男性耻骨骨炎23例临床误诊分析
2017-03-07程文龙纪世琪张海建韩志兴刘庆军王建文
程文龙,平 浩,纪世琪,张海建,韩志兴,刘庆军,王建文
·误诊研究:运动系疾病·
男性耻骨骨炎23例临床误诊分析
程文龙,平 浩,纪世琪,张海建,韩志兴,刘庆军,王建文
目的 探讨男性耻骨骨炎(osteitis pubis, OP)的临床特点、误诊原因及防范措施。方法 对2015年2月—2016年9月首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院门诊收治的曾误诊的23例OP的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 本组均为男性,皆以睾丸和腹股沟区疼痛就诊,慢性前列腺炎症状指数(CPSI)评分总体评分(18.13±2.69)分,查体骨盆及耻骨中度触痛17例,重度触痛6例。当耻骨联合上方有触痛时,可诱发同侧睾丸牵涉痛。23例均曾诊断为慢性前列腺炎/慢性盆腔疼痛综合征(chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndromes, CP/CPPS),给予相应治疗6个月以上,症状无明显改善。后通过详细病史采集、仔细查体和综合全面对患者病情进行分析后诊断为OP。给予纠正病因、康复训练和活血散瘀类中药治疗2周后,19例疼痛等症状缓解,随访6个月患者病情无反复;4例疼痛等症状改善不明显,加用非甾体抗炎药治疗2周,症状略缓解,停药后症状反复。结论 男性OP与CP/CPPS临床表现相似,易误诊。临床遇及患者主诉睾丸和腹股沟区疼痛,查体耻骨结节区压痛,并可以诱发睾丸牵涉痛时应考虑OP。纠正病因、康复训练和口服活血散瘀类中药有利于OP病情缓解。
骨炎;耻骨;男性;误诊;前列腺炎
耻骨骨炎(osteitis pubis, OP)是由于耻骨应力损伤导致的一种运动医学常见疾病,临床表现为腹股沟及会阴区慢性疼痛[1-2],与IIIb型慢性前列腺炎,即慢性前列腺炎/慢性盆腔疼痛综合征(chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndromes, CP/CPPS)的临床表现相似,易误诊为CP/CPPS[3]。2015年2月—2016年9月首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院门诊收治主诉睾丸和腹股沟疼痛,查体耻骨结节区域压痛,并可诱发同侧睾丸牵涉痛的男性23例,均曾诊断为CP/CPPS,并进行相应治疗6个月以上,但临床症状无改善,后经详细病史采集、仔细查体及行相关医技检查,综合对患者病情进行分析后诊断为OP,给予纠正病因、康复训练和口服活血散瘀类中药治疗后获得满意效果,现回顾分析其临床资料报告如下。
1 临床资料
1.1 一般资料 本组23例,均为男性;年龄18~45(28.96±7.41)岁。病程6个月~3年。既往身体健康,未合并其他疾病。5例有快速变换方向运动,包括4例足球、篮球爱好者和1例厨师;其余患者均有长期坐位工作史,游戏和棋牌爱好者7例,司机4例,办公室职员4例,美术学生、画家和装修工人各1例,且每天连续坐位2 h以上。
1.2 临床表现 23例皆以睾丸及腹股沟区疼痛就诊。右侧疼痛14例,左侧疼痛6例,双侧疼痛3例。疼痛在坐位时可诱发或加重,平卧或收小腹时缓解;睡前疼痛较重并影响睡眠,晨起症状较轻;寒冷或注意力集中时症状可以加重。23例治疗前均进行慢性前列腺炎症状指数(CPSI)评分,其中疼痛和不适症状评分(12.57±1.75)分,排尿评分(2.09±1.00)分,症状对生活质量影响评分(3.48±0.80)分,总体评分(18.13±2.69)分。骨盆及耻骨查体采用右手食、中和环指按压,中度触痛定义为手指力量在3500 g左右时才能诱发难以忍受的疼痛;重度触痛定义为手指力量在1500 g左右时即可诱发难以忍受的疼痛[4]。本组骨盆及耻骨中度触痛17例,重度触痛6例;触痛分布于耻骨联合右上区(耻骨结节)17例,右下缘3例,左上区9例,左下缘2例,其中双侧4例,上、下均有触痛3例。当耻骨联合上方(耻骨结节处)有触痛时,可诱发同侧睾丸牵涉痛。本组阴囊查体睾丸、附睾无异常,无触痛,不合并精索静脉曲张;直肠指诊提示前列腺大小、质地正常,无触痛,无结节。尿常规和前列腺液检查无异常。11例行骨盆前后位X线检查,2例行骨盆CT检查,均未发现骨折及肿瘤,3例有耻骨联合间隙增宽(>10 mm),4例耻骨缘不规则,余无特异性影像学表现。
