中考英语应用文写作技巧点拨
2017-03-28胡扬朋
胡扬朋
一、写信
【写作技巧点拨】
英文书信由“称呼、正文、结束语、署名”组成。
1. 称呼是对收信人的称谓。在信内地址下面一两行处顶格写起,自成一行。末尾用逗号或冒号。 当给一位熟悉的人写信时可以用Dear 或My Dear。当给一位你不知婚否的女性写信时,可以用Ms.,指“××女士”。 在给不熟悉的人写信时,可以用Dear Sir / Madam等。
2. 正文是一封信的主体部分。通常在称呼的下一行写出。正文可采用齐头式或缩进式的方法。齐头式是每段开头一行和后面行并齐。缩进式是指每段的第一行向右缩进几个字母。信笺讲究简洁、效率。开头几句简单的寒暄后就进入正题,在结尾处要有祝愿和敬语。
常用的开头语有:
I have received your letter of July 1st. 我已经收到你在7月1 日的来信。
I have the pleasure to tell you that … 我很高兴告诉你……
I am very much delighted to receive your letter. 非常高兴收到你的来信。
常用的结束套话有:
I am looking forward to hearing from you. 盼早日回信。
Wish best regards. 谨致问候。
Thank you for your help! 感谢你的帮助!
Wish my best wishes for your success. 祝你成功。
3. 结束语在正文之后隔一两行的右下方。开头字母用大写,以后的字母用小写,最后一个词后面用逗号。常用的结束语有:一般非正式的关系可以用 Yours sincerely,Yours truly;亲密的关系可以用Love,Yours love等。
4. 署名写在结束语的下面。
【真题再现】
(2016年荆州卷)假设你是李雷,昨天你参与了学校值日。请写一封信向校长汇报你值日时的所见所闻,并提出改进建议。要点如下:
要求:
1. 可以适当发挥,信中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称;
2. 语言通顺,意思连贯,条理清楚,书写规范;
3. 词数:80左右。书信的开头和结尾已经给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Headmaster,
I was on duty yesterday. _______________ ______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sincerely,
Li Lei
提示:
1. 正文中的“值日見闻”谈论过去发生的事,须用一般过去时;建议”部分可用情态动词should或一般将来时叙述。
2. 写作过程中可能用到的句型与短语:throw rubbish everywhere; make noises (speak quite loudly); fight with each other; forget to turn off等。
【参考范文】
Dear Headmaster,
I was on duty yesterday. Now Im writing to tell you that the school was untidy. Some students threw rubbish everywhere. Some students drew on the wall. I also found that some girls walked on the grass and picked flowers. During break time many students ate too much junk food. Many boys spoke quite loudly and fought with each other. After school, some students forgot to turn off the lights when leaving the classroom. Whats more, a few students even rode their bicycles on the playground. I think we should make rules to change the situation and care about the environment, and then our school will become more beautiful.
Sincerely,
Li Lei
二、写回信
【写作技巧点拨】
写回信首先要紧扣“来信”中所提出的问题,进行有针对性的答复。
1. 开头通常写出收到来信的时间或收到来信时的心情。常用句型有:I got your letter yesterday. / I received your letter of Oct. 14. / I am glad to hear from you.
2. 如果来信中对方有告诉你好消息或坏消息,回信中常要用I am glad to hear that … / I am sorry to hear that …
3. 回答来信中的问题时,可以开门见山地直接回答,也可以在回答问题前先说“Let me tell you something about … / Here is my answer.”等。
【真题再现】
(2016年安徽卷)假定你是李华,你的美国朋友Jack来信,说他暑假期间要来中国交流学习,他学了两年中文,但是仍然担心用中文交流时会遇到困难。请你用英语给Jack写封回信,提几点建议。要点如下:
1. 大胆自信;
2. 放慢语速;
3. 借助图画或肢体语言等表达方式。
注意:
1. 词数80~100;
2. 可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
3. 信中不能再现与本人相关的信息;
4. 开头与结尾已为你写好,不计入总词数。
参考词汇:自信的confident;肢体语言body language
Dear Jack,
How is everything going? I am very glad to learn that you are coming to China this summer. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
提示:
1. 這篇作文要求Li Hua回复Jack的来信,帮助他克服用中文交流时所遇到的困难,考生要切记题目所给的三个建议。
2. 罗列要点时可用First,Second,Third或Whats more(然而/还有)等。
3. 重点短语与句型:worry about; be brave enough to do sth.; communicate with; be confident about; speak slowly and clearly等。
【参考范文】
Dear Jack,
How is everything going? I am very glad to learn that you are coming to China this summer. Its not necessary to worry about your Chinese. Id like to share my ideas, which I think might help.
