心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后脑钠肽的变化及临床特征
2017-11-28刘营伟艾尔肯阿吉
刘营伟,艾尔肯·阿吉
(新疆医科大学第一附属医院 心脏中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011)
心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后脑钠肽的变化及临床特征
刘营伟,艾尔肯·阿吉
(新疆医科大学第一附属医院 心脏中心,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011)
目的探讨ST抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)和非ST抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后脑钠肽(BNP)的变化和临床特征。方法选取2015年1月-2015年12月急诊入住该院的首发急性心肌梗死患者126例。根据患者入院心电图变化分为STEMI组72例和NSTEMI组54例,并根据冠脉造影结果,分为1支冠脉病变组、2支冠脉病变组和3支冠脉病变组。选取正常患者20例为对照组,测定患者入院后24 h及术后7 d的BNP水平,比较各组间BNP水平的变化及其临床特征。结果入院后24 h 1支病变组、2支病变组和3支病变组的STEMI组的BNP水平均高于NSTEMI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后7 d 1支病变组的STEMI组和NSTEMI组的BNP水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),2支病变组、3支病变组的STEMI组的BNP水平低于NSTEMI组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论急性心肌梗死患者急诊PCI后BNP水平的变化及相关临床特征,有助于更为准确的判断病情、进行危险分层和评估长期的预后等。
急性心肌梗死;经皮冠状动脉介入术;脑钠肽
急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)是临床心血管常见的急诊重症,也是常见的死亡原因之一。脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)作为一种心脏神经调节类激素,特异性、敏感性相对于心肌酶、肌钙蛋白均较高[1-2],且检验方法快速、准确和方便[3-4]。大量研究证实,BNP水平的变化已广泛应用于评估急性心肌梗死患者的诊断[5]、危险分层[6-7]、病情严重程度和预后[3,8-10]。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选取2015年1月-2015年12月急诊入住本院心脏中心重症监护室的首发AMI患者126例。72例ST抬高型心肌梗死(ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者。其中,男性 47 例,女性25例;平均(57.6±10.1)岁。54例非ST抬高型心肌梗死(non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,NSTEMI)患者。其中,男性 38例,女性 16例;平均(60.5±6.3)岁。对照组20例,男性11例,女性9例;平均(54.5±7.8)岁。所有患者的以上资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均有可比性。根据最新指南的诊断标准严格选择所有入院患者,且所有入选AMI患者均行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention,PCI),且 PCI后的血流分级(thrombolysis in myocardial infarction,TIMI)均为3级。排除标准:①年龄>75岁;②既往有心肌梗死病史,曾行PCI、冠状动脉(冠脉)搭桥术或起搏器安装术;③肝或肾功能不全病史;④心脏瓣膜病、心肌炎或心肌病;⑤合并房颤;⑥严重的肺部疾病、主动脉夹层等。
1.2 方法
所有患者入院后即刻采集静脉血,包括血常规、心肌酶、肌钙蛋白、肝肾功能、凝血功能和BNP等。同时完善心电图、心脏超声等,详细询问并记录患者入院相关资料、病史、发作时的症状、既往疾病史和家族史等,并于12 h内行急诊PCI,术中详细记录患者的冠脉狭窄程度、冠脉病变支数和TIMI等。对照组造影为冠状动脉狭窄<50%。
1.3 BNP的测定
分别采集入选患者入院后24 h及术后7 d的静脉血,置入EDTA抗凝试管中,采集后立即送检。采用AXSYM全自动免疫分析仪及配套的试剂盒(美国雅培公司),所有操作步骤均由专业人员严格按照说明书进行。
1.4 统计学方法
数据分析采用SPSS 16.0统计软件,计量资料以均数±标准差(±s)表示,采用t检验,计数资料以率(%)表示并行χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者冠脉病变程度的比较
两组患者均经冠脉造影术证实,STEMI组的1支病变率高于NSTEMI组,经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);STEMI组和NSTEMI组的2支病变率,经χ2检验,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);NSTEMI组的3支病变率低于STEMI组,经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);NSTEMI组的梗死相关血管次全闭塞率高于STEMI组,经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),STEMI组的梗死相关血管的完全闭塞率高于NSTEMI组,经χ2检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表 1。