1.3 误诊情况 本组均曾诊断为CP/CPPS,18例为外院误诊,5例为本院误诊,其中曾在2家以上医疗机构就诊16例。23例按CP/CPPS进行相应治疗(口服药物、直肠给药、坐浴及尿道内微波治疗等)6个月以上[(19±10)个月],症状无明显改善。
1.4 诊断及治疗 临床上OP诊断主要基于病史和临床表现[5]。本组通过详细病史采集、仔细查体和综合全面对患者病情进行分析后诊断为OP。本组确诊后均给予纠正病因、康复训练和口服活血散瘀类中药治疗。①根据病史和查体情况进行发病机制分析,向患者解释病情及可能发病原因,让患者理解如何减少诱发和加重因素,纠正不正确运动方式或步态,避免久坐,适当收小腹减小下腹张力和避免骨盆前倾。②指导患者进行康复训练和局部手法治疗(按摩和捏拿),改善下腹肌肌力,促进局部血液循环,缓解疼痛症状。增强力量薄弱的下腹肌群训练对于OP的治疗和预防复发具有重要意义,评估腹部和背部肌群的肌力是关键步骤,对不平衡的拮抗肌群有效正确训练是治疗OP的一部分,正确的旋转和偏心训练是OP康复的关键[1,6]。③活血散瘀类中药能有效降低组织水肿,改善局部微循环,抗炎止痛,其中云南白药对炎性物质的释放有抑制作用,且在改善微循环及改变血管通透性等方面都有效果[7]。本组均给予云南白药胶囊0.5 g每日4次口服。
1.5 预后 本组经综合治疗2周后,19例疼痛等症状缓解[CPSI评分:疼痛和不适症状评分(4.65±2.31)分,排尿评分(2.09±0.92)分,症状对生活质量影响评分(1.26±1.28)分,总体评分(7.17±3.85)分],继续服用云南白药胶囊2周后停药,纠正病因及康复训练等治疗方案不变,随访6个月,患者病情无反复;4例疼痛等症状改善不明显(CPSI评分:疼痛和不适症状评分>9分或总体评分>14分),加用非甾体抗炎药治疗2周,症状略缓解,停药后症状反复。
2 讨论
2.1 临床特点 OP是包括耻骨、耻骨联合以及相邻组织的无菌性炎症反应导致的疼痛。其发病与职业相关,足球、曲棍球以及网球等职业,因常具有过度扭曲和快速转体性运动损伤,发病率为5%~13%[8]。OP发病初期表现为股收肌、腹部和耻骨联合区疼痛,查体可发现耻骨上下缘、耻骨联合区触痛,股收肌和腹部肌肉对抗拉力时可诱发疼痛。OP常规X线检查没有特异性表现,诊断意义不大,耻骨联合间隙造影和MRI检查有助于诊断[9-10]。临床上OP保守治疗方法包括休息、非甾体抗炎镇痛药、局部封闭及康复训练等[1,11-16];保守治疗无效时,需手术治疗,包括耻骨联合融合术、关节盘刮除术以及相关肌腱再固定术等,可通过关节镜或开放手术进行[17]。
2.2 诊断与鉴别诊断 OP诊断主要基于病史和临床表现[5]。临床上OP需与CP/CPPS进行鉴别诊断。CP/CPPS是前列腺炎中最常见的类型,占慢性前列腺炎的90%以上[18],表现为长期、反复的骨盆区域疼痛或不适,持续时间超过3个月,可伴有不同程度排尿困难和性功能障碍,严重影响患者生活质量,发病机制和病理学改变目前还不清楚[19]。CP/CPPS缺乏客观性和特异性诊断依据,主要依据临床症状和查体进行诊断,临床上易与OP混淆[18]。OP导致的腹股沟、下腹及耻骨区域疼痛与CP/CPPS相似,但OP临床表现仍具有特殊性,疼痛主要是由于突然或长期慢性牵拉薄弱的拮抗肌产生损伤导致的,可与CP/CPPS相鉴别。腹肌拮抗力减弱会使附着于耻骨的肌肉和筋膜受到损伤。损伤部位包括全部或部分的腹直肌起点、腹横筋膜、联合腱和腹外斜肌腱膜。损伤机制并非是腹直肌的自主收缩,而是由于拮抗肌群的反复过快、过强收缩,对肌力薄弱的腹肌被动牵拉,导致其起点附着处产生了反复微损伤[20-21]。坐位时,下腹部肌肉张力增加,下腹部肌肉受被动牵拉作用而对耻骨联合上缘形成牵拉损伤,疼痛加重。平卧位时,这种被动张力最小,故而疼痛缓解。坐位时通过保持下腹部肌肉适当收缩(收小腹)可以减轻对耻骨联合上缘腱膜的被动牵张因而有助于缓解疼痛。当耻骨结节区疼痛时,多伴有睾丸牵涉痛(睾丸抽搐感),触诊时可诱发,与提睾肌和下腹部肌肉的同源性有关。耻骨下方(股收肌腱附着处)由于收肌腱和耻骨间的牵拉和抗牵拉作用可以造成损伤,其中主要是股长收肌腱对附着于耻骨下方的股薄肌联合腱的牵拉损伤,查体时耻骨下缘收肌联合腱处压痛,与经常性大腿内收有关。本组具有OP临床表现,且符合其发病机制,故可诊断OP。本组骨盆及耻骨中度触痛17例,重度触痛6例;触痛分布于耻骨联合右上区(耻骨结节)17例,右下缘3例,左上区9例,左下缘2例,其中双侧4例,上、下均有触痛3例。
