围手术期合并心源性休克的STEMI患者临床特征分析
2017-08-27田晋帆吕树铮刘玥宋现涛张闽许锋苑飞葛长江戴敬
田晋帆,吕树铮,刘玥,宋现涛,张闽,许锋,苑飞,葛长江,戴敬
• 论著 •
围手术期合并心源性休克的STEMI患者临床特征分析
田晋帆1,2,吕树铮1,2,刘玥3,宋现涛1,2,张闽1,2,许锋1,2,苑飞1,2,葛长江1,2,戴敬1,2
目的 分析急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)围手术期发生心源性休克的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者的临床特征。方法 纳入2012年1月~2015年12月于北京安贞医院收治的STEMI患者415例,其中男性368例,女性47例。按围手术期是否发生心源性休克分为观察组(69例)及对照组(346例)。所有患者行左右冠状动脉造影明确冠状动脉病变情况,并行PCI。采集所有入选者包括年龄、性别、吸烟史、既往病史(高血压、糖尿病、心肌梗死、脑梗死)等临床资料。所有患者均于PCI前测定血常规、肝肾功能、肌钙蛋白、肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)。记录空腹三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等生化指标。以二维超声测得左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径、左室射血分数(LVEF)值。结果 观察组年龄>65岁比例、Killip分级3级以上比例和心率高于对照组,血压低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组中性粒细胞百分比、肌钙蛋白I、肌酸激酶、CK-MB、肌酐、谷丙转氨酶显著高于对照组,而血小板计数、TG、TC、LDL-C低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两组左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径及LVEF比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组右冠状动脉病变比例、右室梗死比例增加,左前降支病变比例、前壁梗死比例减少,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组与对照组发病至PCI时间、支架置入情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。与对照组比较,观察组围手术期死亡、缓慢型心律失常、快速型心律失常、临时起搏器应用、电复律应用、主动脉球囊反搏应用及血管活性药物应用比例明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论 与未发生心源性休克的患者比较,PCI围手术期发生心源性休克的STEMI患者老年人和心力衰竭较多,右冠状动脉病变和右室梗死比例较高,血脂和血压水平较低,围手术期并发症和死亡发生率较高。
急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死;心源性休克;经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;临床特征
尽管急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)能尽早开通急性心肌梗死患者梗死相关冠状动脉,显著降低死亡率[1,2],但是其死亡率仍很高。目前已知急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克是患者死亡率增加的首要原因。SHOCK研究表明[3],急性心肌梗死并发心源性休克患者死亡率高达50%~80%。因此,分析急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克患者的临床特征,预防及早期治疗,对患者具有十分重要的意义。本研究分析了围手术期发生心源性休克的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者临床特征,为患者的评估及治疗提供依据。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象 纳入2012年1月~2015年12月于北京安贞医院收治的STEMI患者415例,男性368例,女性47例。入选标准:①符合急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死诊断标准,即缺血性胸痛持续≥30 min,含化硝酸甘油无效;相邻2个或2个以上导联ST段抬高,肢体导联≥0.1 mV,胸导联≥0.2 mV;②发病12 h内入院;③拟行急诊PCI;④18岁<年龄<80岁。排除标准:合并严重心脏瓣膜病、心肌病;冠状动脉旁路移植术、心脏移植;有出血倾向、活动性消化性溃疡、出血性脑卒中病史、有抗血小板以及抗凝治疗禁忌症;多脏器功能衰竭、晚期肿瘤、对比剂过敏。
1.2 研究方法和分组 所有患者术前均给予300 mg阿司匹林及600 mg氯吡格雷口服。经桡动脉/股动脉穿刺,立即静脉给予50~70 U/Kg普通肝素,行左右冠状动脉造影明确病变情况,并行PCI。采集所有入选者包括年龄、性别、吸烟史、既往病史(高血压、糖尿病、心肌梗死、脑梗死)等临床资料。所有患者均于PCI前测定血常规、肝肾功能、肌钙蛋白、肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)。记录空腹三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等生化指标。心功能指标测定:以二维超声测得左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径、左室射血分数(LVEF)值。心源性休克的诊断标准:在药物治疗纠正低血容量、低氧血症、酸中毒后,收缩压低于90 mmHg超过30 min,或心指数小于2.2 L/min·m2[4,5]。按围手术期是否发生心源性休克分为观察组(69例)及对照组(346例)。
1.3 统计学方法 所有数据处理采用SPSS 19.0软件,计量资料正态分布采用均数±标准差(±s)表示,两组均数的比较采用独立样本t检验,偏态分布资料采用M(Q1~Q3)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验,计数资料采用例数(构成比)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,理论频数小于5时,采用Fisher’s确切概率法。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组一般临床资料比较 观察组年龄>65岁比例、Killip分级3级以上比例和心率高于对照组,血压低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)(表1)。
2.2 两组实验室检查结果比较 观察组中性粒细胞百分比、肌钙蛋白I、肌酸激酶、CK-MB、肌酐、谷丙转氨酶显著高于对照组,而血小板计数、TG、TC、LDL-C低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)(表2)。
表1 两组基线资料比较
2.3 两组超声心动图结果比较 两组左室舒张末期内径、左室收缩末期内径及LVEF比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)(表3)。
2.4 两组冠状动脉造影及梗死部位比较 与对照组比较,观察组右冠状动脉病变、右室梗死比例增加,左前降支病变、前壁梗死比例减少,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)(表4)。
2.5 两组介入治疗情况比较 观察组与对照组发病至PCI时间、支架置入情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)(表5)。
2.6 两组围手术期并发症及治疗情况比较 与对照组比较,观察组围手术期死亡、缓慢型心律失常、快速型心律失常、临时起搏器应用、电复律、主动脉球囊反搏应用及血管活性药物应用比例明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)(表6)。
3 讨论
急性心肌梗死死亡率很高,其中合并心源性休克是其首要死亡原因,尽管开通了梗死相关动脉,心源性休克的低灌注压阻碍了最佳心肌灌注[6]。本研究表明,围手术期发生心源性休克患者死亡率更高,心律失常、应用临时起搏器、电复律等治疗也相应增多。心肌梗死合并心源性休克严重影响患者短期及长期预后,深入了解患者的临床特征,早期预测发病十分重要。
表2 两组实验室检查结果比较
表3 两组超声心动图结果比较
表4 两组冠状动脉造影及梗死部位比较
表5 两组冠状动脉介入治疗比较
表6 两组围手术期并发症及治疗情况比较(n,%)
