掌握题型特点，破解阅读理解

曾青萍

阅读理解测试是中考英语试题的重要组成部分，占试卷中很大比分，近50%。它主要考查学生对于不同体裁或不同题材语言材料的阅读理解能力以及捕捉阅读材料中相关信息的能力。下面我们将结合近两年各地区的中考真题，谈谈选择型阅读理解题的主要特点及解题技巧。

一、主要特点

1. 增加阅读篇幅数

阅读理解测试的分值和篇幅数增加，体现在阅读材料容量大，包含的信息量大，词汇量大；要求考生在规定的时间内完成的阅读材料篇幅数由三篇增加至四、五篇，每篇材料的阅读量（不含试题部分内容）为200～300词。在考试时间保持不变的情况下，要求考生要有较快的阅读速度，并向大纲要求的二级阅读速度（每分钟50～70词）靠拢。

2.题材和体裁更广泛

阅读理解材料的选材范围更广：题材更加广泛，内容贴近生活实际，富有时代气息；更注重实用性，有日常生活、人物传记、故事、历史、地理、文化习俗、科普知识、社会、电视节目介绍、广告、电子邮件、书信、教育、医学、天文、政治、军事、经济等。涉及的体裁有说明文、记叙文和应用文，三者均占有一定的比例。

3.推理判断题和主旨大意题增多

阅读理解重视对事实细节的考查，如果没有对文章中事实与细节的正确理解就难以挖掘文章的深层含义。近几年来在閱读理解测试中推理判断题和主旨大意题所占分值比例逐年增大，而且题目设计巧妙，因为这更能测试考生的阅读能力。要求考生针对阅读材料中出现的事实和细节，结合上下文所提供的信息，认真细致地加以分析、判断和推理，才能得出符合逻辑的结论或概括出文章的主旨大意。同时，阅读理解难度呈上升趋势。

4.语篇结构更复杂

作者在阐述问题时使用多种语篇组织形式，文章隐含信息较多，长句和复杂结构的语句会介入短文中，这会影响阅读和理解。其结果是，考生读懂了文字，但不一定能立即领悟语篇的意思，而要侧重从整体上去理解语篇才行。

5.非大纲词汇增加

猜测词义能力是阅读理解测试的一个方面，考查的词汇主要是一些未学过的非大纲词汇（学生不熟悉的新词），但也有结合上下文猜测旧词新义。

二、解题技巧点拨

1.细节理解题

在中考阅读理解试题中，细节理解题占有很大的比例。它主要考查学生对文章或某一段落中的特定细节或文章的重要事实的理解能力。一般来说，此类题目属于直接解答性问题，是阅读理解题中最简单的一种，多数属于中低难度的“送分”题。

命题人在设计细节理解试题时，多使题干所设的“问题”可以直接从原文中找到。答案多数能“直截了当”地对号入座；有的试题的文字表述方式略微变换一下，考生只需稍加思考，就能很容易地得出正确答案。

其常见形式有以下两种：

（1）是非判断类型。

Which of the following is true？

（2）特殊疑问词提问类型。

How many …？

What / Who / When / Where / How / Why …？

技巧点拨：

（1）是非判断类型一般都遵循对照选项进行“三对一错或三错一对”的判断。若该信息句是长句或难句，我们要学会找出其主干部分，分析句子结构，正确理解信息句的意义。一定要注意的是，要所答是所问，不要受到思维定式的影响，习惯性地选择正确的细节事实，切记要弄清题目要求，不要所答非所问。

（2）对特殊疑问词提问或填空类型，我们可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节之间一点一滴的区别。在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。

【经典题例1】（2016年菏泽卷节选，保留原题号，下同）

A new report shows what life might be like in 100 years from now. Experts on space and architecture （建筑）， and city planners gave their ideas on life in 2116. Twenty-five years ago， we could not imagine how greatly the Internet would change our lives. Now the Internet has revolutionized the way we communicate and learn. They said the changes in the next century would be even more unbelievable.

