中考被动语态考点透视

李建高

纵观近年来全国各地区中考英语试题，我们可以发现，中考对被动语态的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：

一、考查被动语态的概念和构成

解答被动语态题目，首先要判断主语和动作的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者（二者是主谓关系），就用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者（二者是动宾关系），就用被动语态。

被动语态的基本结构为：助动词be + 动词的过去分词。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。

【真题链接】（2016年广安卷） —You speak Chinese very well， Sam.

—Thanks. Chinese is very popular. It _____ widely in the world.

A. speak B. is spoke

C. was spoken D. is spoken

【解析】选D。句意为：——山姆，你汉语说得很好。——谢谢。汉语很流行。它在世界上应用得广泛。主语it（Chinese）是动词speak的承受者，应使用被动语态is spoken。

二、考查各种时态的被动语态

被动语态试题对时态考查的热点主要集中在一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时及现在完成时上。

1. 一般现在时

一般现在时被动语态表示经常性、习惯性的被动动作，其基本结构为：am / is / are + done （动词的过去分词）。常用now，today，every day， often， usually， always， seldom， never等做时态标志词。

【真题链接1】（2016年临沂卷） Now all Chinese couple _____ to have two children.

A. allow B. allowed

C. are allowed D. were allowed

【解析】选C。句意为：现在所有的中国夫妇可以生两个孩子。由now（现在）以及主语all Chinese couple和动词allow之间的动宾关系可知，要用一般现在时的被动语态。

【真题链接2】（2016年成都卷） You are not supposed to go to a family party unless you _____ to in the USA.

A. are not invited B. are invited

C. will be invited

【解析】选B。句意为：在美国如果你没有被邀请，就不能参加家庭聚会。unless引导条件状语从句时，如果主句为一般将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来；主语you与动词invite之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态。

2. 一般过去时

一般过去时的被动语态表示过去某一时刻的被动性动作，其基本结构为：was / were + done。常用yesterday，last year / month / week， ten years ago等时间状语做时态标志词。

【真题链接3】（2016年陕西卷） Football _____ to our school subjects last year.

A. is added B. adds

C. was added D. added

【解析】选C。句意为：去年，足球被加进了我们学校的科目。主语football与动词 add之间为动宾关系，而且动作发生在last year，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态。

【真题链接4】（2016年淮安卷） —Aunt Li， who is the pretty girl in red in the picture？

—Its my daughter. The picture _____ 10 years ago.

A. took B. is taken

C. has taken D. was taken

【解析】选D。句意为：——李阿姨，照片中穿红衣服的那个漂亮女孩是谁？——那是我的女儿。这张照片是十年前拍的。主語the picture与动词take之间是动宾关系，并且动作发生在过去，所以要用一般过去时的被动语态。

3. 一般将来时

一般将来时被动语态表示将来某一时刻的被动性动作，常用表示将来的tomorrow，next year / month / week， in a few years time等时间状语做时态标志词，其基本结构为：shall / will be + done；am / is / are going to be + done。

【真题链接5】（2016年南京卷） Its reported that Jiangsu Grand Theater _____ in September this year.

A. completes B. is completed

C. will complete D. will be completed

【解析】选D。句意为：据报道江苏大剧院将于今年九月份竣工。in September this year是表示将来的时间状语，主语Jiangsu Grand Theater与动词complete之间为动宾关系，应用一般将来时的被动语态。

【真题链接6】（2016年北京卷） A new road _____ near my school next year.

A. builds B. will build

C. is built D. will be built

【解析】选D。句意为：明年在我的学校附近将建成一条新路。主语a new road与动词build之间为动宾关系，时间状语为next year，应用一般将来时的被动语态。

4. 现在完成时

现在完成时被动语态表示到目前为止已经完成的某个被动性动作，其基本结构为：have / has been + done。句中常出现already，so far，up to now，“since + 时间点”等时态标志词。

【真题链接7】（2015年泰安卷） —Lily， will you go to Jennys birthday party this Saturday？

—Im not sure. Because I _____ so far.

A. havent invited

B. wasnt invited

C. havent been invited

D. will be invited

【解析】选C。句意为：——莉莉，这个星期六你将要去参加珍妮的生日聚会吗？ ——我不能确定。因为到目前为止我还没有被邀请。主语I与动词invite之间为动宾关系，要用被动语态。时间状语so far为现在完成时的标志，所以应用现在完成时的被动语态。

三、考查含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的被动语态常表示具有特定感情色彩的被动性动作，其基本结构为：情态动词（can， may， must， should等）+ be + done，表示“能够/可以/必须/应该被……”。

【真题链接1】（2016年贺州卷） —The traffic is too heavy. We have to drive slowly.

—I think more new roads _____ in our city.

A. should be built B. should built

C. have built D. build

【解析】選A。句意为：——交通很繁忙。我们不得不缓慢行驶。——我认为在我们城市应该新建更多公路。主语more new roads与动词build之间为动宾关系。情态动词should的被动语态结构是：should + be + 及物动词的过去分词。

【真题链接2】（2016年西宁卷） —I want to borrow the book， but I dont know how long it may _____.

—For two weeks.

