四种英语阅读方法辨析及实践研究
2017-10-25郜旭颖
郜旭颖
【摘要】閱读是英语学习的重要组成部分,是学生拓展知识面和学习新单词的重要途径,也是对所学知识的实践、巩固和提高。不仅如此,阅读能力的高低,直接影响着英语听、说、写、译等各方面能力的形成与发展。特别是中职学生,对其语言应用的能力的要求更高,需重点培养;而好的阅读方法,对培养学生阅读兴趣和习惯至关重要,甚至将会影响学生的一生。所以,阅读教学在目前的英语教学中占有非常重要的低位。为此,笔者结合个人的学习和教学经验,就英语快速阅读和理解的方法谈谈几点心得,以帮助学生们迅速提高英语阅读能力和尽可能的让他们增加阅读兴趣和养成良好的读书习惯,这既是教学目的,也是学生将会进行广泛阅读的前提。
【关键词】阅读教学 快读 整读 精读 带问题读 图文阅读 拓展阅读
一、阅读教学现状
阅读教学的目的,是为了让学生能够通过运用自己所掌握的单词和知识,获取文章或作者所要传达信息,理解文章主旨或作者所要表达的意思、主张、观点、意图和情感等,而最终的目的是为了让学生可以做到独立阅读、理解。而目前在阅读教学中,我们很多时候依旧囿于语法和知识点的讲解和翻译中,成了知识的分析、讲解和传授课,而非阅读课。主要表现在以下几个方面:
首先,在解析语法与剖析文章语句时,由于着眼点细致往往会忽略语境,阅读时思维不连贯,理解速度慢。
其次,在解析单词时,教师大量时间浓墨重彩地讲单词,自以为是帮助学生扫清理解上的障碍,实则使此阅读法和精读无异,影响阅读速度。
最后,阅读教学时进行知识点罗列,通篇翻译,没有学生独立思考时间,更没有学生课外阅读的时间。
学习技能是正确有效的学习方法(不浪费时间)。有效的学习技能对于学生获得良好成绩非常重要,也是改善学习过程的根本。在新课改的大环境下,在对学生阅读能力的要求日益提高的形势下,我们对阅读教学须有更多的思考和探索,特别在是阅读方法的探讨和传授方面,是培养学生阅读能力的重要组成部分。
二、阅读方法分析
阅读理解意味着理解什么是写作,甚至一些母语为英语的人士都会用这种技巧来解决问题。首先,英文文章虽类型不同,但都有其固定的写法,结构和模式。大体常见的有三类文章:科普类——惯用手法是引出中心,说明中心;社会类——通常结构为引出问题,解决问题的重要性,如何解决问题;应用说明类——题材较广却脉络清晰,文中一般都有答案直截了当,不必想象得太深奥,这里不做过多解释。所以,要快速判断文章的类型,然后根据文章的固定模式展开阅读,会对阅读速度大有帮助。其次,要根据自己的技能水平选择查找正确的书籍,杂志或报纸文章,选择你感兴趣的东西,并阅读它。再次,阅读可以在任何地方——床上,教室或车上完成。不过,如果你正在阅读,以提高你的理解力,不断学习是必要的。在阅读理解的时间让你的注意力集中,不要分心。这个时间应该是安静的,每天约30分钟,空间应该足够舒适。最后,要提高阅读的流畅度,拓宽视角和视野,提高浏览速度,从而最终达到提高阅读能力的效果。大家在了解了英美文章写作模式后,就不难用以下阅读方法提高阅读速度和阅读量了。
1.快速阅读法。快速阅读法显著特点就是“略”和“快”,以求在短时间内获取文章大概内容,对中心思想和重要细节或内容有大体了解。整篇文章大到通过阅读文章标题、特别要注意首段或者尾段,小到每个段落首句或者尾句,都往往会了解到文章的主题。因为,一篇文章的第一段通常为作者想说的话奠定基础,最后一段通常总结了作者的想法。所以要特别注意它会帮助你了解整体的信息。这些标题、段落和句子,都是对文章的高度概括。这是最快的阅读技巧之一,此类题型用以考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。
一类题型为主题问题。如:What is the main idea of this passage?What does the passage maily talk about?What does the writer want to tell us?
另一类为标题问题。如:Which tittle is the best tittle of this article?
