表现为孤立性眩晕的大脑中动脉穿支梗死
2017-10-17何育生刘渊华聂志余
何育生, 王 星, 刘渊华, 聂志余
表现为孤立性眩晕的大脑中动脉穿支梗死
何育生, 王 星, 刘渊华, 聂志余
目的孤立性眩晕主要见于前庭周围性病变,罕见于大脑中动脉(MCA)穿支脑梗死,本文探讨MCA穿支梗死出现孤立性眩晕与头晕的临床特征。方法报道3例表现为孤立性眩晕和头晕的MCA穿支急性腔隙性脑梗死患者的临床表现、影像学资料,同时通过PubMed检索之前报道的病例,回顾总结其临床特征。结果包括文献共5例表现为眩晕和头晕的MCA穿支梗死病例。3例表现为孤立性眩晕和头晕,1例表现为持续性头晕伴随短暂性言语不清,1例有轻偏瘫,2例有眼球震颤。眩晕与头晕严重程度均为中度,经治疗后眩晕和头晕多在病程7 d内完全缓解。4例梗死灶位于左侧内囊或放射冠区,1例位于右侧放射冠。颈部及头部增强血管成像有2例显示右侧椎动脉纤细狭窄,4例完成了头部增强CTA检查均提示前循环血管正常。本文3例患者在核磁共振成像(MRI)检查证实为急性腔隙性脑梗死之前,均未有明确诊断。结论MCA穿支脑梗死可以表现为孤立性眩晕和头晕,严重程度较轻,持续时间通常数日,自主神经症状不明显。为了避免漏诊或误诊,推荐神经影像学检查,特别是MRI弥散成像(DWI)可作为老年首次眩晕和头晕的常规检查项目。
大脑中动脉; 腔隙性脑梗死; 孤立性眩晕; 核磁共振成像
Abstract:ObjectiveIsolated vertigo is most often associated with acute peripheral vestibular disorders,but is rarely seen as a symptom of acute infarction in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) perforators. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features of vertigo in acute MCA perforator infarction.MethodsWe reported three patients’ clinical manifestations and imaging datum presenting isolated vertigo and dizziness in acute MCA perforator infarction,and retrieved similar case reports and literatures by PubMed online,then studied retrospectively their clinical features.ResultsA total of five acute MCA perforator infarction cases with vertigo and dizziness. In all patients,three cases manifested isolated vertigo and dizziness,one presented persistent dizziness with transient dysarthria and one with hemiparesis. Only two patients in literatures had nystagmus. All of the patients had moderate vertigo and dizziness. Vertigo and dizziness were disappeared within seven days. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan found four lesions located in the left internal capsule or corona radiata and one in the right corona radiata. All had normal arteries of anterior circulation and two had stenoses of the right vertebral artery by contrasted magnetic resonance or CT angiography. All our patients had an equivocal diagnosis before acute lacunar infarction was confirmed by MRI.ConclusionMCA perforators infarction can be characterized by isolated vertigo and dizziness with mild autonomic nerve symptom,but the symptoms was moderate and short-term. In order to avoid misdiagnosis,neuro-imaging examination,especially diffusion-weighted imaging can be recommended as the routine examination for first episode of vertigo and dizziness in the elderly.
