他克莫司治疗小儿肾病综合征致急性肾衰竭3例报告
2017-06-24张宏文肖慧捷
张宏文 肖慧捷 姚 勇
北京大学第一医院儿科(北京 100034)
他克莫司治疗小儿肾病综合征致急性肾衰竭3例报告
张宏文 肖慧捷 姚 勇
北京大学第一医院儿科(北京 100034)
目的探讨他克莫司治疗肾病综合征导致急性肾衰竭的原因。方法回顾分析2012年1月至2015年12月期间因他克莫司治疗肾病综合征导致急性肾衰竭的3例患儿的临床资料。结果3例患儿中男2例、女1例,年龄分别为3、11和13岁。临床均符合肾病综合征(原发性、单纯型),1例为频复发、2例为继发激素耐药型,肾脏病理均为微小病变。在激素治疗基础上,加用他克莫司后出现急性肾衰竭,均发生于他克莫司治疗后4周内,且前1周内均有感染诱因,经停用或减量他克莫司并对症、支持治疗,肾功能均于2周内恢复正常,其中2例继续应用他克莫司、1例更换为环孢素A。随访10~42个月,3例患儿的肾功能均维持正常。结论在他克莫司治疗儿童肾病综合征的开始4周内,如果合并感染,可能导致可逆性的急性肾衰竭。
他克莫司; 肾病综合征; 急性肾衰竭
肾病综合征(nephrotic syndrome,NS)是儿童最常见的肾小球疾病,是因肾小球滤过膜对血浆蛋白的通透性增高,尿中蛋白大量丢失所致的临床综合征,以水肿、大量蛋白尿、低蛋白血症和高胆固醇血症为特点。根据病因,NS可分为原发性、继发性和遗传性;根据对激素治疗反应,可分为激素敏感型和激素耐药型。儿童NS以原发性、激素敏感型最为常见,约占70%~90%[1,2]。对于激素耐药型或者频复发的NS,常需联合免疫抑制剂治疗。钙调磷酸酶(CaN)是迄今发现的唯一受Ca2+或钙调素调节的丝/ 苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶,参与多种细胞功能的调节,而CaN抑制剂(CNIs)可能是目前临床上最有效的免疫抑制药物,常用者包括环孢素A(CsA)和他克莫司(tacrolimus,Tac),被广泛用于激素耐药型或频复发NS的治疗,但其肾不良反应也越来越受到重视[3,4]。本文回顾分析3例因他克莫司治疗NS导致急性肾衰竭患儿的临床资料。
1 临床资料
2012年1月至2015年12月,北京大学第一医院儿科收治因他克莫司治疗NS导致急性肾衰竭患儿3例,男2例、女1例,年龄为3、11和13岁,病程5~12个月,临床均符合原发性、单纯型NS。其中例2为频复发、例1和例3为继发激素耐药型,肾脏病理均为微小病变(MCD),不伴肾小管间质损伤。应用他克莫司治疗前,3例患儿均处于NS复发状态,尿蛋白定性++++、定量>50 mg/(kg·d),无小分子蛋白尿,肾功能均正常。见表1。
3例患儿分别于他克莫司治疗后4周、3+5周和3天出现临床感染,2例为呼吸道感染,1例为胃肠道感染;3例患儿血白细胞总数、中性粒细胞百分比和CRP均明显升高。合并感染后分别7、6和3天出现尿量减少、进行性肾衰竭,血压正常,不伴尿色异常、进行性贫血、血小板减少及肝功能异常。急性肾衰竭前例1和例2查他克莫司血药浓度均在正常范围,例3因用药时间短未检查;急性肾衰竭后,3例均在正常范围。治疗方面,例1和例3停用他克莫司、例2减半量,并予积极抗感染、抗凝、利尿等对症、支持治疗,3例均于2周内肾功能逐渐恢复正常。肾功能正常后例1改用环孢素A、例2和例3继续原剂量他克莫司联合激素治疗,至今已分别随访42、18和10个月,例1复发、例2和例3持续缓解,但肾功能均维持正常。见表1。
表1 3例肾病综合征患儿临床及实验室资料
2 讨论
环孢素A对激素耐药型或者频复发的NS有很好的治疗效果[5-7],但其相关肾毒性也有众多报道[8-11]。而他克莫司被认为药理作用较环孢素A更强、不良反应更小[12,13],近年来也广泛用于激素耐药型或频复发NS[14-16],但关于其肾毒性特别是治疗小儿NS时导致急性肾衰竭少见。
本组3例NS患儿临床均为原发性、单纯型,1例为频复发、2例为继发激素耐药型,肾脏病理均为MCD,不伴肾小管间质损伤,肾功能均正常,临床有他克莫司应用指征。加用他克莫司治疗后4周内,最早1例为3 d,3例患儿出现尿量较平时减少、进行性肾衰竭,临床均合并细菌感染,肾衰竭发生于感染后1周以内。经他克莫司停用或减量,并积极抗感染、抗凝、利尿等,3例患儿均于2周内肾功能逐渐恢复正常。其后,1例更换为环孢素A、2例继续原剂量他克莫司联合激素治疗,随访10~42个月,3例患儿肾功能均维持正常。提示对于激素耐药型或者频复发的NS患儿,加用他克莫司初期如合并感染状态,可能诱发急性肾衰竭,但为可逆性,且肾功能恢复正常后,继续应用他克莫司或其他CNIs仍较为安全。
Pandirikkal等[17]报道1例10岁原发激素耐药型NS男性患儿,肾脏病理为局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS),他克莫司1个月时出现急性肾衰竭,停用他克莫司2周后肾功能恢复正常。Sinha等[18]报道3例3~7岁的频复发NS患儿,2例病理为微小病变、1例为FSGS,他克莫司治疗期间因腹泻后出现急性肾衰竭,腹泻好转后4~5 d内肾功能均恢复正常,肾功能恢复后1周内继续他克莫司治疗,随访3个月,肾功能持续正常。该3例患儿感染后肾衰竭出现时间、恢复时间及后续他克莫司治疗仍安全与本研究相同。