(1)快速找主句。找到主题语句,往往是做好此类题目的关键。往往找准主题句,就可以把握到文章脉络。主题句对全文起到提示、启迪、概括和归纳的作用,一些主旨大意题、归纳概括题等,往往可以直接从主题句中找到答案。因此,在做题时,要注意每段的主题语句(往往为文段的第一
句),英文叫“Topic Sentence”。它一般都用来表示一个段落的主旨大意,抓住这个主题语句,就不难确定文章的中心或主题。如:Castro was 52 years old at the time of his arrest.He was born on July 10, 1960 in San Juan, Puerto Rico to Pedro Castro and Lillian Rodriguez. Shortly after his parents divorced, when he was a child, Castro moved to the mainland U.S. with his mother and three siblings. The family first settled in Reading, Pennsylvania, and later moved to Cleveland, where Castros father and several other extended family members were living.Castro had nine siblings in total. According to Castros uncle, the Castro family knew the DeJesus family and had lived in the same west Cleveland neighborhood. Castro was a 1979 graduate of Clevelands Lincoln-West High School.
Castro met his future common law wife, Grimilda Figueroa, when his family moved into a house across the street from hers in the 1980s. Castro and Figueroa lived with both sets of parents, but moved into their own home at 2207 Seymour Avenue in 1992. Their home was a two-story, 1, 400-square-foot (130 m2), four-bedroom, one-bathroom house with a 760-square-foot (71 m2) unfinished basement built in 1890 and remodeled in 1956. According to Figueroas sister, Elida Caraballo, when Figueroa and Castro moved into their new home, “all hell started breaking loose.” Caraballo and her husband Frank claim Castro beat Figueroa, breaking her nose, ribs, and arms. He also threw her down a flight of stairs, cracking her skull. In 1993, Castro was arrested for domestic violence but was not indicted by a grand jury.
文章很短,就是对卡斯特罗的生平介绍,但是文章对这个人描述的切入点是“被捕”,文中划线部分就是文章的主题句,用倒叙的手法对卡斯特罗的生平和被捕经历进行了介绍。
(2)快速识新词。良好的词汇将使您更容易理解您阅读的内容。不过,即使文字中有很多单词,你不知道,别担心,有的词汇不影响对文章的理解,故可略过。还有很大一部分单词,可以根据上下文猜测这个词和句子的含义。阅读后,检查你的猜测并记下新的单词和短语。必要时,进行再次阅读,因为有时只读一次文章是不够理解的。重读一些东西可以帮助你更好地了解它。再次阅读新话题可以帮助你记住他们。而且,我们可以借助对英语构词和词汇特点,帮助我们推测、理解不认识的词,从而加快阅读速度,也增加了自己的词汇量。
首先,推测生词的意思。在阅读文章时,难免会碰到不认识的词,这个时候不必慌张,根据上下文的意思及整篇文章的主旨,来合理推测生词的词义。甚至,对于不重要的陌生单词,不影响理解,可以略过。
例如:There was gardener who looked after his garden with great careto water his flowers, he used two buckets.One was a shiny and new bucket.Theother was a very old and dilapidated one, which had seen many years of service, but was now past its best.
這里带下划线的词,并不妨碍整段文字的理解,意思是“破旧不堪的”,故而阅读时,可以不必纠结于此。而且,像这种同义或反义的并列短语、同位语等,想要理解起来也不难,也会帮助你猜测词义,帮助理解语义。
其次,根据词根,借助前缀和后缀猜测和记忆派生词,会大大提高阅读效率,同时更有效地拓展词汇量。
常用否定词缀:un-, in-, im-, ir-, il-, non-, mis-,
mal-, anti-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:appear出现→disappear消失,correct正确的→incorrect不正确的,lead带领→mislead领错,stop停下→non-stop不停
常用表程度的词缀:表示“很大”的有maxi-, mega-, macro-, super-;表示“很小”的有mini-, micro-等,如man男人→superman超人,volt伏特→microvolt微伏
表示数字的:uni-,表示one,一:uniform=uni+form形状:a single design worn by everyone.n.制服;adj.一致的,统一的,deca-,表示ten,十:decade,Decimeter分米,即为10厘米,cent-,表示one hundred,一百:centigrade;当然这个词缀下还有:一百年的一个世纪century和“百足”虫,蜈蚣centipede, multi-表示many,多:multiply, multilingual, multidirectional, multiple, prim, prin-,表示first,第一:primary,第一位,首位primal, secund-,表示second,第二:secondary等。