Keywords: Isolated vertigo; Middle cerebral artery; Lacunar infarction; Magnetic resonance imaging
以孤立性眩晕为表现的急性前庭综合征(acute vestibular syndrome,AVS)主要见于前庭周围性病变,如前庭神经炎等,但也可见于后循环缺血(posterior circulation ischemia,PCI)如小脑梗死及短暂性脑缺血发作等疾病。一项大型前瞻性研究发现急诊就诊的严重的孤立性眩晕中,3%被证实为小脑梗死[1]。大约11%小脑梗死患者可以表现为AVS,酷似前庭外周性眩晕[2]。血管性孤立性眩晕可以发展为恶性眩晕,严重者可危及患者生命,因此这类眩晕越来越受到神经科临床医师的重视。前循环脑梗死,特别是大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)区域性脑梗死,通常主要影响皮质脊髓束或脊髓丘脑束的投射纤维,临床多见偏瘫、偏身感觉异常,而罕有表现为孤立性眩晕者。
1 对象与方法
本文报道最近半年我们收治的3例孤立性头晕和眩晕病例,临床证实为左侧MCA穿支腔隙性脑梗死。急性腔隙性脑梗死的诊断依据为头部MRI弥散成像(DWI)序列扫描发现高信号病灶,且病灶直径小于20 mm,T1加权像为低或等信号,T2加权像为高信号。眩晕严重程度分级参照欧洲头晕评估量表,分为3个不同等级,其中0~Ⅰ级为轻度;Ⅱ~Ⅲ级为中度;Ⅳ~Ⅴ级则为重度。0级:无眩晕发作或发作已停止;Ⅰ级:眩晕发作中和发作后的日常生活均不受影响;Ⅱ级:发作中的日常生活被迫停止,发作后很快完全恢复;Ⅲ级:发作后大部分日常生活能自理;Ⅳ级:发作后大部分日常生活不能自理;Ⅴ级:发作后全部日常生活不能自理,且需别人帮助。
病例1:女,63岁。因持续性头晕伴阵发性眩晕3 d入院。患者在安静状态下突然头晕与不稳感,呈持续性。2 d后头晕程度加重,同时伴有阵发性视物旋转感,体位改变及活动时症状加重,卧床后缓解。有恶心感,不伴出汗、心慌、复视、言语及肢体活动障碍等。既往无高血压、糖尿病、心脏病及眩晕疾病等。入院神经系统查体正常,无眼震及摇头眼震,扫视正常,甩头试验阴性,直线行走正常,Romberg加强征阴性。初诊为“急性前庭综合征”,之后头部MRI检查证实为左侧放射冠急性腔隙性脑梗死,颈部增强MRA提示右侧椎动脉显示不清伴多发性狭窄,头部CTA提示右侧椎动脉V4段未显影,如图1。通过使用肠溶阿司匹林、阿托伐他汀及改善脑血液循环等治疗,3 d后症状消失。眩晕程度等级为Ⅲ级。
病例2:男,63岁。因阵发性眩晕和头晕伴恶心、呕吐、行走不稳2 d入院,体位改变后症状加重。有高血压病史。常规神经系统查体正常,无眼震及摇头眼震,扫视正常,甩头试验阴性,Romberg加强征(+)。初诊为“前庭神经炎?”。头部MRI提示左侧半卵圆区急性腔隙性脑梗死,头部CTA提示右侧椎动脉V4段未显影,如图2。通过使用肠溶阿司匹林、阿托伐他汀及改善脑血液循环等治疗,病程第5 d症状消失。眩晕程度等级为Ⅲ级。
病例3:女,61岁。因持续性头晕伴短暂性言语不清3 d入院。患者夜间突然出现头晕,类似晕船感,呈持续性,与体位改变无关,伴恶心及行走不稳感。门诊诊断为“脑供血不足”。2 d后头晕症状加重,同时伴有历时2~3 h的言语不清晰,不伴肢体无力等表现。既往有高血压病史,无眩晕及脑梗死病史。入院神经系统查体正常,无眼震及摇头眼震,扫视正常,甩头试验阴性,直线行走正常,Romberg加强征阴性。床边2 h脑电图检查正常。头部MRI提示左侧放射冠急性腔隙性脑梗死,颈部MRA及头部CTA未见明显血管狭窄,如图3。入院后通过使用肠溶阿司匹林、阿托伐他汀及改善脑血液循环等治疗,第3 d症状消失。眩晕程度等级为Ⅲ级。
同时,通过PubMed(https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed)在线检索2017年6月以前发表的相关医学文献,检索词为组合为(vertigo or dizziness) and (internal capsular or basal ganglia or corona radiata or middle cerebral artery) and (cerebral infarction or hemorrhage or stroke)。目的是检索出MCA穿支供血区,如基底节、内囊或放射冠区脑卒中以孤立性眩晕或头晕主要症状或始发症状的文献。只检索到12个有关MCA区域性卒中伴随有AVS的病例报道,9例均为岛叶皮质及其附近的区域性梗死[3~8],1个为岛叶出血[9],只有2例为MCA穿支梗死[10,11]。
2 结 果
本文及文献共5例表现为眩晕的MCA穿支梗死(腔隙性脑梗死)患者。男性3人,女性2人,年龄57~64岁。4例有高血压病史,1例无脑血管病危险因素。1例表现为持续头晕,其他4例均有眩晕和头晕,眩晕程度中等,自主神经神经症状均较轻。眩晕与头晕持续时间不超过1 w。3例患者不伴有神经系统局灶症状和体征。4例病灶位于左侧半球,1例位于右侧。脑血管检查有2例发现右侧椎动脉狭窄,其余正常(见表1)。