First, be brave enough to speak Chinese when you communicate with others. Its of great importance to be confident about yourself. We Chinese are very friendly so you neednt be afraid of making any mistakes. Second, its better to speak slowly and clearly. In this way you can make yourself understood more easily. Whats more, sometimes you can use drawing or pictures, and as you know, body language is also widely used across cultures and very often it really works.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
三、写电子邮件
【写作技巧点拨】
1. 将对方的邮箱地址填写到“To”后的空格里。
2. 将邮件主题填写到“Subject”后的空格里。
如果所给信息中没有给出具体的主题内容,则需要根据信息中的主要内容自己编写主题。编写主题时通常只用一两个或很少的几个单词概括,第一个字母用大写形式。如: Request (请求); Reply (回复);Congratulations (祝贺);Apologies (道歉);Invitation (邀请);Important notes (重要提示)。
3. 试题中,电子邮件的内容要点常以汉语提示的形式出现。我们在写作时首先必须弄清提示的主旨大意,然后紧紧围绕其主要内容进行表述,将要点写全。有时可根据行文需要适当增加相关内容,使上下文过渡自然。
【真题再现】
(2016年包头卷)假设你是Li Hua,请你用英文给你校外教Jim发一封电子邮件,主要内容包括:
1. 今天下午,你上体育课时伤了左脚,明天不能去上他的课。
2. 邀请他参加下周的英语俱乐部活动。
时间: 下周五下午4点
地点: 初三(一)班
活动内容: 用英文讨论暑假计划,并希望他能给同學们一些如何提高英语的建议。
3. 如果有问题,可以打电话或发电子邮件联系。
注意:
1. 文中不得出现涉及有关考生真实信息的人名、地名或校名;
2. 可适当增加细节,使行文连贯;
3. 词数70~110,开头、结尾已经给出,不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
Im Li Hua, one of the students in your spoken English class. _____________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
提示:
1.用第一人称叙述。
2. 重点句型与短语:Im sorry to tell you that …; The reason why I ask for leave is that …; invite sb. to do sth.; talk about; give some advice on how to do sth.等。
3. 正文下方可加上结尾语:Im looking forward to your early reply.
【参考范文】
Dear Jim,
Im Li Hua, one of the students in your spoken English class. Im sorry to tell you that I cant go to your class tomorrow. The reason why I ask for leave is that I hurt my left foot in the P.E. class this afternoon.
Besides, Id like to invite you to join in the activity in our English club next Friday. Itll start at 4 p.m. in Class 1, Grade 3. Well talk about the plan for the coming summer vacation in English. And well be very glad if you can give us some advice on how to improve our English. Call me or send me an email if you have any questions.
Im looking forward to your early reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
四、写留言条
【写作技巧点拨】
留言条的特点在于简洁,书写格式类似于书信,但较为简单、随便。另外省略现象也比较常见。一般来说不必写明地点,可写年、月、日或星期几,在多数情况下还要写明具体时间(几点几分);时间(在前)与日期(在后)就写在称呼上一行的右上角,这与汉语留言条的位置不同。结尾语可省略。若加上结尾词,其位置与书信相同,常用Sincerely,Yours等;署名在结尾下面。
常用的句型有:Would you please …? / We are (I am) going to … / Shall I …? / Please … / Dont ...
【真题再现】
(2016年齐齐哈尔卷)假定你是 Bob, 打算和你的同学 Jack去看上海队与山东队之间的足球比赛。你去他家送票。他不在,请你就以下内容写一则留言。(40词左右)
1. 足球赛今晚6:30开始。
2. 你在红达体育场(Hongda Stadium)门口等他。
3. 坐13路车可到达体育场。
Dear Jack,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bob
【参考范文】
Dear Jack,
We are going to watch a football match between Shanghai and Shandong this evening. The match will start at Hongda Stadium at 6:30 p.m.