51. Who gave their ideas on life in 2116？

A. Experts and city planners.

B. Teachers and workers.

C. Researchers and 2000 adults.

【答案解析】A。根据本段“Experts on space and architecture （建筑）， and city planners gave their ideas on life in 2116.”一句可知，空间建筑专家、城市规划者们描绘出2116年的生活场景，故选A。

【经典题例2】（2016年大庆卷节选）

[Passage A

Yuan Longping was born in Beijing in 1930. He developed his new kind of rice in 1974， which helped many countries grow more rice than ever before. So he is called “the Father of Rice”. ]

41. According to Passage A， which sentence is right？

A. Yuan Longping is “the Grandfather of Rice”.

B. Yuan Longping was born in 1932.

C. Yuan Longping helped only one country grow more rice.

D. A new kind of rice was developed by Yuan Longping.

【答案解析】D。根据Passage A，袁隆平生于1930年，帮助多个国家培育水稻，被称为“杂交水稻之父”。故选D。

【经典题例3】（2016年义乌卷节选）

A new camera made by a company named Netatmo has facial recognition software （面部识别系统） that can tell parents at work that their children have returned from school， or that a package has been taken to their home. It can also tell them if a stranger has entered their home.

38. The new camera made by Netatmo can _____.

A. warn the strangers

B. welcome the children

C. stop the visitors

D. recognize the comers

【答案解析】D。根據该段最后一句“It can also tell them if a stranger has entered their home.”可知，这种新型的摄像头可以对来访者进行识别。故选D。

2.词义猜测题

词义猜测是指在阅读过程中根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解去猜测或推断某一生词、关键词或短语的含义。考查内容以名词、名词短语、动词和动词短语为主，兼顾代词的考查；既考查生词，也考熟词新义。所考查的单词或短语在文中用下画线和粗体标明。主要有以下几种体现形式：

What does the underlined word ... （in Paragraph 1/2/3） mean？

The underlined word（s） / phrase（s） mean（s） _____.

The underlined word / phrase could be replaced by _____.

Whats the meaning of the word / phrase ... as used in the passage / text？

The underlined part ... is closest in meaning to “_____”.

技巧点拨：

（1）运用构词法进行猜测。

英语构词法主要有派生、转化和合成三种。掌握构词法是扩大词汇量的一条捷径。尽早学习基本的构词知识，我们不但可以较快地记住新词，巩固旧词，而且还可以通过推理思考，使有限的词汇知识服务于大量的阅读实践活动。

例如： We should feel the thankfulness for those who help us.

根据我们熟知的thankful（感激的、感恩的），再根据构词法“thankful+ness”，可知thankfulness 是名词，意为“感恩”。

（2）根据同义词或反义词来判断。

通常情况下，英语为避免重复的方法之一是利用同义词或近义词加以替换。一些常见的同义词的标志词语有or，like，similarly等。

例如：Mr. White loves to talk and his wife is similarly loquacious.

loquacious是个生词，但根据similarly这个词，它暗示loquacious与love to talk同义，意为“多嘴的、饶舌的”。

（3）根据定义或释义来推测词义。

我们有时可以在文章中找到类似that is，in other words，to mean 等标志词，对生词作出解释，或用破折号、冒号和逗号等标点符号对后面的词语来解释说明。

例如：A hibernating animal doesnt wake in winter. That is / In other words， it sleeps in winter.

hibernating是生词，但根据That is后面的解释可知，hibernating意为“冬眠的”。

（4）根据常识来推测。

例如：Water usually boils at 100 centigrade.

众所周知，水的沸点是100摄氏度，由此不难判断出centigrade 的意思是“摄氏度”。

（5）通过因果关系来推断词义。

例如：The little girl was the only grandchild in the family. She was the apple of her grandparents eyes.

从上下文我们得知这个女孩是家中唯一的孙女，因而是祖父母的“掌上明珠”。

（6）通过句法功能来猜测词义。

例如：Bananas， oranges， pineapples， coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.

