共生菌Wolbachia感染对果蝇适合度的影响
2017-03-14齐琳云月利李长春陈建张增焘彭宇
齐琳,云月利,李长春,陈建,张增焘,彭宇
(1.生物资源绿色转化湖北省协同创新中心,湖北大学生命科学学院,湖北 武汉 430062;2.特色果蔬质量安全控制湖北省重点实验室(湖北工程学院),湖北 孝感 432000)
共生菌Wolbachia感染对果蝇适合度的影响
齐琳1,云月利1,李长春2,陈建1,张增焘1,彭宇1
(1.生物资源绿色转化湖北省协同创新中心,湖北大学生命科学学院,湖北 武汉 430062;
2.特色果蔬质量安全控制湖北省重点实验室(湖北工程学院),湖北 孝感 432000)
近年来的研究表明,Wolbachia会对多种昆虫的生殖和生长发育等产生影响,但对于果蝇的适合度影响研究较少.本研究比较黑腹果蝇Drosophilamelanogaster感染和未感染Wolbachia品系在产卵量、孵化率、发育历期、成虫寿命及生命期望值方面的差异.结果显示,Wolbachia感染显著降低了果蝇的产卵量(P<0.000 1)、孵化率(P=0.018)、化蛹率(P<0.000 1)、羽化率(P<0.000 1)和成虫寿命(P<0.000 1),导致幼虫的发育历期延长(P<0.000 1),且卵期和I龄、Ⅱ龄和Ⅲ龄期幼虫生命期望值均降低.感染Wolbachia果蝇品系的相对适合度为0.688,表明Wolbachia感染对果蝇的生长发育和繁殖存在有害的影响.
Wolbachia;果蝇;适合度;生命表
0 引言
Wolbachia是一种胞内共生细菌,它的存活完全依靠寄主细胞提供的营养,在脱离寄主细胞的外环境中仅能存活7 d左右[1-2].Wolbachia感染宿主众多,被认为是共生细菌中丰度最高、分布最广的类群[3-4].Wolbachia在寄生中最集中的地方位于寄主生殖系统细胞的细胞质中,并且也存在于非生殖组织中,在果蝇成虫的头、胸、中肠、马氏管和血淋巴等组织中均存在Wolbachia[5].感染了该类共生菌会引发宿主生殖异常反应,包括胞质不亲和(cytoplasmic incompatibility,CI)[6]、雄性染色体的雌性化[7]、诱导孤雌生殖(parthenogenesis indueing,PI)[8]和杀雄[9]等.同时,Wolbachia还对宿主的代谢活动[10]、寿命[11]和嗅觉反应[12]等存在一定的影响.
Wolbachia可以作为载体使某种特定基因在其宿主种群中得以传播,有目的地改造宿主种群,以增强害虫天敌的生物防治潜能.同时,也可以利用Wolbachia菌株存在的CI、PI、雌性化以及杀雄等作用,可使宿主害虫的寿命缩短,引起害虫提前死亡,使目标害虫在未达到为害的虫期提前死亡,从而达到良好防治效果[13].
本研究比较了黑腹果蝇Drosophilamelanogaster感染和未感染Wolbachia品系在产卵量、孵化率、发育历期、成虫寿命等生物学特性的差异,通过构建感染和未感染Wolbachia果蝇的生命表,研究Wolbachia感染对果蝇适合度的影响,为更好地利用Wolbachia进行害虫生物防治提供理论依据.
1 材料与方法
1.1 供试果蝇及所携带的Wolbachia品系 研究所用果蝇品系为黑腹果蝇Drosophilamelanogaster,其体内共生的Wolbachia品系为Riverside.按照 McGraw等[14]的命名方法, 该果蝇的名称缩写为DmelwRi.去除Wolbachia的果蝇品系, 名称缩写为DsimwRiT.果蝇体内的Wolbachia用四环素处理去除[15], 用PCR方法检测Wolbachia的去除与否[16].为保证完全去除果蝇体内的Wolbachia,要用含有四环素的培养基连续饲养果蝇2代以上,然后用正常饲料常规方法饲养.
1.2Wolbachia感染对果蝇的产卵量及孵化率的影响 将感染和未感染Wolbachia的5日龄果蝇成虫各5只(雌∶雄=3∶2),放入预先盛有一薄层培养基的培养皿中饲养,6 h后,用放大镜计数产卵量.将带有卵的培养皿放入培养箱中(温度:(25±1) ℃;相对湿度:(65±5)%;光照时间:14 h)继续饲养,24 h后观察卵的孵化情况并计算孵化率.共设30次重复.
1.3Wolbachia感染对果蝇生长发育的影响 每12 h观察培养皿中已孵化的感染和未感染Wolbachia幼虫的生长发育状况.待幼虫蜕皮后,将幼虫转入新的培养皿继续饲养,直至所有幼虫化蛹并羽化为成虫.记录各发育阶段幼虫存活数、蜕皮时间、化蛹数及成虫数.测定成虫寿命时,将刚羽化(未交配)的成虫单头放入新的培养管中,在培养箱(培养条件同上)中继续饲养,直到全部死亡,记录存活天数.幼虫和成虫的培养基为常规培养基.参照彭宇等[17]和杨持等[18]的方法构建果蝇实验种群生命表.