其它:Ap-表示添加如:append悬挂apposition同位置,bi-表示两、重如:bicycle自行车bigamy重婚,com-表示共同如:combine联合compete相争,dis-表示分开如:disarm裁军dislike讨厌,Pro-表示向前如:progress进步prognostic预兆,re-表示回、重新如:review复习reaction反应等
构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/-or(从事某事的
人),-ese(某地人),-ess(雌性),-ian(精通……的人),-ist(专业人员),-ment(性质;状态),-ness(性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如:differ不同于→difference区别,write写→writer作,Japan日本→Japanese日本人,act表演→actress女演员,mouth口→mouthful一口,music音乐→musician音乐家
副词后缀:-ly, possibly, -ward, -wards, -ways, always, -wise, otherwise
形容词后缀:-able, -ible, movable, visible, -al, natural, -an, ane, -ant, -ent, distant, excellent, -ar, similar, -ar, similar等
(3)快找关键词。关键词能反应文中的主要事实和特定细节,大部分是名词、动词或其他重要的修饰词,在阅读时可以把它们标注出来,比如,人名、地名、时间等信息,用自己惯用的几种符号做标记,这些信息便清晰可见了(在快速找主句的例文里,很适用这种方法把握各种信息)。再有,注意关联词和一些表示前后语义的词或词组的运用。比如:that is也就是说,suc has往下,in other words换句话说,for example例如,that is to say也就是说。此外,还要特别注意and、or等表示并列关系的词和but、however、ontheotherhand、though等表示转折关系的词,以及so、therefore、sothat等表示因果关系的词。
第四,平时注意累积一定的文化背景知识、国情知识和生活常识,有利于英语文章的阅读和理解减少阅读困难。比如,介绍farthest/most distantinhabited islands两座山的文章,涉及到了地理知识专有名词Easter Island为复活岛,如果了解这一知识的同学,熟悉这个地名,理解起来相对会好些。
2.整体阅读法。教学生整体阅读法,文章题目即文章中心意思,接着对文章各个部分都进行大概的浏览阅读,以归纳出要点,概括出作者的主要意图、态度、观点等,达到掌握文章主旨的目的。如果必要,可以做标记,或者把每段主题做笔记,这样,不易遗漏重点,有利于全文等阅读和理解。以马航失联飞机的新闻稿为例:
各方调查疑似MH370飞机残骸
MH370 search: Experts investigate Indian Ocean wreckage
Malaysia has sent a team to the French Indian Ocean island of Reunion to determine whether debris which washed up there is from missing flight MH370.
馬来西亚已派遣一组团队前往印度洋的法属留尼汪岛,以确认冲上岸的残骸是否属于失联客机马航MH370。
The two-meter-long piece of wreckage washed up on the island, about 600km east of Madagascar, late on Wednesday.
7月29日晚些时候,一块两米长的飞机残骸被冲到了该岛,该岛距马达加斯加东部约600千米。
各方调查疑似MH370飞机残骸
Aviation experts have said the debris looks like a wing component from a 777, known as a flaperon.
航空专家表示,这一残骸疑似波音777客机机翼零件——襟副翼。
Malaysia Airlines said it would be “premature” to speculate on its origin.
马来西亚航空公司表示,现在就残骸来源做出揣测还“为时过早”。
There have been other plane crashes much closer to Reunion, but flight MH370 is the only Boeing 777 to have disappeared in the area.
也有其他飞机在距留尼汪岛更近的地点坠机,但是马航MH370航班是在该地区消失的唯一一架波音777飞机。
An US official told the Associated Press news agency that, based on the photos, investigators had a “high degree of confidence” that the part was a flaperon unique to a Boeing 777 wing.
一位美国官员告诉美联社,从照片来看,调查人员表示“极有信心”认为,飞机残骸是波音777飞机独有的机翼零件。
各方调查疑似MH370飞机残骸
A flaperon is a part of the wing used to manage the lift and control the roll of an aircraft.
襟副翼是机翼的一部分,用来操控飞机上升和滚转。
French authorities in Reunion are also investigating the debris and Australian investigators are reported to be in touch with manufacturers over the find.
法属留尼汪岛当局目前也在调查这一残骸,据报道,澳大利亚调查人员正在就这一发现与波音制造商联系。
The Malaysia Airlines Boeing 777 travelling from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing with 239 people on board vanished without trace in March 2014. There were 227 passengers on the flight,including 153 Chinese and 38 Malaysians.