从句意我们不难看出pineapple，coconuts和bananas，oranges 是同类关系，即它们是生长在温暖地带的水果，准确地说，也就是菠萝和椰子。

【经典题例1】（2016年襄阳卷节选）

The waitress looked at the young man a little perplexed， not fully understanding the request. That was when the young man asked her to give the juice to the old gentleman eating his lunch outside， as well as the change （零钱） from the 20 dollars.

62. The word “perplexed” in the second paragraph probably means _____.

A. doubtful B. embarrassed

C. worried D. angry

【答案解析】A。根据该词后面的一句话“not fully understanding the request”可知，服务员不明白年轻男子这么做的原因。doubtful“怀疑的，不确定的”；embarrassed“窘迫的”；worried“担心的”；angry“生气的”。故选A。

【经典题例2】（2016年乐山卷节选）

The school wanted to help the girls build an ability to get better from setbacks quickly， so they wouldnt think it was the end of the world if they didnt do well in an exam.

64. What does the underlined word “setbacks” mean in Chinese？

A. 弱点 B. 吹嘘

C. 病痛 D. 挫折

【答案解析】D。根据“... so they wouldnt think it was the end of the world if they didnt do well in an exam.”可知，即便她们没考好，也不会觉得这就是世界末日。由此可确定：学校想帮助女孩培养快速从挫折中成长的能力。

【经典题例3】（2016年衡阳卷节选）

“Everything happens for the best，” my mother said whenever things werent going my way. “Dont worry， one day your luck will change.”

I found mom was right after I finished my college education. I had decided to try for a job in a radio station. I wanted to host （主持） a sports program day. One day， I went to Chicago and knocked on the door of every station. But I got turned down every time.

In one station， a kind lady said my problem was that I hadnt got enough experience. “Get some work in a small station and work your way up，” she said.

57. The underline sentence “But I got turned down every time” in Paragraph 2 most probably means “_____”.

A. But I was successful every time

B. But I was refused every time

C. But I lost my way every time

【答案解析】B。根据上文中“I went to Chicago and knocked on the door of every station.”可知，我去芝加哥求職。再根据下文“In one station， a kind lady said my problem was that I hadnt got enough experience.”可知，我的工作经验不足。由此我们确定该句的意思是“但是我每次都被拒绝了”。故选B。

3.指代题

指代题考查学生在阅读过程中，根据对语篇的信息、逻辑、背景知识及语言结构等的综合理解，去确定指代词是指代某个人、物或事件等的能力。指代题一般有两种：一种是代词的指代（常考的有it，that，one等）；另一种是名词的指代。所考查的部分在文中用下画线和粗体标明。主要有以下几种体现形式：

The underlined word ... in the passage refers to （指的是） _____.

What does the underlined word ... refer to in the … paragraph？

In this story the underlined word ... refers to _____.

Here ... refers to _____.

技巧点拨：

（1）首先分析前后文，明确所指代的对象是人还是物，避免误判，要有目的地做题，才能真正做到有的放矢。

（2）若是代词，则要明确其指代的是可数名词还是不可数名词。我们一定要在理解句子意思的基础上进行判断，只有判断准确，才能理解文章的意思，准确理解题目的要求。

（3）确定指代范围。在认真阅读的基础上明确代词的指代范围。只有明确代词所表示的具体范围，才能搞清楚文章的逻辑关系和前后文的联系，正确理解文章的中心思想。

【经典题例1】（2016年宜宾卷节选）

You walk into the kitchen. You grab the milk， but a voice says， “You shouldnt drink that！” Your fridge has read the small computer chip （芯片） on the milks label （商标）， and it knows the milk is old. In 2040， every food item in the grocery store has a small chip.

51. The word “that” in Paragraph 4 refers to _____.

A. the kitchen B. the fridge

C. the milk D. the label

【答案解析】C。根据上文“You grab the milk”以及drink可确定that指代“牛奶”。

【经典题例2】（2016年咸宁卷节选）

Making Use of Smog

SMOG （雾霾） is annoying. But what if it could be made into a diamond （钻石）？！ A “Smog Free Tower” will try to do that although the diamonds will not be as dear as real ones. Black particles （颗粒） in smog and diamonds are mostly carbon. A designer from the Netherlands made the tower.