1.4 数据统计分析 净增殖力(R0)的计算公式为:R0=N(t+1)/Nt;Nt:种群的起始总个体数;Nt+1:繁衍一代后的种群总个体数.相对适合度为不同果蝇品系的净增殖力之比.数据分析采用SPSS(version 19.0)统计分析软件完成.数据以平均数±标准差(±SD)表示.用独立样本的t-检验比较DmelwRiT品系和DmelwRi品系平均数之间的差异显著性.
2 结果与分析
2.1Wolbachia感染对果蝇的繁殖力以及生长发育的影响 被Wolbachia感染后,果蝇的产卵量极显著降低(P<0.000 1)、同时,卵的孵化率也显著下降(P=0.018)(表1).DmelwRi品系3个龄期的发育历期和总发育历期均极显著地高于DmelwRiT,其化蛹率、羽化率及成虫寿命极显著地低于DmelwRiT(P<0.000 1).表明Wolbachia感染明显降低了果蝇的产卵量、孵化率、化蛹率、羽化率及成虫寿命,延长果蝇的发育历期.
2.2 DmelwRiT品系和DmelwRi 品系生命表的绘制及比较 被Wolbachia感染后,果蝇Ⅰ龄幼虫和Ⅱ龄幼虫的死亡率极显著升高(P<0.000 1),同时,DmelwRi品系的世代存活率也极显著低于未感染品系(P<0.000 1),但Wolbachia感染品系的Ⅲ龄幼虫及蛹的死亡率与未感染品系无显著性差异(P>0.05)(表2).Wolbachia感染果蝇品系的净增殖力为45.24,其相对适合度为0.688.DmelwRi品系各发育阶段的生命期望值与DmelwRiT相比均降低,表明该品系生存处于劣势(表3中).
表1 果蝇DmelwRiT品系和DmelwRi品系的繁殖特征及生长发育比较
表2 果蝇DmelwRiT品系和DmelwRi品系生命表
*,差异显著 (P<0.05);**,差异极显著(P<0.01).
表3 DmelwRiT品系和DmelwRi品系不同发育阶段生命期望值
Lx:各发育阶段全部个体存活个体数平均值;
Tx:各发育阶段存活个体数平均值之和;
ex:各发育阶段存活个体平均生命期望.
3 讨论
本研究表明,DmelwRi和DmelwRiT果蝇品系在产卵量、孵化率、发育历期、化蛹率以及羽化率等均存在显著性差异,主要表现为果蝇被Wolbachia感染后,其生殖力减退,幼虫发育历期延长、死亡率增加、成虫寿命缩短,这与Min和Benzer[19]所报道的Wolbachia感染可以缩短果蝇成虫的寿命研究结果一致.由生命表(表2)可以看出,DmelwRi品系和DmelwRiT品系的净增殖力分别为45.24和65.68,DmelwRi品系相对于DmelwRiT品系的相对生物适合度为0.688,同时DmelwRi品系各发育阶段生命期望值(表3)均下降.以上均说明DmelwRi品系存在生长与繁殖的不利性,感染Wolbachia对黑腹果蝇生长繁殖有负面影响,我们的研究结果与褚栋等[20]报道的相似.
果蝇被Wolbachia感染后,Ⅰ龄幼虫和Ⅱ龄幼虫的死亡率极显著提高,但并未影响Ⅲ龄幼虫及蛹的死亡率,这可能是由于Ⅲ龄期和蛹期果蝇体内的Wolbachia的密度[13]及生理机能相对稳定,因而Wolbachia对果蝇Ⅲ龄期和蛹期的存活影响不大,具体原因有待进行更深入的研究.
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The effects ofWolbachiainfection on the fitness ofDrosophilamelanogaster
QI Lin1,YUN Yueli1,LI Changchun2,CHEN Jian1,ZHANG Zengtao1, PENG Yu1
(1. Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences,
Hubei University, Wuhan 430062,China;2. Hubei Key Laboratory of Quality Control
of Characteristic Fruits and Vegetables(Hubei Engineering University), Xiaogan 432000, China)
Recent studies have indicated thatWolbachiacan affect the reproduction, growth and development of many kinds of insects, but there are few studies of its effect on the fitness ofDrosophilamelanogaster. In the present study, we compared the differences in the fecundity, hatching rate, developmental duration, adult longevity and life expectancy ofD.melanogasterbetween infected and uninfectedWolbachia. The results showed thatWolbachiainfection significantly reduced the oviposition amount (P<0.000 1), hatching rate (P=0.018), pupation rate (P<0.000 1), emergence rate (P<0.000 1) and adult longevity (P<0.000 1) ofD.melanogaster. Meanwhile,Wolbachiainfection could cause the flies to prolong developmental durations (P<0.000 1), and decrease life expectancy in egg, first instar, second instar and third instar larvae. Strain ofD.melanogasterinfectedWolbachiawas calculated to have a fitness value of 0.688 relative to the uninfected one, indicating that there is the harmful effects ofWolbachiainfection on the reproduction and development ofD.melanogaster.
Wolbachia;Drosophilamelanogaster; fitness; life table
2016-09-23
国家自然科学基金(31672317、 31401982)和湖北省科技厅国际合作项目(2014BHE002、 2016AHB003)资助
齐琳(1991-),女,硕士生;彭宇,通信作者,博士,教授,博士生导师,E-mail: pengyu@hubu.edu.cn
1000-2375(2017)02-0195-04
Q969.44
A
10.3969/j.issn.1000-2375.2017.02.017