A. borrow B. be borrowed

C. keep D. be kept

【解析】选D。句意为：——我想借这本书，但我不知道可以借多长时间。——两个星期。主语it与动词keep之间为动宾关系。情态动词may的被动语态结构是：may + be + 及物动词的过去分词。

【真题链接3】（2015年孝感卷） —How often do I need to feed the dog？

—It _____ food every day， or it will be hungry.

A. must give B. must be give

C. must gave D. must be given

【解析】选D。句意为：——我需要多久喂一次这只狗？——必须每天给它喂食，否则它会饿的。答语中，主语it（the dog）和动词give之间是动宾关系，情态动词must 的被动语态结构是：must + be + 及物动词的过去分词。

四、考查被动语态的特殊结构

1. 某些感官动词和系动词后面跟形容词时可以表示被动含义，像look，smell，taste，feel，sound等。如：

Her bedroom looks very clean and tidy. 她的卧室看起来非常干净、整洁。

The mixture tastes terrible. 这种混合物尝起来味道很差。

2. 某些动词的进行时可以表示被动含义，像cook，make，pack，build等。如：

The meat is cooking. 肉正在煮着。

3. 表示主语某种属性（用途）的动词，其主动形式可以表示被动含义，像sell，wash，write，wear，read等。如：

The book sells very well. 这本书卖得很好。

The pen writes smoothly. 这支笔很好写。

4. be worth后的动名词要用主动形式表示被动意义。如：

This book about movies is worth reading. 这本关于电影的书值得一读。

5. 在 need，want，require等少数表示“需要”的动词后的动名词，用主动形式表示被动意义。如：

The plants want watering every day. 这些花草得天天浇水。

Your hair requires cutting. 你的头发需要剪了。

6. 动词see，make，feel，watch，hear，notice，have等在主动句中，用不定式做宾语补足语，应省略不定式符号to；但变为被动句时则要加上to。如：

I heard him sing next door. 我聽见他在隔壁唱歌。

He was heard to sing next door. 有人听见他在隔壁唱歌。

【真题链接1】（2016年济南卷） —Do you like the songs by Taylor？

—Yes. Country music _____ nice and full of feelings.

A. sounds B. listens

C. hears D. looks

【解析】选A。句意为：——你喜欢泰勒的歌曲吗？——是的，乡村音乐听上去优美且富有感情。sound意为“听起来”；listen意为“听（强调动作）”；hear意为“听见（强调结果）”；look意为“看起来”。根据语境，不难确定空白处应填sounds，用主动形式表示被动含义。

【真题链接2】（2016年南京卷） —Have you read the book Jane Eyre？

—Yes. Its a famous book and really worth _____.

A. to read B. reading

C. to be read D. read

【解析】选B。句意为：——你读过《简·爱》这本书吗？——读过。它是本名著，而且确实值得一看。固定句型be worth doing sth. 意为“值得做某事”，用主动形式表示被动意义。

强化练习：

一、从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入相应空白处的最佳选项。

1. —How clean and tidy your bedroom is！

—Thank you. It _____ every day.

A. is cleaned B. was cleaned

C. was cleaning D. is cleaning

2. —Who is the little girl in the photo？

—Its me. The picture _____ 5 years ago.

A. took B. is taken

C. has taken D. was taken

3. A talk on teenage problems _____ in our school next Monday.

A. will give B. will be given

C. has given D. has been given

4. —What should we do first if we want to develop our village？

—A lot of new roads _____， I think.

A. have to build B. must build

C. must be built D. have been built

5. Quite a lot of money _____ for Project Hope up to now.

A. has been raised

B. has donated

C. have been raised

D. have donated

6. In the old days， the workers _____ in the factory from morning to night.

A. were made work

B. are made work

C. are made to work

D. were made to work

7. In many places of China， old people _____ not only by their family but also by the local governments.

A. are taking good care

B. are taken good care

C. are taking good care of

D. are taken good care of

8. —Excuse me. I want to buy some of Jays CDs.

—Sorry， they are _____. But well get some more next week because they _____.

A. sold well； are on sale

B. selling well； sell well

C. sold out； sell well

D. sold out； were on sale

9. —Will you come to the dinner party？

—I wont come unless I _____.

A. will be invited B. invite

C. invited D. am invited

10. Great changes _____ in my hometown. Many tall buildings _____.

A. have taken place； have set up

B. have taken place； have been set up

C. were taken place； were set up

D. have been taken place； have been set up

二、根据所给汉语提示，完成下列句子。每空一词。

1. 这篮花将由我送到他家。

This basket of flowers _____ _____ _____ to his house by me.

2. 当凯特讲述她的故事时，她被那些男孩嘲笑了。

When Kate told her story， she _____ _____ _____ by the boys.

3. 你进大门前通常要向门卫出示你的身份证。

Your ID card _____ usually _____ to the guard before you go into the gate.

4. 去年母亲节，我给妈妈买了一个手提包。

A handbag _____ _____ for my mother by me on Mothers Day last year.

5. 這件衬衫可以穿很久。

This shirt will _____ _____ _____.

6. 孩子们需要被照顾。

The children _____ _____ after.

7. 在学校你必须遵守校规。

School rules _____ _____ _____ at school.

8. 稻谷不应该种在山上。

Rice _____ _____ _____ on the hill.

9. 到目前为止，所有街道已经被我们学校的学生清理干净了。

All the streets _____ _____ _____ by the students of our school so far.

10. 这块手表两天后能修好。

The watch _____ _____ _____ in two days.