2.2 两组患者入院后24 h BNP水平的比较
正常对照组入院后24 h的平均BNP水平为(21.3±9.6)pg/ml,均低于 STEMI组和 NSTEMI组,经t检验,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。STEMI组入院后24 h 1支病变组、2支病变组和3支病变组的BNP水平均高于NSTEMI组,经t检验,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。
表1 两组患者的冠脉病变程度的比较 例(%)
2.3 两组患者术后7 d BNP水平的比较
对照组术后7 d的平均BNP水平为(20.1±8.2)pg/ml,均低于 STEMI组和 NSTEMI组,经t检验,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。STEMI组术后7 d 1支病变组的BNP水平高于NSTEMI组,经t检验,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),NSTEMI组术后7 d 2支病变组的BNP水平高于STEMI组,经t检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),NSTEMI组术后7 d 3支病变组的BNP水平高于STEMI组,经t检验,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
表2 两组患者入院后24 h的BNP水平的比较(pg/ml,±s)
表2 两组患者入院后24 h的BNP水平的比较(pg/ml,±s)
组别 1支病变 2支病变 3支病变STEMI组 94.5±39.1 396.6±121.5 486.8±109.2 NSTEMI组 78.8±23.5 368.9±98.7 454.6±110.3 t值 5.761 4.986 4.210 P值 0.010 0.014 0.008
表3 两组患者术后7 d BNP水平的比较(pg/ml,±s)
表3 两组患者术后7 d BNP水平的比较(pg/ml,±s)
组别 1支病变 2支病变 3支病变STEMI组 67.6±20.6 328.8±96.4 397.2±101.3 NSTEMI组 66.2±24.3 343.9±104.1 416.3±97.2 t值 0.650 8.712 11.874 P值 0.190 0.021 0.003
3 讨论
BNP是一种心脏神经调节类激素,大量研究已充分证明,BNP主要在心室壁张力增加和心室充盈压升高时[3,11-13],由心室细胞分泌,是心脏本身应激后的一种代偿和保护机制。AMI患者由于冠脉斑块破裂或形成而导致冠脉的急性次全闭塞或完全闭塞,而引起的心肌细胞急性或慢性的长期缺血缺氧,导致不同程度的心肌坏死,使心肌收缩功能障碍,心脏射血分数减低,从而增加心室舒张末期的充盈压,同时也增加室壁张力[14],有研究证实,心肌细胞坏死后,梗死区心肌细胞和非梗死区的交界部位室壁张力最高[15-17],从而刺激心室细胞BNP的合成和释放。因此,作为评估心功能最具特异性的指标[18-21],BNP水平作为急性心肌梗死预后的独立预测指标[4,22-23],与AMI患者的梗死类型[24]与冠脉病变程度[25]均有密不可分的关系。
本研究结果表明,STEMI和NSTEMI两组患者入院后24 h BNP水平均远远高于对照组,且相同冠脉病变支数的STEMI组的BNP水平均高于NSTEMI组,而术后7 d 1支病变组的STEMI组和NSTEMI组的BNP水平无差异,2支病变组、3支病变组的STEMI组的BNP水平均低于NSTEMI组,且有差异,这与两者的发生机制、临床基本特征不同均有密切的关系[3]。STEMI主要是以形成纤维蛋白原为主的血栓,多导致冠脉的急性完全闭塞,造成大面积心肌坏死。NSTEMI主要是以形成以血小板血栓为主的血栓,多导致冠脉的急性次全闭塞,造成心内膜下或灶性急性心肌坏死。故入院后24 h STEMI组的BNP水平高于NSTEMI组,与梗死面积密切相关[3,26]。而 NSTEMI冠脉病变重[27],病变时间较长,有侧枝循环,侧枝循环可以保护心肌,故心肌梗死面积较小,BNP水平较高,也是机体的代偿及保护机制。李守凯等[28]研究结果显示,NSTEMI患者中合并有多支血管病变者占86.2%,而STEMI患者合并有多支血管病变者占40.9%,而NSTEMI相关血管的完全闭塞率(12%)低于STEMI(38%)。同时柏太柱等[29]研究结果提示,STEMI和NSTEMI患者合并有多支血管病变者占33.9%和55.6%,本研究结果为STEMI患者中合并有多支血管病变者占24%,而NSTEMI患者合并有多支血管病变者占57%,STEMI患者中单支血管病变者占43%,而NSTEMI患者单支血管病变者占13%,而STEMI梗死相关血管完全闭塞率(63%)高于 STEMI(28%),NSTEMI梗死相关血管次全闭塞率(72%)高于STEMI(25%),故NSTEMI比STEMI更容易再发心肌梗死,这与本研究结果相符。付奇等[30]也支持此观点。同时本研究结果证明,STEMI患者多为单支冠脉血管病变,但梗死相关血管完全闭塞率高于NSTEMI患者,故STEMI面积往往较大,而NSTEMI患者虽多合并多支血管病变,但梗死相关血管绝大部分为次全闭塞,多为心室壁的内层或者为小范围灶性心肌梗死,故入院后24h STEMI组的BNP水平均高于NSTEMI组。