表1 5例表现为孤立性眩晕或头晕的MCA穿支区域脑梗死的临床特征
3 讨 论
表现为孤立性眩晕或头晕的MCA区域脑梗死,极易被漏诊或误诊。本文3例患者在首次就诊时由于缺乏神经系统阳性体征,而且急诊头部CT检查无明显异常,均没有被诊断为前循环脑梗死。前循环脑梗死很少出现眩晕、恶心、眼震等AVS表现。一项包括112例幕上卒中的前瞻性研究,没有1例出现典型眩晕症状,只有13%描述有错觉运动感,多为典型的视觉场景摇摆感(rolling or rocking),而不是外在性眩晕感,而且均为右侧半球卒中[12]。2017年6月以前发表的英文医学文献中,只有12例有关MCA区域性卒中病例出现AVS表现的零星报道,仅2例表现为孤立性眩晕,其他病例均伴有神经系统症状与体征。这些患者的眩晕症状历时数分钟至数周。2例MCA穿支脑梗死中,其中1例左侧内囊梗死仅表现为孤立性眩晕和自发性单向水平眼震[10]。另1例右侧壳核梗死于偏瘫后3 h出现眩晕、呕吐及自发性眼震[11]。日本学者报道了221例孤立性眩晕和头晕患者,其中11%为脑卒中所致,其中有1例患者病变位于放射冠,但没有病情的具体描述[13]。
有文献提出右侧大脑半球急性病变更易导致头晕和眩晕[12,14]。本文3例均为左侧MCA穿支供血区急性腔隙性脑梗死,2例为持续性头晕和阵发性眩晕,1例表现为持续性头晕。头晕程度为中度,而且在病程7 d内完全缓解。只有1例于头晕2 d后发生短暂的神经功能缺失症状(轻度构音障碍)。患者均无眼部体征。3例患者既往均无眩晕病史,除高血压病外无其他脑血管疾病危险因素及卒中史。所有患者头部增强CTA检查,前循环血管未见明显异常,有2例血管成像提示右侧椎动脉纤细和多发性狭窄。我们无法确定椎动脉狭窄是否影响到眩晕的发生。
头晕和眩晕的发生与前庭神经通路病变有关。一侧前庭信息要经过多次换元才能投射到同侧及对侧的颞顶前庭皮质区,即一侧前庭皮质要接收和处理双侧传递来的前庭信息[15]。理论上前庭神经传导通路上任何部位病变均可以出现眩晕。然而在临床实践中,眩晕还是多见于半规管-前庭神经-前庭神经核这段传导通路的病变,而前庭神经核-前庭皮质通路病变,特别大脑半球病变,很少出现孤立性眩晕。导致这种差异的具体机制不明。有学者认为前庭周围神经和脑干前庭通路病变导致前庭张力失衡,当这种信息传入双侧前庭皮质时,双侧皮质感受到的是相同的前庭张力失衡,其自身空间稳定感就会遭受破坏而导致眩晕。相比之下,急性单侧半球病变只会导致同侧前庭皮质信息处理障碍,而对侧前庭皮质并未受到影响,通过脑内信息回馈环路形成的中央预警系统来解决双侧半球前庭觉信息的匹配问题[14]。
MCA区域性卒中是最为常见的临床类型。MCA区域性梗死通常会影响到前庭皮质,但是MCA区域性梗死却很少出现眩晕,具体机制尚不清晰,可能与前庭皮质同时接受MCA及大脑后动动脉的双重供血有关。MCA穿支急性腔隙性梗死通常纯运动性轻偏瘫或感觉运动性卒中,罕见孤立性眩晕。有学者汇总分析了文献中表现为眩晕的MCA区域性脑梗死病例,发现导致眩晕的右侧半球梗死重叠次数较多的病变部位是岛叶后部、与岛叶后区比邻的颞横回、部分颞上回及壳核后部。左侧半球梗死重叠区域较多有颞横回、岛叶后部[14]。我们的3例患者的病灶均位于左侧放射冠上部,不属于上述的病变区域。前庭觉幕上投射通路不是很清晰,大脑皮质的前庭代表区确切位置也不甚明确,目前认为人类前庭皮质代表区可能为多区域的,主要位于顶岛前庭皮质(parietoinsular vestibular cortex,PIVC)附近,而且PIVC也是前庭皮质的核心区域[16]。MCA穿支梗死出现眩晕和头晕可能不仅破坏了病变区与PIVC的联系通路,同时与来自病变侧半球的信息在通过脑内信息反馈回路时也没有得到有效抑制有关。
MCA供血区腔隙性脑梗死可以表现为孤立眩晕和头晕,严重程度通常较轻,持续时间数日,自主神经症状不明显。神经影像学检查,特别是MRI可推荐为老年首次眩晕和头晕的常规检查项目,以免误诊和漏诊。有关MCA供血区梗死与眩晕的关系尚不清楚,需要进一步开展前瞻性临床研究。
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Isolatedvertigoduetoinfarctionintheterritoryofthemiddlecerebralarteryperforator
HEYusheng,WANGXing,LIUYuanhua,etal.
(DepartmentofNeurology,TongjiHospitalofTongjiUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai200065,China)
图1 MRI提示左侧放射冠区急性腔隙性脑梗死(a~c分别为T1、T2及DWI序列),头部CTA提示右侧椎动脉V4段未显示(d),颈部CE-MRA示右侧椎动脉纤细伴多发狭窄(e)
图2 MRI提示左侧半卵园区急性腔隙性脑梗死,头部CTA提示右侧椎动脉V4段未显示
图3 MRI提示左侧放射冠区急性腔隙性脑梗死(a~c分别为T1、T2及DWI序列),头部CTA(d)及颈部CE-MRA(e)未见明显异常
1003-2754(2017)09-0807-04
2017-07-25;
2017-08-30
(同济大学附属同济医院神经内科,上海 200065)
何育生,E-mail:drheys@163.com
R743
A