已知CNIs的肾不良反应分为急性和慢性。前者呈剂量依赖性,主要由于血流动力学改变即入球小动脉收缩引起肾小球滤过率降低导致,多为可逆性;而后者呈时间依赖性,主要由于肾脏结构性改变如间质纤维化、肾小管萎缩、小动脉壁特别是入球小动脉壁的特征性退行性透明性变等导致,多为不可逆性[19]。
有关他克莫司导致肾衰竭原因,Pandirikkal等[17]报道他克莫司诱发溶血尿毒综合征;而Sinha等[18]报道为腹泻、脱水致血容量相对不足,他克莫司血药浓度过高所致。本组3例患儿临床无小分子蛋白尿,病理无肾小管间质损伤,无CNIs使用禁忌证,他克莫司治疗剂量均在正常范围,肾衰竭后监测他克莫司血药浓度均正常,且其中2例肾衰竭前后他克莫司血药浓度无明显变化,提示肾衰竭与他克莫司剂量无明显相关性。另本组患儿病程中不伴尿色异常、进行性贫血、血小板减少及肝功能异常,无溶血尿毒综合征证据。因此,推测肾衰竭原因主要为他克莫司治疗初期,血流动力学改变使肾血流量相对减少,机体尚未完全代偿,此时合并感染,相对血容量更为不足,肾血流进一步减少,兼之细菌毒素等综合因素共同作用导致。
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Tacrolimus causes acute renal failure in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome in children: a report of 3 cases
ZHANG Hongwen, XIAO Huijie, YAO Yong
(Department of Pediatric, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China)
ObjectiveTo explore the causes of acute renal failure resulted from tacrolimus in the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. Method The clinical data of acute renal failure caused by tacrolimus in treatment of nephrotic syndrome in 3 children during January 2012 and December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThere were 2 male and 1 female aged 3, 11, and 13 years respectively. Clinical manifestations were consistent with simple type of primary nephrotic syndrome. One child was frequently recurrent and another two were secondary steroid resistant. The renal pathology showed minimal changes. Acute renal failure occurred within 4 weeks after treatment with tacrolimus on the basis of hormone therapy in all patients who had infection within one week. Renal function recovered to normal within 2 weeks after discontinuation or reduction of tacrolimus combined with anti-infection and diuresis treatment. Two children continued with tacrolimus, but the other one was replaced with cyclosporin A. The renal function of all patients remained normal during the follow-up for 10-42 months. Conclusion In the first 4 weeks of tacrolimus therapy in children with nephrotic syndrome, infection may lead to reversible acute renal failure.
tacrolimus; nephrotic syndrome; acute renal failure
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2017.06.003
2016-10-11)
(本文编辑:蔡虹蔚)
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