本研究结果也表明,术后7 d两组患者的BNP水平均下降,但术后7 d NSTEMI组的2支病变组和3支病变组的BNP平均水平均较相同病变组STEMI患者高,提示NSTEMI患者术后7 d BNP水平较STEMI患者下降速度缓慢,即较相同冠脉病变支数的STMEI患者PCI术后的效果欠佳,预后也较差,也说明前者由于血管病变较重,长期的心肌严重缺血缺氧[31],引起心肌收缩功能障碍及心肌重塑,均可引起BNP释放,故对于NSTEMI患者,BNP与冠脉病变程度密切相关,同时反映NSTEMI患者的预后较差。而后者多为单支病变,虽然梗死相关血管完全闭塞率较高,梗死面积较大,但前者心室重构及心功能障碍远比后者严重,故术后7 d的平均BNP水平后者较前者低,预后也较前者好。然而,两组患者术后7 d BNP水平下降,更加证实急诊PCI及时恢复梗死相关血管血流灌注对挽救濒死心肌、缩小心肌梗死面积和抑制心室重构有极其重要的意义[32-34]。
综上所述,BNP水平的升高不仅反映急性心肌梗死患者心功能的受损程度及心肌缺血的严重程度,还可作为急性心肌梗死危险分层及预后评估的特异性心肌标志物,重要的是与梗死类型也有一定的关系,可进一步指导临床医生更为准确地判断病情程度及采取预防措施、制定治疗方案等。
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(唐勇 编辑)
Variation of BNP level and clinical features of myocardial infacrction patients after percutaneous transluminal coronary intervention
Ying-wei Liu,Aji Aierken
(Department of Heart Center,the First Affiliated Hospital,Xinjiang Medical College,Ulumuqi,Xinjiang 830011,China)
ObjectiveTo investigate the variation of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)level and clinical features of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)patient and Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsA total of 126 patients with first attack of acute myocardial infarction in our emergency department were collected from January 2015 to December 2015.Patients were divided into STEMI group (72 cases)and NSTEMI group(54 cases)according to results of electrocardiogram.The patients were further divided into single vessel lesion group,two-vessel lesion group and three-vessel lesion group according to results of coronary angiography.Plasma BNP was measured 24 hours after admission and 7 days after PCI,and BNP level and clinical features were compared between the groups.ResultsAt 24 hours after admission,BNP levels of single vessel lesion group,two-vessel lesion group and three-vessel lesion group in the STEMI group were respectively significantly higher than those in the NSTEMI group (P<0.05).At 7 days after PCI,there was no significant difference in BNP levels of single vessel lesion group between the STEMI group and the NSTEMI group (P>0.05);the BNP levels of two-vessel lesion group and three-vessel lesion group in the STEMI group were respectively lower than those in the NSTEMI group (P<0.05).ConclusionsAssessment of BNP level and clinical features to myocardial infarction patients after PCI is helpful for more accurate judgment of health condition,risk stratification and assessment of long-term prognosis.
acute myocardial infarction;percutaneous coronary intervention;brain natriuretic peptide
R542.22
A
10.3969/j.issn.1005-8982.2017.27.019
1005-8982(2017)27-0100-05
2017-03-24