本研究纳入急性STEMI患者,围手术期心源性休克的发生率为16.6%。心肌标志物水平与心肌梗死范围呈正相关[7],与心源性休克的发生密切相关。当机体处于应激状态时,促进TG水解为游离脂肪酸和甘油,为外周组织细胞提供能量[8]。可解释观察组TG、TC及LDL-C水平较对照组低。
目前针对心源性休克的主要治疗是循环辅助装置及血管活性药物的应用。本研究中观察组主动脉球囊反搏应用比率为20.3%,血管活性药物应用比率为98.6%。目前主动脉球囊反搏对心肌梗死合并心源性休克的获益尚存在争议,尽管SHOCK Ⅱ研究表明[9,10]主动脉球囊反搏未减少急性心肌梗死合并心源性休克30 d及1年死亡率。目前有证据表明[11-15],对于高危血运重建患者,早期建立血流动力学支持存在优势。本研究分析了围手术期合并心源性休克的STEMI患者临床特征,为早期综合治疗提供依据。本研究为观察性研究,且未对主动脉球囊反搏的获益进行分析,存在一定的局限性。
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本文编辑:姚雪莉
Clinical characteristics of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction complicated by perioperative cardiogenic shock
Tian Jinfan*, Lv Shuzheng, Liu Yue, Song Xiantao, Zhang Min, Xu Feng, Yuan Fei, Ge Changjiang, Dai Jing.*Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
Lv Shuzheng, E-mail: shuzheng@medmail.com.cn
Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and perioperative cardiogenic shock (CGS) during emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods STEMI patients (n=415, male 368 and female 47) were chosen from the Beijing Anzhen Hospital from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2015. All patients were divided, according to onset of perioperative CGS, into observation group (n=69) and control group (n=346). And then they were all given coronary angiography (CAG) for clearing the lesions of coronary artery, and
PCI. The clinical data including age, sex, smoking history and disease history (hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction) were collected from all patients. The indexes of blood routine examinations, liver and kidney functions, cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-M B isoenzyme (CK-MB) were detected in all patients before PCI. The biochemical indexes including fasting triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were recorded. The values of left ventricular end-diastolic inner diameter (LVEDD), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were detected by using two-dimensional ultrasound. Results The percentages of patients aged>65 and with Killip grade>3, and heart rate were higher, and blood pressure was lower in observation group than those in control group (all P<0.05). The levels of neutrophile percentage, cTnI, CK, CK-MB, creatinine (Cr) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly higher, and levels of platelet count, TC, TG and LDL-C were lower in observation group than those in control group (all P<0.05). The comparisons in LVEDD, LVESD and LVEF had no statistical significance between 2 groups (all P>0.05). The percentages of patients with right coronary lesion or right ventricular infarction increased,and percentages of patients with left anterior descending branch lesion or anterior myocardial infarction decreased in observation group compared with control group (all P<0.05). The comparisons in the duration from CGS onset to PCI and stent implantation had no statistical significance between 2 groups (all P>0.05). The percentages of perioperative died patients, and patients with bradyarrhythmia and tachyarrhythmia, applications of temporary pacemaker, electrical cardiovension and intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP), and vasoactive drug administration increases significantly in observation group compared with control group (all P<0.05). Conclusion The incidence of heart failure and percentages of cases of right coronary lesions and right ventricular infarction are higher, levels of blood fat and blood pressure are lower, and incidence of perioperative complications and mortality are higher in STEMI patients complicated by perioperative CGS compared with those without perioperative CGS.
Acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; Cardiogenic shock; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Clinical characteristics
R541.4
A
1674-4055(2017)07-0792-04
“十二五”科技支撑计划(2011BAI11B05)
1100029 北京,首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科;2100029 北京,北京市心肺血管疾病研究所;3100029 北京,中国中医科学院西苑医院心血管病中心
吕树铮,E-mail:shuzheng@medmail.com.cn
10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2017.07.06