2.3 误诊原因分析 ①对OP缺乏认识:OP作为一种运动医学范畴的慢性疾病,发病与职业有关,与过度扭曲和快速转体性运动损伤相关,临床表现与CP/CPPS相似,多于泌尿外科就诊。CP/CPPS则为泌尿生殖系统疾病,“2014中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南”将前列腺炎定义为一组疾病,并指出CP/CPPS缺乏客观性和特异性诊断依据,主要依据临床症状和体征进行诊断,导致骨盆区域疼痛的疾病易误诊为CP/CPPS[18]。但指南中没有明确列出应着重鉴别的疾病,加之OP并不为泌尿外科医生所熟悉,故易误诊。②OP与CP/CPPS临床表现相似:OP最初临床表现为股收肌、腹部和耻骨联合区疼痛;而CP/CPPS则为长期、反复的骨盆区域疼痛或不适,持续时间超过3个月。OP的疼痛部位包含在CP/CPPS的疼痛范围之内,容易导致误诊。③患者就诊科室不当:OP为运动创伤引起的耻骨、耻骨联合以及相邻组织的无菌性炎症。临床上OP患者首次多因睾丸和腹股沟疼痛就诊,其病变虽然不在睾丸,而疼痛却放射到睾丸,故常首先就诊于泌尿外科,而泌尿外科医生往往不会将OP与CP/CPPS进行鉴别,亦易造成误诊。④病史采集及查体不细致:OP的病因和临床表现有其独特之处,但是若接诊医师没有详细采集病史和仔细查体,加之临床经验不足,就无法将其与CP/CPPS鉴别开来。⑤缺乏分析总结:本组就诊初期接诊医生将患者主诉的OP疼痛部位误认为骨盆区域疼痛,从而误诊成CP/CPPS,当按CP/CPPS治疗效果不理想时[18],又未能认真对患者病情进行总结分析,认为疗效差是理所当然的事,放弃进一步的分析鉴别,从而导致误诊误治。⑥缺乏特异性诊断措施:OP常规X线检查无特异性表现,诊断意义不大。MRI或耻骨联合间隙造影检查虽然有助于OP诊断[9-10],但由于MRI或耻骨联合间隙造影检查成本较高或具有损伤性,临床在类似本文患者中很少应用。
2.4 防范误诊措施 通过对本文病例误诊原因进行分析,我们认为以下措施有助于防范OP误诊误治:①临床医生应增加对OP了解,加强OP与CP/CPPS的鉴别诊断。②临床遇及类似本文患者要详细病史采集、仔细查体,以得到充分的临床信息,并对患者病情进行综合分析,查找病因、阐明发病机制,从而将OP与CP/CPPS鉴别开来。③对类似本文患者当按CP/CPPS治疗临床效果不理想时,要认真分析总结,查找深层次不愈因素,还可借助影像学检查,如MRI或耻骨联合间隙造影检查等进行鉴别,必要时请骨科、运动创伤医学科医师会诊协助诊断和治疗。
总之,男性OP与CP/CPPS临床表现相似,易误诊,但OP有特定的发病机制,可以通过详细病史采集、仔细查体得到诊断。临床遇及患者主诉睾丸和腹股沟区疼痛,查体耻骨结节区压痛,并可以诱发睾丸牵涉痛时应考虑OP。纠正病因、康复训练和口服活血散瘀类中药有利于OP病情缓解。另外,需注意的是,由于MRI或耻骨联合间隙造影检查成本较高或具有损伤性,本研究中缺乏相关数据,故本组治疗前后客观评估依据有限,需要进一步研究加以补充。
[1] Sayed Mohammad W, Ragaa Abdelraouf O, Abdel aziem A A. Concentric and eccentric strength of trunk muscles in osteitis pubis soccer players[J].J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil, 2014,27(2):147-152.
