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HDAC抑制剂下调乳腺癌细胞系HER-2的表达及miRNA表达谱的变化*

2017-07-31史业辉赵伟鹏陈星宇张菊萍李帅贾勇圣佟仲生

中国肿瘤临床 2017年13期
关键词:乙酰化单抗抑制剂

史业辉 赵伟鹏 陈星宇 张菊萍 李帅 贾勇圣 佟仲生

HDAC抑制剂下调乳腺癌细胞系HER-2的表达及miRNA表达谱的变化*

史业辉①②赵伟鹏①②陈星宇①张菊萍①李帅③贾勇圣①佟仲生①

目的:探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)抑制剂下调乳腺癌HER-2的表达机制,为乳腺癌抗HER-2治疗提供新的实验依据。方法:利用HDAC抑制剂处理HER-2阳性乳腺细胞,qPCR和Western检测HER-2基因和蛋白水平的变化,同时采用miRNA芯片筛选HDAC抑制剂相关的miRNA谱,qPCR验证miRNA表达变化。结果:体外细胞实验证实HDAC抑制剂TSA和SAHA可下调乳腺癌细胞系HER-2的表达,TSA可下调BT474的HER-2基因表达,浓度为100 nmol时下调10.7%,浓度为200 nmol时下调38.9%(P<0.05)。TSA对原代细胞HER-2基因表达无明显下调(P>0.05)。SAHA对BT474中HER-2基因表达的影响,浓度5 μmol/L组下调93.9%(P<0.05),而1 μmol/L组无明显下调。SAHA对原代细胞HER-2基因表达下调较为明显,浓度1 μmol/L时下调92.7%,浓度5 μmol/L时下调87.1%。通过miRNA芯片筛选出7条miRNA,qPCR监测SAHA、TSA处理后,miR-762基因表达上调2.11倍。结论:HDAC抑制剂可能通过miRNA表达谱改变介导下调乳腺癌HER-2的表达。

HDAC抑制剂 乳腺癌 HER-2miRNA-762

HER-2基因作为一种原癌基因,在约30%的乳腺癌中过度表达。HER-2/neu蛋白介导的信号转导途径主要包括Ras/Raf/分裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)途径,磷脂酰肌醇-3羟基激酶(P13K)/Akt途径、信号转导及转录激活(STAT)途径和 PLC 通路等[1]。HER-2阳性可作为乳腺癌独立的不良预后因素预测指标。相比乳腺癌的其他亚型,HER-2阳性乳腺癌患者具有总生存期短、恶性程度高、侵袭能力强、早期复发率高等特点。同时有研究显示HER-2也可介导激素受体阳性患者内分泌治疗的耐药。

组蛋白乙酰化状态受组蛋白乙酰化酶(histone acetyltransferase,HA)和组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylase,HDAC)双重调节。HDAC通过组蛋白的去乙酰化,使DNA紧密地缠绕在组蛋白上,从而导致这些DNA不易被基因转录因子接触,导致与细胞分化、细胞周期阻滞、肿瘤免疫、受损细胞凋亡等相关的蛋白表达受到抑制。HDAC抑制剂作为新型的抗肿瘤药物,通过表观遗传学改变发挥抗肿瘤作用,目前认为可能与周期依赖性激酶表达相关,其机制目前仍需进一步研究。

目前的抗HER-2治疗以单克隆抗体曲妥珠单抗为主,也包括小分子EGFR抑制剂。曲妥珠单抗通过结合乳腺癌细胞HER-2/neu胞外区,阻断下游信号通路激活,临床上能够显著提高乳腺癌的治疗效果,但仍有30%的HER-2阳性患者出现了原发性耐药或继发性耐药,导致乳腺癌治疗失败。最近的研究表明去乙酰化酶抑制剂可能逆转HER-2阳性乳腺癌细胞对曲妥珠单抗的耐药作用,机制尚不明确[2],本研究旨在探索HDAC抑制剂对HER-2阳性乳腺癌的影响,为乳腺癌抗HER-2治疗提供新的实验依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 材料