53. What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 2 refer to？

A. Make the diamonds seem dear.

B. Make the smog become more annoying.

C. Make the diamonds from the tower.

D. Make the carbon particles in smog into diamonds.

【答案解析】D。根据前句“SMOG （雾霾） is annoying. But what if it could be made into a diamond （钻石）？”和下句“Black particles in smog and diamonds are mostly carbon.”可确定该词是指“将雾霾中的碳颗粒变成钻石”。

【经典题例3】（2016年枣庄卷节选）

Youll soon be 84 years old. Dad， and you and I will have had 56 Fathers Days together. I didnt think that you were old. But the sad thing happened last week. I watched as you turned at the corner in your car. I didnt realize at once that it was you because the man who was driving looked so elderly.

……

Love，

Jenny

28. What do the underlined words “the man” in Paragraph 2 refer to （指）？

A. An old man. B. A car driver.

C. Jennys father. D. Jennys husband.

【答案解析】C。根據“Dad， and you and I will have had 56 Fathers Days together.”和“I watched as you turned at the corner in your car.”以及落款处的Jenny可知，坐在车里的人是Jenny的父亲。故选C。

4.推理判断题

推理判断题是英语阅读理解中难度较大的题型。它要求学生对文章中的内容及作者的思路进行合理地判断和推理，也就是要运用逻辑推理能力推断出蕴含在文章中，然而作者却没有明说的事实及暗示的含义。推理判断题有事实判断、逻辑判断和对作者的意图和态度的判断等类型。常见形式有以下几种：

What can we get from the passage？

What can we infer （推断） from the passage？

Where may the passage come from？

What would the writer write the passage mainly for？

Whats the writers opinion about …？

技巧点拨：

（1）事实判断题常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的判断。进行这种判断，要首先在文章中找出据以判断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。

（2）逻辑推断题往往要求学生根据文章所提供的背景以及人物的表情、动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。

（3）对作者的意图和态度的判断，大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度作出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定；对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推断的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。

【经典题例1】（2016年绍兴卷节选）

Like her classmates， Eha loves to sing. Here， music is part of daily life. Even the students who do not study English can sing some American pop songs， such as Stand By Me， “Stand by me. Please stand， stand by me. Stand by me ...”

Iyehezkiel Parudani says the song has special meaning to the students. “In our life， we need other persons. You have to stand by me. Without you standing by me， Im meaningless.”

36. From the last two paragraphs， we can infer （推断） that the students _____.

A. sang songs side by side

B. achieved their dreams

C. had a meaningless life

D. needed help from others

【答案解析】D。根据“In our life， we need other persons. You have to stand by me. Without you standing by me， Im meaningless.”可知，在生活中我們需要别人站在自己一边，也就是支持自己。故选D。

【经典题例2】（2016年江西卷节选）

So is there a connection （联系） between traditional tattoos and fashionable tattoos？ And can you call tattoos a fashion？ Chris Rainier is an expert in tattoos and his book Ancient Monks has photos of tattoos from all over the world. He thinks people in modern societies often have tattoos because they are a connection to the trad-itional world. But tattoos arent a fashion like clothes or a haircut because you cant put them on and take them off again like a jacket or a hat. They are permanent （永久的） and for life.

74. Whats the writers opinion about tattoos？

A. Tattoos are religious in modern societies.

B. Tattoos connect tradition with fashion.

C. Tattoos are a fashion among famous people.

D. Tattoos show information about a persons hobby.

【答案解析】B。根据“But tattoos arent a fashion like clothes or a haircut because you cant put them on and take them off again like a jacket or a hat. They are permanent （永久的） and for life.”可知，B项是作者的观点。

【经典题例3】（2016年南充卷节选）

Later someone asked the violinist why he didnt take the lottery ticket to pay for his high education. He said， “Although I dont have much money， I live a happy life. If I lose honesty， I wont be happy forever.”

