低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经的临床价值
2017-08-12丁平军
丁平军 罗 曦
低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经的临床价值
丁平军 罗 曦
目的 探讨低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经的临床价值。方法 选择低位直肠癌患者110例,根据随机抽签原则分为观察组与对照组,各55例。观察组给予腹腔镜下保留盆腔自主神经的直肠癌根治术,对照组给予腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术。比较2组术中及术后情况。结果 所有患者都完成手术,无中转开腹情况。2组的手术时间、术中出血量对比无明显差异(P>0.05);观察组术后肠鸣音恢复时间、排气与排便时间明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术后14 d的切口感染、吻合口漏、肺部感染、腹腔脓肿、吻合口出血等并发症总发生率为5.5%,对照组为16.4%,观察组术后并发症发生情况明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。术后3个月进行评定,观察组排尿功能Ⅰ级46例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级0例;对照组排尿功能Ⅰ级32例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级2例,观察组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经具有很好的应用可行性,能减少术后并发症的发生,促进患者康复,有利于促进泌尿系统功能的恢复。
低位直肠癌;全直肠系膜切除术;保留盆腔自主神经;并发症;泌尿功能
(ThePracticalJournalofCancer,2017,32:1334~1337)
当前由于各种因素的影响,我国直肠癌的发病率逐年上升[1]。随着医疗条件的改进,直肠癌的手术治疗不再单纯满足于患者术后长期生存,对患者术后生活质量与生理功能也提出了更高的要求[2]。腹腔镜手术在直肠癌的手术切除范围和彻底性上与开腹手术并无显著性差异,并且能提供更好的手术视野,有利于术野显露,具有术后疼痛轻、术后恢复快、并发症发生率低、住院时间短等优点[3-4]。不过腹腔镜下直肠癌根治手术容易损伤泌尿系统,容易导致排尿功能障碍,极大影响了患者生活质量,手术中保护排尿已成为临床上关注的重点[5-6]。近年来由于全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)、保留盆腔自主神经(pelvic autonomic nerve preservation,PANP)等新观念导入,各种保功能术式已成为低位直肠癌外科治疗的主要术式,这要求外科医生熟练掌握盆腔自主神经的分布和走行,严格掌握其适应证,才能更好地改善患者的预后[7-9]。本文具体探讨了低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经的临床价值,现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
2014年2月到2016年8月选择在我院诊治的低位直肠癌患者110例。纳入标准:肿瘤下缘距肛缘≤7 cm,距齿状线约≤5 cm;均经结肠镜及病理组织学检查确诊为直肠癌;年龄20~80岁;直肠癌为单一病灶,未行经肛或经骶切除术者;研究得到医院伦理委员会的批准;无泌尿系统基础疾病者;患者知情同意本研究。排除标准:既往腹部行中大型手术,特别是盆腔手术史致腹腔广泛粘连者;术前检查提示患者有心、肺、脑等系统功能不全;妊娠与哺乳期妇女;无法达到根治性手术或须完全切除盆腔自主神经者。根据随机信封抽签原则分为观察组与对照组,各55例。2组患者的性别、年龄、体重指数、TNM分期、病程、分化类型等对比无明显差异(P>0.05)。见表1。
表1 2组一般资料对比
1.2 手术方法
2组患者均由同一手术组人员完成,扶镜手及助手人员固定。2组严格遵循全直肠系膜切除(TME)原则,麻醉采用气管插管静脉复合麻醉。
观察组:给予腹腔镜下保留盆腔自主神经的直肠癌根治术,于肠系膜下血管根部1.5 cm左右处断乙状结肠血管,锐性分离出腹主动脉下段及分叉表面呈网片状的腹下神经,分离左、右两侧神经干,清扫其后方利直肠后间隙淋巴和结蒂组织至低位,沿筋膜贴直肠锐性游离其前壁达盆底。锐性分离出上腹下神经干和网片状盆神经丛并尽可能保留后者分支,切断直肠侧韧带直到低位,进行直肠癌根治手术操作。对照组:给予腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术,不保留盆腔自主神经,其他方法同对照组。
1.3 观察指标
围手术期指标:观察与记录2组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后肠鸣音恢复时间、排气与排便时间等。术后并发症:记录2组术后14 d发生的并发症情况,包括切口感染、吻合口漏、肺部感染、腹腔脓肿、吻合口出血等。排尿功能测定:所有患者在术后3个月进行排尿功能测定,分为4级:Ⅳ级:重度排尿障碍,因尿失禁或尿潴留需导尿治疗;Ⅲ级:中度排尿障碍,极少需导尿,残余尿量与术前残余尿量之差>50 ml;Ⅱ级:轻度排尿障碍,尿频,残余尿量与术前残余量之差<50 ml;Ⅰ级:功能正常,无排尿障碍。
1.4 统计学方法
2 结果
2.1 围手术指标对比
所有患者都完成手术,无中转开腹情况,2组的手术时间、术中出血量对比无明显差异(P>0.05),观察组术后肠鸣音恢复时间、排气与排便时间明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。见表2。
表2 2组围手术指标对比
2.2 术后并发症情况对比
经过观察,观察组术后14 d的切口感染、吻合口漏、肺部感染、腹腔脓肿、吻合口出血等并发症发生率为5.5%(3/55),对照组为16.4%(9/55),观察组术后并发症发生情况明显少于对照组(χ2=3.331,P<0.05)。见表3。
表3 2组术后并发症情况对比/例
2.3 排尿功能对比
术后3个月进行评定,观察组排尿功能Ⅰ级46例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级0例;对照组排尿功能Ⅰ级32例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级2例,观察组明显优于对照组(Z=5.333,P<0.05)。见表4。
表4 2组术后排尿功能对比/例
3 讨论
当前低位直肠癌是消化道肿瘤的主要类型之一,占全部恶性肿瘤死亡人数的5.0%左右。传统的低位直肠癌开腹手术创伤较大,常需永久性结肠造口,同时术中易损伤盆腔自主神经导致排尿功能障碍,严重影响患者的生存质量[10]。在保证直肠癌根治前提下,如何最大限度地保留排尿功能,符合现代外科研究和发展的趋势。随着腹腔镜设备的更新、手术操作人员技术水平的提高,腹腔镜下保留盆腔自主神经的直肠癌根治术在技术上成为可能[11]。