人乳腺癌细胞系BT474细胞购自美国ATCC细胞库,由本课题组保存。RPMI 1640细胞培养基购自美国Hyclone公司;胎牛血清购自美国Gibco公司;兔抗人HER-2和β-action单克隆抗体购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司;反转录试剂盒、Taq HS酶、Trizol试剂(日本Taraka公司);PVDF膜(美国Millipor公司);miRNA-762引物和All-in-OneTMmiRNA qRT-PCR检测试剂盒(美国Genecopoeia公司);双荧光素酶检测试剂盒(美国Promega公司);HDAC抑制剂TSA和SAHA购自selleckchem公司,分别DMSO溶解至储存浓度10 mM和100 mM。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 细胞培养 人乳腺癌细胞株BT474在37℃、5%CO2,含10%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培养基中培养。原代乳腺癌细胞培养:1)术中留取部分乳腺癌组织,冰冻结果明确后,送至实验室准备下一步工作。2)超净工作台中除去周围肌肉和脂肪组织后置新鲜洗涤液中,室温条件下浸泡10 min后重复洗涤组织2次。3)无菌条件下将组织剪成直径为0.2~0.5 mm的碎片。4)将剪碎组织置于37℃恒温摇床中消化,至肉眼无法观察到组织块状态为止。5)取出并吹打细胞液,取少量细胞进行计数,对细胞进行培养。行细胞存活率及纯度检测。

1.2.2HER-2和miRNA-762 qPCR实验 HER-2引物上游:5'-CCATCAAAGTGTTGAGGGAAAC-3',下游:5'-AATCTGCATACACCAGTTCAGCA-3',常规进行qPCR。miRNA-762 qPCR反转录及荧光定量miRNA-762引物miR-762及内参。5'-GGGGCTGGGGCCGGGGCCGAG C-3',5'-GCGAGCACAGAATTAATACGAC-3';U65'-CG CTTCGGCAGCACATATACTA-3',5'-CGCTTCACGAAT TTGCGTGTCA-3'。反转录PCR:70℃10min、42℃60min、70℃ 10 min。荧光定量PCR:94℃ 30 s、94℃ 5s、60℃34 s,40个循环。反转录及荧光定量PCR具体步骤参照All-in-OneTMmiRNA qRT-PCR试剂盒和说明书。每组设3复孔。每次检测重复3次。

1.2.3 Western blot检测 HER-2蛋白表达:细胞经裂解、离心、电泳、转膜,室温下封闭,温育过夜(一抗以1:200稀释,二抗以1:300稀释),发光检测,图像软件Image J进行扫描。

1.2.4 miRNA芯片筛选 HADC抑制剂SAHA处理乳腺癌细胞48 h后,RNA抽提和纯化,采用Agilent miRNA芯片杂交后分析数据。

2 结果

2.1 HDAC抑制剂下调HER-2基因的表达

HDAC抑制剂TSA和SAHA分别处理BT474和原代细胞。HDAC抑制剂TSA和SAHA分别采用预实验浓度:TSA浓度梯度0、100、200 nmol/L;SAHA浓度为0、1、5 μmol/L。药物处理细胞均为48 h。以空白对照为100%,利用qPCR检测HER-2基因表达水平,TSA可下调BT474中HER-2基因表达,浓度100 nmol时下调10.7%,浓度200 nmol时下调38.9%(P<0.05)。TSA对原代细胞的下调不显著,差异无统计学意义。SAHA下调BT474的HER-2基因在浓度5 μmol/L组下调93.9%(P<0.05),而1 μmol/L组无明显下调。而SAHA对原代细胞较为显著,浓度1 μmol/L时下调92.7%,浓度5 μmol/L下调87.1%(P<0.05,图1)。

2.2 HDAC抑制剂下调HER-2蛋白的表达

按照2.1步骤分组,以TSA和SAHA分别处理BT474细胞,Western blot检测HER-2蛋白表达情况,HER-2蛋白对比空白对照均有下调,不同浓度TSA(100和 200 nmol/L)和 SAHA(1和 5μmol/L)处理BT474细胞,200 nmol/L浓度的TSA显著下调HER-2蛋白;1和5 μmol/L浓度的SAHA均可下调HER-2蛋白的表达(图2)。

2.3 HDAC抑制剂处理乳腺细胞系miRNA的变化

SAHA处理BT474细胞48h后,采用miRNA芯片分析miRNA变化,变化1倍以上筛选出miRNA谱。SAHA处理BT474细胞上调包括miR-150-3p(上调5倍,P=0.0006),miR-937-5p(上调4.45倍,P=0.004),miR-629-3p(上调4.48 倍,P=0.03),miR-4634(上调3.63倍,P=0.016),miR-371a-5p(上调 3.02倍,P=0.002),miR-762(上调2.42倍,P=0.03)和miR-642a-3p(上调2.1倍,P=0.008)等7条miRNA(表1,图3)。