60. We can learn from the passage that the violinist was _____.

A. poor but honest

B. rich and honest

C. poor and careless

D. rich but careless

【答案解析】A。由“Although I dont have much money， I live a happy life. If I lose honesty， I wont be happy forever.”一句，我們可推断A项是正确的。

5.主旨大意题

几种体现形式：

What would be the best title （标题） for the passage？

Whats the best title of the passage？

Whats the main idea of the passage？

The passage mainly tells us _____.

技巧点拨：

（1）抓住关键词，确定文章标题。

关键词即在文章中反复出现的高频词，通过快速阅读全文的方式我们不难找到。抓住关键词有助于理解文章的中心思想，从而确定文章的标题。

（2）抓主题句，确定文章中心思想。

我们可以通过阅读文章的开头和结尾，每段的开头、结尾等方式寻找主题句。通常情况下用演绎法撰写的文章主题句在文章的开头，而用归纳法撰写的文章主题句在文章的末尾。如果文章没有明显的主题句，同学们可通过阅读每段的开头和结尾来总结文章的主题。

【经典题例1】（2016年泰安卷节选）

A city without cars would be very strange， right？ But Venice is such a city.

Venice is in the northeast of Italy. It wasnt built on land， like Beijing or Shanghai， but on more than 110 islands. Seawater is everywhere around the city.

Even so， travel isnt that difficult. The waterways have always been the best way to get around. There are 117 waterways and more than 400 bridges that can guide you where you want to go. People in Venice move from place to place by boat.

Water makes the city special， but it is also a big problem. Sometimes tourists will have such strange experiences. One moment they walk across the Rialto Bridge， and theres nothing special. But when they come back to the bridge an hour later， its underwater and everyone is wearing rain shoes.

Once， people used too much underground water. This made the city get lower little by little. Now the city has gone down by 23 centimeters. Another problem is the rising seawater. The temperature has risen over the years. This has made ice of the Arctic Ocean （北冰洋） melt （融化）. Every year， high waters hit the city in autumn and winter. When a lot of water comes， more than half of the city is underwater.

Scientists are trying different ways to stop the city from getting even lower. The Italy government has asked some of Italys biggest companies to build the MOST project， which was planned to be built under the seawater to stop the rising water. Anyway， this project is helping solve the problem.

56. Whats the best title of this passage？

A. The Places of Interest of Venice.

B. The History of Venice.

C. The Specials and Problems of Venice.

D. The MOST Project of Venice.

【答案解析】C。本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了位于意大利西北部的水上城市威尼斯的特殊交通方式，以及这个城市面临的一些问题，故选C。

【经典题例2】（2016年厦门卷节选）

Lockheed Martin， American space system company （空间系统公司） has found a really cool way to inspire the young minds of today to the research fields in Science， Technology， Engineering and Math （STEM）.

It may look like a normal yellow bus， but all the magic happens once you get inside. Meet the “Mars （火星） Experience Bus”， part of Lockheed Martins new “Generation Beyond” national education program to get the kids joining in studying what goes on outside of our home planet. The bus offers a virtual reality （VR， 虚拟现实） experience making the teenagers feel like they are driving on Mars.

The VR experience was developed by taking advantage of software （软件） created for todays best video games， so you can imagine the picture shown is top level. The kids do seem really excited to see the bus take a virtual trip on the red planet and search unknown places. Its certainly a great way of learning about the universe by virtual reality working on a common bus.

The Lockheed Martins bus will start a tour in the United States to allow kids from different parts of the country to take a ride in it. The Generation Beyond project also includes an iPhone app for IOS providing real-time information about weather reports for Mars， and theres also a free deep space course for middle school teachers and students.

61. The best title of this passage may be _____.

A. The common yellow bus

B. The mysterious red planet

C. The magic VR tour

【答案解析】C。本文主要介紹洛克希德·马丁公司已经找到一种激励年轻人从事科学、技术、工程、数学等这些最具前景的专业的很酷的方式——利用神奇的虚拟现实技术乘坐火星体验车。故选C。