[2] Weir A, Brukner P, Delahunt E,etal. Doha agreement meeting on terminology and definitions in groin pain in athletes[J].Br J Sports Med, 2015,49(12):768-774.
[3] Nickel J C. Lower urinary tract symptoms associated with prostatitis[J].Can Urol Assoc J, 2012,6(5):133-135.
[4] Berger R E, Ciol M A, Rothman I,etal. Pelvic tenderness is not limited to the prostate in chronic prostatitis/ chronic pelvic pain syndrome (cpps) type iiia and iiib: comparison of men with and without cp/cpps[J].BMC Urol, 2007,7(7):17.
[5] Paajanen H, Hermunen H, Karonen J. Pubic magnetic resonance imaging findings in surgically and conservatively treated athletes with osteitis pubis compared to asymptomatic athletes during heavy training[J].Am J Sports Med, 2008,36(1):117-121.
[6] Quinn A. Hip and groin pain:physiotherapy and rehabilitation issues[J].The Open Sports Medicine J, 2010,4:93-107.
[7] 王婷安,禹正杨.云南白药临床应用新进展[J].现代医药卫生,2012,28(9):1358-1359.
[8] Ekstrand J, Ringborg S. Surgery versus conservative treatment in soccer players with chronic groin pain:a prospective randomized study in soccer players[J].Eur J Sports Traumatol, 2001,23(4):141-145.
[9] Daigeler A, Belyaev O, Pennekamp W H,etal. MRI findings do not correlate with outcome in athletes with chronic groin pain[J].J Sports Sci Med, 2007,6(1):71-76.
[10]Brennan D, O'Connell M J, Ryan M,etal. Secondary cleft sign as a marker of injury in athletes with groin pain: mr image appearance and interpretation[J].Radiology, 2005,235(1):162-167.
[11]Holmich P, Uhrskou P, Ulnits L,etal. Effectiveness of active physical training as treatment for long-standing adductor-related groin pain in athletes: randomised trial[J].Lancet, 1999,353(9151):439-443.
[12]Choi H, Mc Cartney M, Best T M. Treatment of osteitis pubis and osteomyelitis of the pubic symphysis in athletes: a systematic review[J].Br J Sports Med, 2011,45(1):57-64.