2.4 qPCR验证HDACi抑制剂上调miR-762水平

根据文献检索分析,以miR-762为研究对象,分析qPCR的结果,HDAC抑制剂TSA(200 nmol/L)、SAHA(5 μmol/L)可上调miR-762水平约2倍。相较未处理组,TSA处理细胞后miR-762基因1.86倍;SAHA、TSA处理后miR-762基因表达上调2.11倍(图4)。

图1HDACi下调乳腺癌细胞中HER-2Figure 1 HER-2 expression was down-regulated by HDACi in breast cancer cells

图2 HDACi对乳腺癌细胞株HER-2蛋白的影响Figure 2 Effect of HDACi on HER-2 protein in breast cancer cell lines

表1 TSA处理BT474细胞48 h miRNA变化(P<0.05)Table 1 MiRNA changes after the BT474 cells were treated with SAHA for 48 h,*P<0.05

图3HDACi上调miRNA的表达谱Figure 3 Up-regulation of miRNA expression by HDACi

图4 q-PCR验证TSA、SAHA处理BT474细胞48 h后miR-762基因Figure 4 qPCR was used to verify the miR-762 levels after treating BT474 cells with TSA or SAHA for 48 h

3 讨论

HER-2与相应的配体结合活化,引起受体的同源或异源二聚体化,导致受体胞内区酪氨酸激酶区激活,使二聚体内特异的酪氨酸残基发生自身磷酸化,从而激活众多的下游信号通路,进而导致肿瘤细胞过度增殖活化。针对扩增的HER-2基因靶向治疗已经成为包括乳腺癌、胃癌等标准治疗方式,单克隆抗体曲妥珠单抗是代表性药物,且在乳腺癌和胃癌的治疗领域已经成为各大指南和共识的标准用药。对曲妥珠单抗介导抗肿瘤作用研究表明,曲妥珠单抗不仅可介导细胞毒效应(antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity,ADCC),还可以同时直接抑制HER-2的一个或多个下游靶标,从而阻断HER-2信号通路的下传,从本质上下调乳腺癌HER-2的表达,达到杀伤肿瘤目的[3-4]。但是仍然有大量HER-2过表达患者治疗效果不佳,因而寻找新的联合抗HER-2治疗策略成为研究方向之一。

表观遗传学参与肿瘤相关基因表达调控,表观遗传学修饰药物的问世为研究者提供了有效的研究工具[5]。组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂已成为乳腺癌靶向治疗的研究新热点,其对肿瘤细胞迁移、侵袭、转移的抑制作用和抗肿瘤血管生成作用也被证实[6]。有研究显示在HER-2阳性激素受体阳性乳腺癌细胞系中,HDAC抑制剂entinostat与类视黄醇的联合可下调HER-2表达并减少芳香酶抑制剂抗性,但具体机制尚不清楚[7]。

本研究采用HDAC抑制剂TSA和SAHA处理HER-2阳性的细胞株,发现在基因水平和蛋白水平上均可下调HER-2的表达,从而引起表观遗传特征改变,包括DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰,这种改变可能是通过miRNA实现。本研究提示在乳腺癌细胞中,HDACi可增强乳腺癌细胞中Ac-HH3乙酰化水平,还可能诱导DNA甲基转移酶(DNMT1),同时增加的Ac-HH3和减少的启动子甲基化有助于SAHA诱导的HER-2下调。miRNA是一类长度为17~22 bp的非编码RNA,通过与目的基因mRNA碱基互补配对结合,抑制目的基因翻译或诱导目的基因mRNA的降解,最终实现对目的基因的调控。HER-2基因被证实通过结合靶mRNA的3'UTR上miRNA靶向序列来调节mRNA活性[8-9],继而本研究采用miRNA芯片分析HDAC抑制相关的miRNA谱,进一步说明HDAC抑制剂上调miRNA表达谱的变化。