马来西亚航空公司波音777客机载着239名乘客和机组人员,从吉隆坡飞往北京,于2014年3月失踪,无任何踪迹。机上有227名乘客,其中153人来自中国,38人来自马来西亚。
读完全文,可以判断出,失联飞机还是没有得到真相。
3.细读阅读法。教学生对难理解的内容反复阅读,即细读,对于较难的生词、词组和句子,一遍读不出头绪,再读一遍甚至两遍三遍,再联系上下文反复推敲。这样,文章中深层的或者隐含的信息就会浮出水面了,问题也会迎刃而解。在考试中,对于推理判断、数据推理或者理解性强的题,运用这种方法通常可以解决难题。这类试题常以如下句式发问:
What can you conclude from this passage?
Whats the authers attitude towards...?
We can infer from the passage that...
Which statement is(not)true?
这就要求考生在阅读时,首先,要抓住文章的主题和细节,分析文章结构,根据上下文的内在联系,挖掘文章的深层含义。其次,对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为出发点、事件中存在的因果关系及作者未言明的态度、倾向、意图、观点等,要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析,进一步加强理解,抓住文章实质性的东西。以间接信息题关于是非判断题的解题方法为例:
是非判断题的出题形式:
三正一误:三项正确,只有一项不符合原文内容
三误一正:三项错误,只有一项符合原文内容
常见的设题方式有:
三正一误:
which of the following statements is false/not sure/not mentioned?
All of the following statements are true except________.
三误一正:
According to the passage,which of the following is true/mentioned?
According to the passage,who/what/which/when/where/why/how...?
The author states/mentions that...
例题:2016全国卷IB(夹叙夹论文)
According to a study by grandparents.com, 83 percent of the people said Mrs.Robinsons decision will influence grandparents in the American family.Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of obamas family.
26.What was the reaction of the public to Mrs.Robinsons decision?
A.17%exoressed their support for it
B.Few people responded symphathetically
C.83%believed it had a bad influence
D.The majority thought it was a trend.
答案:D细节理解题由“Two-thirds believe more families will follow the example of obamas family”可知,多数人认为这是一种趋势。
4.问题阅读法。阅读材料问题的设置往往都非常巧妙,它集中反映了文章的基本信息,先把问题看一遍(不看选
项),带着问题阅读全文,能有针对性的切入,找到突破点。根据不同的题型,选择不同的阅读方法。对于比较表层理解的选择和判断题,此类题型的问题有what、who、which、when、where、how或者why等词作为引导,就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节进行提问并要求学生回答。针对此题型可以快速扫描略读、快读,也可以正确使用排除法。填空或者问答可以找到相應段落或略读或精读。总之,先看问题,阅读目标性强,往往能收到事半功倍的效果。
先读文章后的问题,再读文章。即旨在寻找各种特定的具体信息,通常是先看问题再阅读——问题→文章→问题,这样很清楚阅读中所要搜寻的信息对象是什么,注意力会集中在这些点上,不受无关信息的干扰,问题答案查找结束,就可以终止阅读。这种方法,尤其是在考试阅读答题中很实用,会为答其它试题节省很多时间。
In my dual profession as an educator and health care provider, I have worked with numerous children infected with the virus that causes AIDS. The relationships that I have had with these special kids have been gifts in my life. They have taught me so many things, but I have especially learned that great courage can be found in the smallest of packages. Let me tell you about Tyler.
Tyler was born infected with HIV: his mother was also infected. From the very beginning of his life, he was dependent on medications to enable him to survive. When he was five, he had a tube surgically inserted in a vein in his chest. This tube was connected to a pump, which he carried in a small backpack on his back. Medications were hooked up to this pump and were continuously supplied through this tube to his bloodstream. At times, he also needed supplemented oxygen to support his breathing.
Tyler wasnt willing to give up one single moment of his childhood to this deadly disease. It was not unusual to find him playing and racing around his backyard, wearing his medicine-laden backpack and dragging his tank of oxygen behind him in his little wagon. All of us who knew Tyler marveled at his pure joy in being alive and the energy it gave him. Tylers mom often teased him by telling him that he moved so fast she needed to dress him in red. That way, when she peered through the window to check on him playing in the yard, she could quickly spot him.
This dreaded disease eventually wore down even the likes of a little dynamo like Tyler. He grew quite ill and, unfortunately, so did his HIV-infected mother. When it became apparent that he wasnt going to survive, Tylers mom talked to him about death. She comforted him by telling Tyler that she was dying too, and that she would be with him soon in heaven.
A few days before his death, Tyler beckoned me over to his hospital bed and whispered, “I might die soon. Im not scared. When I die, please dress me in red. Mom promised shes coming to heaven, too. Ill be playing when she gets there, and I want to make sure she can find me.”