[13]Cunningham P M, Brennan D, O'Connell M,etal. Patterns of bone and soft-tissue injury at the symphysis pubis in soccer players: observations at MRI[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2007,188(3):291-216.
[14]Kavroudakis E, Karampinas P K, Evangelopoulos D S,etal. Treatment of osteitis pubis in non-athlete female patients[J].Open Orthop J, 2011,5:331-334.
[15]Tyler T F, Nicholas S J, Campbell R J,etal. The effectiveness of a preseason exercise program to prevent adductor muscle strains in professional ice hockey players[J].Am J Sports Med, 2002,30(5):680-683.
[16]Garvey J F, Hazard H. Sports hernia or groin disruption injury? Chronic athletic groin pain: a retrospective study of 100 patients with long-term follow-up[J].Hernia, 2014,18(6):815-823.
[17]Hopp S J, Culemann U, Kelm J,etal. Osteitis pubis and adductor tendinopathy in athletes: a novel arthroscopic pubic symphysis curettage and adductor reattachment[J].Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2013,133(7):1003-1009.
[18]那彦群,叶章群,孙颖浩,等.中国泌尿外科疾病诊断治疗指南手册[M].2014版.北京:人民卫生出版社,2014:435-454.
[19]Zhang R, Sutcliffe S, Giovannucci E,etal. Lifestyle and risk of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome in a cohort of united states male health professionals[J].J Urol, 2015,194(5):1295-1300.
[20]Meeuwisse W H. Assessing causation in sport injury: A multifactorial model[J].Clin J Sport Med, 1994,4:166-170.
[21]Pizzari T, Coburn P T, Crow J F. Prevention and management of osteitis pubis in the australian football league: a qualitative analysis[J].Phys Ther Sport, 2008,9(3):117-125.
Misdiagnosis Analysis of 23 Males with Osteitis Pubis
CHENG Wen-long1, PING Hao2, JI Shi-qi1, ZHANG Hai-jian1, HAN Zhi-xing1, LIU Qing-jun1, WANG Jian-wen2
(1. Department of Urology, Beijing Ditan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; 2. Department of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100014, China)
Objective To investigate clinical characteristics, misdiagnosed causes and preventative measures of males with osteitis pubis (OP). Methods Clinical data of 23 male misdiagnosed patients with OP admitted during February 2015 and September 2016 was retrospectively analyzed. Results All patients visited doctors for testicular and inguinal pains. The total score of chronic prostatitis symptom index (CPSI) was 18.13 ± 2.69, and physical examination showed 17 patients with medium pain and 16 patients with severe pain in pelvis and pubis. Homopleural testis was induced referred pain when above area of pubic symphysis had tenderness. All patients had been diagnosed as having chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndromes (CP/CPPS), but patients' symptoms did not be improved after corresponding treatment for more than six months. OP was confirmed after detailed history collection, carefully physical examinations and compositive conditions analysis, and they were diagnosed as osteitis pubis clinically. After treatments of correcting etiology, rehabilitation training and oral administration of activating blood flow and removing blood stasis for two weeks, symptoms were relieved in 19 patients. With 6 months of follow-up, no recurrence was found in patients; 4 patients' symptoms such as pains were not obviously improved, and antiinflammatory agents were given for two weeks, and the symptoms were slightly improved, but the symptoms were relapsed after withdrawal. Conclusion Clinical symptoms of male OP and CP/CPPS are similar, and it is easily be misdiagnosed. Clinicians should suspect OP for patients have testicular and inguinal pains and tenderness in pubic tubercle area, and it can induce testicular referred pain. Correcting etiology, rehabilitation training and oral activating blood flow and removing blood stasis of traditional Chinese medicine is conducive to improving symptoms.
Osteitis; Pubic bone; Male; Misdiagnosis; Prostatitis
北京市优秀人才基金(3101-03-36-10)
100015 北京,首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院泌尿外科(程文龙、纪世琪、张海建、韩志兴、刘庆军);100014 北京,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院泌尿外科(平浩、王建文)
R681.2
A
1002-3429(2017)08-0024-04
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.08.008
2017-05-04 修回时间:2017-06-03)