本研究筛选出的miRNA主要功能包括抑制成骨细胞生成、参与哮喘炎症、类风湿炎症、心肌病等病理生理过程,其中与乳腺癌相关的仅miR-762。

miR-150-3p直接靶向β-catenin mRNA的3'-UTR,抑制其表达,在间充质干细胞TNF-α诱导成骨过程中,通过下调β-catenin抑制成骨细胞活性[10]。在哮喘炎症患者痰中筛选出miR-629-3p,其意义有待进一步研究[11]。miR-4634存在于中国类风湿关节炎患者中的miRNA表达谱中,可能介导了类风湿关节炎的扩散[12]。miR-371a-5p在心肌病中上调心肌细胞中BAG3,可能参与了心肌细胞的肥大过程[13]。

目前已知的miR-762通过抑制DNA损伤修复促进肿瘤细胞未成熟支持细胞的增殖和抑制凋亡[14-16],另外Li等[17]研究提示miR-762在乳腺癌细胞系和标本中高表达,而且与干扰素调节因子7(IRF7)呈负相关。本研究以miRNA芯片筛选验证了HDACi可能上调miR-762表达。miR-762在HER-2阳性乳腺癌的作用仍需后续实验进一步证明。另外,Wang等[18]研究显示entinostat下调乳腺癌的erbB2/erbB3表达,可通过miR-125a、miR-125b及miR-205协同作用及下调IGF-1等途径实现。

对于HER-2阳性乳腺癌采用曲妥珠单抗耐药是否可以通过HDAC抑制直接下调HER-2的表达,达到逆转耐药的效果。本研究认为,HDAC抑制剂可能通过上调H3K4me2,继而上调miRNA谱,从而下调HER-2基因的表达,可能为解决抗HER-2失败患者提供新的希望。

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(2017-02-07收稿)

(2017-07-07修回)

(编辑:郑莉 校对:杨红欣)

Histone deacetylase inhibitor down-regulated the expression of HER-2 in breast cancer through the changes in miRNA

Yehui SHI1,2,Weipeng ZHAO1,2,Xingyu CHEN1,Juping ZHANG1,Shuai LI3,Yongsheng JIA1,Zhongsheng TONG1

Zhongsheng TONG;E-mail:tongzhongsheng@tjmuch.com

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of histone deacetylase(HDAC)inhibitor in down-regulating the expression of HER-2 in breast cancer cells and to provide an innovative therapeutic option to overcome the disadvantages of anti-HER-2 therapy.Methods:HER-2-positive breast cell lines were treated with HDAC inhibitors.The changes in the gene and protein levels of HER-2 were detected by qPCR and Western blot.MiRNA microarray was used to identify the HDAC inhibitors,whereas qPCR was used to verify the miRNA expression.Results:In vitro cell experiments confirmed that the HDAC inhibitors TSA and SAHA can down-regulate the expression of HER-2 in breast cancer cell lines.TSA can down-regulate the expression of HER-2 gene in BT474 and decrease the concentrations of 100 nmol by 10.7%and 200 nmol by 38.9%(P<0.05).TSA had no effect on the primary cells.The expression of HER-2 gene of BT474 was down-regulated by 93.9%(P<0.05)in the 5 μmol/L group but not in the 1 μmol/L group.SAHA significantly affected the primary cells at a concentration of 1 μmol/L and reduced the cells at 87.1%at a concentration of 5 μmol/L.Seven miRNAs were identified from the miRNA microarray.MiR-762 was used as a basis to identify the changes in miRNA.The miRNA sputum identified by miRNA microarray and qPCR may be associated with the down-regulation of HER-2 by HDAC inhibitors.Conclusion:HDAC inhibitors may down-regulate the expression of HER-2 in breast cancer cells by changing some miRNAs.

HDAC inhibitor,breast cancer,HER-2,miRNA-762

10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2017.13.128

①天津医科大学肿瘤医院乳腺内科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,乳腺癌防治教育部重点实验室(天津市300060);②Ⅰ期试验病房;③乳腺病理科

*本文课题受国家自然科学基金面上项目(编号:81472183)和国家科技支撑计划课题(编号:2015BAI12B15)资助

佟仲生 tongzhongsheng@tjmuch.com

1Department of Breast Cancer,Internal Medicine Department of Breast Cancer,2Phase I trial ward;3Department of Breast Pathology,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital;National Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin;Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer;Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin Medical University,Ministry of Education,Tianjin 300060,China

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81472183)and the National Science and Technology Pillar Program(No.2015BAI12B15)

史业辉 专业方向为恶性肿瘤的化疗。特别是对于乳腺癌的综合治疗和个体化治疗,包括化疗、内分泌治疗及靶向治疗。

E-mail:shiyehui@tjmuch.com

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