這篇文章的题目是《Please Dress Me in Red》,在回答为什么小泰勒要在病逝的前几天,要求护理工作者给他穿上红色的衣服的问题时,文章在最后两段给出了答案。通读全文,可以看出文章讲述了小泰勒虽身患艾滋病,却从未失去过活力和孩子的顽皮天性,表现了小泰勒的乐观和勇敢,这样,回答作者想要表达的是什么的问题时,就不难做答了。
以上,是笔者浅述的几个阅读方法,同时也运用阅读方法结合实例进行了浅显的说明。笔者认为,阅读方法培养学生的阅读能力,非一日之功,是教学者需共同研究的课题。因此,在探索如何培养和提高学生的阅读能力的过程中,我们教者要不断学习和吸收英语教学理论和教材,钻研教法,提高自己的业务能力和自身素质,不断改进和完善阅读教学。努力培养学生阅读兴趣,不断引导学生运用阅读方法,真正地参与到阅读实践中去,使学生获得独立阅读的能力。只有坚持不懈地努力探索、总结和运用到教学中,才能收到满意的结果。
三、阅读教学策略
1.巧设疑问,引起兴趣。这是我们在阅读教学中最常用的方法之一,根据文章内容,设计一些难易适度、能引起学生思考、联想和讨论的问题,启发学生阐述、表达自己或者讨论小组的观点或者理解,老师引领学生们,通过对文章的通读找出问题的正确答案。这样,学生边阅读边思考,阅读教学的效果会好很多,学生的阅读能力也会逐渐提高的。
2.传授技巧,建立信心。教学生试着用简易图形或者图解帮助梳理文章脉络而加速理解。识图解意题,此类插图题型是通过图解、地图或插图的形式,形象化地表现信息,用以降低试题的难度,是短文和题目不可缺少的组成部分。在做此类题时,要求学生一定要把文章与图示结合起来,图文互相参照、互相验证。若是地图,则要做到方位明确:要正确理解文中方位介词及有关信息词的重要意义。
文章读完理解后,对于文中反复出现、旧词新解、重点句子、谚语名言等,让学生注意并记住,甚至必要时,老师可以进行比较详细地讲解,让学生类似精读的方法学习这些重点词句,也可以让学生摘抄或者记录,以提高学生的词汇量和对单词语句的更深入理解,也为日后的口语和写作做积累,所谓“To read well, you need a strong vocabulary, To build a strong vocabulary, you need to read well.”,词汇是阅读的基础的同时,阅读是词汇量的加强和扩展,也是基础,与英语学习及应用中的其他能力是相辅相成的。此外,我们可以指导、推荐学生阅读一些与教学内容有关的或有趣的文章和书籍,同时,也可以针对这些文章和书籍开展班内“美文欣赏交流会”“好书交流会等”。同样可以要求学生随手记录或者摘录下来经典、精彩语句和段落等,当然也可以附录此次阅读自己当时的理解和体会,然后进行展评或者讨论。以此,用阅读带动和激发学生更广泛的阅读,在阅读中得到更多的知識、陶冶和兴趣,一段时间后,阅读能力会显著提高。
3.丰富内容,提高效率。在课外的时间里,可以推荐学生阅读难度适宜的有趣的英文原文故事或者画刊视频等,让学生可以阅读更多感兴趣的文字,对增加知识面和扩大视野,提高阅读兴趣都很有益。此外,在讲解文章前,我们可以将讲课前收集或准备的与要讲解文章有关的资料或图片,展现给学生。这样,极易引起学生的注意力,并且会更渴望了解更多相关内容,从而对文章内容提高了阅读兴趣,阅读效率会提高很多。也可以,通过文章的阅读和理解,让学生画出文章所表现的图形、表格和情景画面等,有利于学生加深理解,增强记忆,并能激发学生的想象力。
总之,使其理解一篇文章,必须让他们学会速读和精读相结合。如果只是一味地对文章进行精雕细琢,首先时间上不允许,其次也未必就能取得好的理解效果。速读是为了把握文章大意,精读是为了找寻关键细节,二者有机结合,才能达到比较理想的效果。尝试这些方法,读感兴趣的书或文字,因为阅读乐趣很重要。另外,多加练习,练习越多,积累越多,方法越多,阅读效果就越好。正如弗朗西斯·培根曾经说过的那样:“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested!” (“有些书要品尝,另一些被吞噬,还有一些被咀嚼和消化!”),粗读细读都是阅读的好方法,要根据需要选择阅读方法,以快速提高阅读能力,在阅读中吸收更多的营养。
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