腹腔镜下保留盆腔自主神经的直肠癌根治术要求从直肠系膜外的自然间隙中操作,切除直肠系膜要求距癌肿远端约5 cm,避免损伤直肠系膜完整性,能达到既根治又很好保留患者术后生理功能的目的[12-13]。本研究显示所有患者都完成手术,无中转开腹情况。2组的手术时间、术中出血量对比无明显差异(P>0.05);观察组术后肠鸣音恢复时间、排气与排便时间明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术后14 d的切口感染、吻合口漏、肺部感染、腹腔脓肿、吻合口出血等并发症发生率为5.5%,对照组为16.4%,观察组术后并发症发生情况明显少于对照组(P<0.05),表明低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经具有很好的应用可行性,能更减少术后并发症的发生,促进患者康复。在手术要点上,手术中尽量采用锐性分离方法,以避免伤及肠系膜下动脉神经丛和腹主动脉丛;尽量靠近直肠壁以锐性切断侧韧带,合理保存前列腺包膜的完整性,尽量靠近直肠壁以锐性切断侧韧带[14-15]。
直肠癌术后排尿功能障碍比较常见,主要在于手术直接损伤了支配膀胱的神经,直肠切除后膀胱后方空虚,膀胱失去支持而移位,骶前神经损伤引起贮尿障碍,盆神经损伤则导致排尿障碍[16-17]。本研究术后3个月进行评定,观察组排尿功能Ⅰ级46例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级0例;对照组排尿功能Ⅰ级32例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅳ级2例,观察组明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。主要在于腹腔镜的放大作用,手术视野更为清晰开阔,能够进入男性狭窄的骨盆使术者更加清楚自主神经的走行,不易损伤神经组织[18-19],并且保留盆腔自主神经有利于胃肠功能的恢复,对机体免疫力影响较轻,对其泌尿系统功能恢复有帮助[20-21]。
总之,低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除手术中保留盆腔自主神经具有很好的应用可行性,能减少术后并发症的发生,促进患者康复,有利于促进泌尿系统功能的恢复。
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(编辑:甘 艳)
Clinical Values of Pelvic Autonomic Nerve Preservation in the Total Mesorectal Excision for Low Rectal Cancer
DING Pingjun,LUO Xi.
The Fifth People's Hospital of Zigong,Zigong,643020
Objective To investigate the efficacy of pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in the total mesorectal excision for low rectal cancer.Methods 110 low rectal cancer patients were equally divided into the observation group and the control group,each with 55 patients,the observation group was given laparoscopic pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in the total mesorectal excision,the control group was given laparoscopic radical resection.Results All patients were completed surgery and were without conversion.The operative time,the bleeding volume of the 2 groups had no significant difference(P>0.05),the postoperative bowel sound recovery,flatus and defecation times in the observation group were significantly less than the control group(P<0.05).The postoperative 14 d of incision infection,anastomotic leakage,pulmonary infection,abdominal abscess,anastomotic bleeding and complication rate in the observation group was 5.5%,so that was 16.4% in the control group,the observation group was significantly less than the control group(P<0.05).The postoperative 3 months of urinary function in the observation group of 46 patients were grade Ⅰ,6 patients were grade Ⅱ,3 patients were grade Ⅲ;32 patients were grade Ⅰ in the control group,11 patients were grade Ⅱ,10 patients were grade Ⅲ,2 patients were grade Ⅳ,the observation group was significantly better than the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion The pelvic autonomic nerve preservation in the total mesorectal excision for low rectal cancer is feasible,it can reduce postoperative complications,promote the rehabilitation of patients,it is conducive to promote the recovery of urinary function.
Low rectal cancer;Total mesorectal excision;Pelvic autonomic nerve preservation;Complications;Urinary function
643020 四川省自贡市第五人民医院(丁平军);643000 四川省自贡市第一人民医院(罗 曦)
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5930.2017.08.034
R735.3+7
A
1001-5930(2017)08-1334-04
2017-03-20
2017-06-12)