for the subsequent development of gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Acta Diabetologica,2014,51(5):887-890.

[10]Eleftheriades M,Papastefanou I,Lambrinoudaki I,et al.Elevated placental growth factor concentrations at 11-14 weeks of gestation to predict gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Metabolism-Clinical and Experimental,2014,63(11):1419-1425.endprint

[11]Smithson MJ.Screening for thyroid dysfunction in a community population of diabetic patients[J].Diabet Med,1998,15(2):148-150.

[12]Kadiyala R,Peter R,Okosieme O E.Thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes:clinical implications and screening strategies[J].International Journal of Clinical Practice,2010,64(8):1130-1139.

[13]Radaideh A R,Nusier M K,Amari F L,et al.Thyroid dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jordan[J].Saudi Medical Journal,2004,25(8):1046-1050.

[14]Toulis K A,Stagnaro-Green A,Negro R.Maternal subclinical hypothyroidsm and gestational diabetes mellitus:a meta-analysis[J].Endocrine Practice,2014,20(7):703-714.

[15]Lambert M.ADA releases revisions to recommendations for standards of medical care in diabetes[J].American Family Physician,2012,85(5):514-515.

[16]Stagnaro-Green A,Abalovich M,Alexander E,et al.Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum[J].Thyroid,2011,21(10):1081-1125.

[17]Moura N A,Parisi M C,Tambascia M A,et al.Relationship of thyroid hormone levels and cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].Endocrine,2014,45(1):84-91.

[18]Islam S,Yesmine S,Khan S A,et al.A comparative study of thyroid hormone levels in diabetic and non-diabetic patients[J].Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine&Public Health,2008,39(5):913-916.

[19]Ying H,Tang Y P,Bao Y R,et al.Maternal TSH level and TPOAb status in early pregnancy and their relationship to the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Endocrine,2016,54(3):742.

[20]Lambadiari V,Mitrou P,Maratou E,et al.Thyroid hormones are positively associated with insulin resistance early in the development of type 2 diabetes[J].Endocrine,2011,39(1):28-32.

[21]Bilickomarica E,Beciragic A,Junuzovic D.Effects of treatment with L-thyroxin on glucose regulation in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism[J].Medical Archives,2012,66(6):364-368.endprint

猜你喜欢

甲状腺功能妊娠期糖尿病
妊娠期糖尿病孕妇综合护理干预对产后新生儿血糖水平影响
促甲状腺激素受体抗体检测在甲状腺疾病诊断中的价值
妊娠糖尿病与甲状腺自身免疫的关系分析
炎症指标在高龄妊娠期糖尿病患者检测中的临床意义分析
新兴县妊娠期妇女甲状腺功能的调查和分析
小金胶囊联合小剂量左甲状腺素钠片对结节性甲状腺肿患者甲状腺功能的影响