You may take the No. 13 bus to get there. I will wait for you at the gate of the stadium.
Bob
提示:
1. 作文所給要点主要谈论将要发生的事,须用一般将来时叙述。
2. 重要短语:between … and …; take the No. 13 bus; wait for; at the gate of。
五、写日记
【写作技巧点拨】
1. 日记的格式包括日期、天气和正文三部分。
日期:位于正文以上一、二行,一般有星期和具体日期,星期在前,日期在后,有时也可以直接写明日期。如:(Friday) 2nd September, 2016或 (Friday) September 2nd, 2016。
天气:与日期同行。常用到sunny,rainy,cloudy,foggy,windy,snowy等形容词。
正文:正文的第一段一般与日期对齐,另起一段应向右移动3至5个字母。
2. 由于日记通常是叙述自己当天所做的事或所见所闻,因此常用一般过去时。
【真题再现】
(2016年广州卷)五四青年节那天,你参加了学校组织的志愿者活动。你的英语老师要求你写一则英文日志,包括以下要点:
1. 时间:2016年5月4日。
2. 地点:广东博物馆。
3. 内容:
七年级学生:当导游,带参观者到不同展馆;
八年级学生:表演短剧,介绍广州历史;
九年级学生:制作海报,帮助人们了解岭南文化。
4. 意义(活动对你个人和社会的意义)。
注意:
1. 参考词汇:展馆(display room)、海报(poster)。
2. 词数:80左右(日记的开头已给出,不计入总词数)。
3. 不得透露学校、姓名等任何个人信息,否则不予评分。
Wednesday, May 4th, 2016
Dear Diary,
I went to the Guangdong Museum with my schoolmates to do some voluntary work today. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
提示:
1. 全文的要点包括活动内容和活动意义。其中,题目对活动内容已经给出详细的文字提示,考生需要做好内容翻译。相比之下,题目中活动意义没有直接提示,这就要求考生对志愿者活动有一定的认识,且需要自行组织语言,难度较大。
2. 全文用到两种时态,叙述活动内容采用一般过去时,而评价活动意义则采用一般现在时。
【参考范文】
Wednesday, May 4th, 2016
Dear Diary,
I went to the Guangdong Museum with my schoolmates to do some voluntary work today. Students from three grades took part in it and worked as different roles. Students of Grade Seven worked as the guides who took visitors to different rooms. And those of Grade Eight played a short opera, introducing Guangzhou history to tourists. As for students of Grade Nine, they made beautiful posters which helped people know Lingnan Culture better.
In my opinion, it is of great help to hold such activities. On one hand, it is a good chance for us students to develop a sense of responsibility as well as our work ability. On the other hand, the history and culture can be passed on from one generation to another.
六、写发言稿
【写作技巧点拨】
发言稿一般由称呼语、正文和结束语三部分组成。
开头时对听众的称呼语:如在班级或学校,常用“Hello, boys and girls!”;如在公共场所,常用“Hello, everyone! / Ladies and gentlemen”。
发言稿正文常分为三部分:
1. 开门见山地提出要谈的问题及对问题的看法。
2. 说明理由。可以运用first, second (then), third, last (finally) 等表示顺序的词语进行串連,也可以运用 too, also, besides, whats more等词语“上串下连”。
3. 照应开头,总结全文。可以对全文进行简明扼要的总结,也可以谈自己的感想、看法或期望。结尾要简洁,不要拉拉扯扯,说个没完。最普通的结尾就是:Thats all. Thank you. / Thank you very much for your attention。
在写作时,我们要注意多用实词、短句,少用结构复杂的长句,条理要清晰,语言要简洁。
【真题再现】
(2016年福州卷)你的学校正在开展“诚信”教育,英语俱乐部为配合这次活动将举行一次演讲比赛。请根据下表所提示的要点,写一篇演讲稿。
[朋友李雷 爱踢足球,玩游戏,考试舞弊,学习退步,不被信任 你的观点 诚信考试,独立完成作业,说实话,做诚实孩子
(请补充一点) ]
要求:
1. 短文应包括表格中的所有内容,可适当发挥;
2. 词数90左右,不包含已给出句子的词数;
3. 演讲稿中不得出现你的真实姓名和校名。
参考词汇:cheat in the exam;fall behind (落后)
Hello, everyone! Its a great honor to give a speech here. _____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
提示:
1. 这是一篇有关“诚信”的演讲稿,介绍朋友李雷,以及谈谈自己的观点。时态主要为一般现在时,人称主要为第一、三人称。
2. 谈论自己的观点时可用I think we should …; We ought to do sth.; Wed better try our best to do sth. 等句型。
【参考范文】
Hello, everyone! Its a great honor to give a speech here. Id like to tell you something about my friend Li Lei. He likes playing football and he also likes computer games. To get good grades, he often cheats in the exams. As a result,he gradually falls behind other students. Whats worse, he isnt trusted by others.
So I think we should be honest in the exams. And its important to do homework by ourselves. We ought to tell the truth and be honest students. If we promise to do something, wed better try our best to keep the promise.
Thats all. Thank you for listening!
七、写通知
【写作技巧点拨】
在英语里,通知可分为口头通知和书面通知两种。
1. 口头通知
口头通知的开头往往要有称呼语,如Boys and girls,Ladies and gentlemen等,或用提醒听众注意的词语和句子,如“(Your) Attention, please!”“May I have your attention, please?”等。通知的最后也可以说声“Thank you (for listening)!”,以表示礼貌。
2. 书面通知
书面通知常常张贴在明显的位置,为使读者能清楚地看见,标题的每个字母可以用大写(如NOTICE)。通知的发布单位可以放在NOTICE上方或前面,也可以作为通知的落款,写在通知正文后的右下角。通知的发布日期可以写在通知正文的右上角(在NOTICE的下一行),也可以写在落款的下一行。
無论是口头通知还是书面通知,正文要求公布的信息准确无误,特别是时间与地点信息,行文要简明扼要。
【真题再现】
(2016年深圳卷)近年来,越来越多的外籍人士融入深圳社区生活。假设你的小区也居住着这样一个群体,社区委员会为丰富他们的生活,计划在下周六专为外籍人士安排一次采摘荔枝活动,请你帮忙用英文写一份书面通知,传达给他们。
要点:
1. 下周六上午8:00在北门集合,乘大巴去“幸福农场”采摘荔枝,下午4:30返回。
2. 享受乡村自然美景,感受干农活的乐趣。
3. 请在下周四下午6:00前去办公室报名。
4. 你可以带上……;另外……
注意:
1. 词数:80左右(开头和结尾已给出,不计入总词数)。
2. 文章必须包含所有提示内容,并可作适当发挥。
3. 不得出现真实姓名和校名。
4. 条理清楚,语句通顺,意思连贯,书写规范。
参考词汇:荔枝lychee;报名sign ones name;幸福农场Happy Farm
NOTICE
June 25th
In order to enrich the life of the residents (居民), the Community Union is going to organize a special activity for next Saturday.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Wish you a wonderful time!
The Community Union
提示:
1. 这是一篇书面通知,要重点写清楚通知的时间、地点及注意事项,最后一个要点需要自己补充,根据提示可使用can,should等情态动词。
2. 时态主要用一般将来时。
3. 重点短语与句型:organize a bus trip to somewhere; have fun doing sth.等。
【参考范文】
NOTICE
June 25th
In order to enrich the life of the residents (居民), the Community Union is going to organize a special activity for next Saturday.
We have organized a bus trip to Happy Farm for foreigners, where we plan to pick lychee. We will gather at the North Gate at 8 a.m. and return at 4:30 p.m. next Saturday. During the trip, we can appreciate natural scenery in the countryside and have fun in farming work. Of course, you can take an umbrella so as not to get sunburnt. Besides, your safety should be taken into consideration.
Sign your name in our office before 6 p.m. next Thursday if you are interested.
Wish you a wonderful time!
The Community Union