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临床较少见的真性糖尿病性白内障一例报告

2017-03-06崔光淑郭启煜黄金华

临床误诊误治 2017年12期
关键词:真性视物晶状体

张 凌,崔光淑,郭启煜,黄金华

临床较少见的真性糖尿病性白内障一例报告

张 凌,崔光淑,郭启煜,黄金华

目的探讨真性糖尿病性白内障的临床特点。方法对我院收治的1例真性糖尿病性白内障的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并复习相关文献。结果本例因视物模糊1个月,尿酮阳性1 d入院。初步诊断为双眼白内障,后发现血糖升高,遂到我院就诊。查随机血糖29.87 mmol/L;尿糖(++++),尿酮(++);糖化血红蛋白13.0%;空腹、口服葡萄糖后1 h、2 h及3 h C肽分别为0.19 nmol/L、0.26 nmol/L、0.32 nmol/L、0.45 nmol/L。诊断为双眼真性糖尿病性白内障,予降糖、补液等治疗,后于外院行双眼白内障摘除术+人工晶状体植入术,术后视力恢复良好。随访1年,患者血糖控制良好,视力恢复正常。结论接诊年轻且病情进展较快的白内障患者,要考虑到真性糖尿病性白内障的可能,常规监测血糖,早期明确诊断,尽早予有效治疗,以改善预后。

白内障;糖尿病,2型;糖尿病视网膜病变

1 病例资料

女,28岁。因视物模糊1个月,尿酮阳性1 d入院。1个月前无明显诱因出现视物模糊,并逐渐加重,曾就诊外院,诊断为双眼白内障,拟行手术治疗,术前常规检查发现空腹血糖20.69 mmol/L,同时伴口干症状,无多饮、多尿,近期体重无明显下降,为进一步诊治到我院就诊。查随机血糖>33.3 mmol/L,尿酮(+),遂以糖尿病酮症收入院。既往体健,近2年有大量进食含糖饮料史,1年前常规体检排除糖尿病及白内障,有糖尿病家族史。查体:体温36.5℃,脉搏88/min,呼吸19/min,血压120/80 mmHg。身高162 cm,体重75 kg,体重指数28.6 kg/m2。意识清楚,心肺腹检查未见异常,双侧足背动脉搏动正常,10 g弹力丝试验阴性。视力粗测:左眼4.3,右眼4.5。查随机血糖29.87 mmol/L;尿糖(++++),尿酮(++);血钠133 mmol/L,钾4.3 mmol/L;糖化血红蛋白13.0%;总胆固醇7.83 mmol/L,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇5.55 mmol/L,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇及甘油三酯正常;肝肾功能、血尿酸、血常规、便常规及24 h尿微量白蛋白定量均正常;C肽释放试验示:空腹、口服葡萄糖后1 h、2 h及3 h C肽分别为0.19 nmol/L、0.26 nmol/L、0.32 nmol/L、0.45 nmol/L;胰岛素抗体、胰岛细胞抗体及谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体均阴性;血气分析未见异常。颈椎动脉彩色多普勒超声(彩超)示:左侧颈总动脉分叉处可见软斑块,右侧颈内动脉起始段内、中膜局部增厚;双侧椎动脉未见明显异常。请眼科会诊,行裂隙灯检查示:双眼白内障(成熟期),建议控制血糖后予手术治疗。双下肢动脉彩超示:左侧股总动脉局部内、中膜增厚。心电图、X线胸片均未见异常。

诊断:①2型糖尿病;②糖尿病酮症;③双眼真性糖尿病性白内障;④高胆固醇血症。明确诊断后经积极补液、小剂量胰岛素抑酮治疗,酮体转阴后予胰岛素强化联合二甲双胍、吡格列酮降糖治疗,待血糖控制良好,到外院行双眼白内障摘除术+人工晶状体植入术。术后视力恢复良好,继续予二甲双胍联合吡格列酮控制血糖。随访1年,患者血糖控制良好,视力恢复正常,复查C肽释放试验示:空腹、口服葡萄糖后1 h、2 h及3 h C肽分别为0.6 nmol/L、3.1 nmol/L、3.5 nmol/L、1.7 nmol/L。

2 讨论

2.1疾病概况 糖尿病性白内障已成为仅次于糖尿病视网膜病变的第二大糖尿病眼部疾病,是致盲的主要原因[1]。糖尿病性白内障分为真性糖尿病性白内障和与糖尿病患者年龄相关性白内障,前者极为罕见。自1998年以来,国内仅报道5例真性糖尿病性白内障,视物模糊3个月~3年,均为1型糖尿病,其中4例为青年女性,1例为儿童[2-6]。本例为2型糖尿病患者,从轻微视物模糊到白内障成熟仅1个月。真性糖尿病性白内障晶状体呈雪花状改变,多见于30岁以下、病情严重的1型糖尿病患者,常双眼同时发病,病情进展迅速,晶状体可在数天、数周或数月内完全浑浊,视力明显下降,且病情进展与血糖水平明显相关,随着血糖的控制,病情得以延缓或停止,甚至逆转。与糖尿病患者年龄相关性白内障为老年性白内障与真性糖尿病性白内障并存,可单眼发病,较无糖尿病的老年性白内障患者平均年龄小、病情进展快,发病率为非糖尿病患者的3~10倍。

2.2发病机制 目前糖尿病性白内障的发病机制尚未完全清楚,可能与多元醇代谢异常、非酶糖基化、氧化应激等有关。醛糖还原酶(aldose reductase, AR)路径是葡萄糖的补充代谢通路,机体处于高糖状态下可激活AR,导致山梨醇大量积聚[7-9],形成细胞内高渗状态,引发细胞内渗透压升高,大量水分通过渗透梯度进入细胞内,引起晶状体水肿、混浊。Oishi等[10]发现,部分1型糖尿病患者急性白内障形成和发展的基础是AR受体介导的多元醇积聚导致广泛晶状体纤维肿胀。非酶糖基化学说主要指在高糖环境中游离氨基与糖分子的醛基经复杂的分子重排,形成不可逆的晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs),干扰细胞代谢,使水通过渗透压作用进入细胞内,致晶状体内水分增多[11],同时还可引发炎症反应及血管舒缩功能障碍,导致血管管腔狭窄。有研究表明,氧化自由基损伤能使晶状体蛋白的结构发生改变,是白内障发病的触发因素[12]。

2.3药物治疗 ①醛糖还原酶抑制剂(ARIs):AR作为多元醇通路的限速酶,通过抑制其活性阻止糖尿病性白内障的发生、发展。依帕司他、托瑞司他、索比尼尔、GP-1447、Zopolrestant等均曾应用于糖尿病性白内障的治疗,因多种药物有效性差或有严重的不良反应,目前临床常应用依帕司他[13]。②抗氧化剂:在正常的人类晶状体中,牛磺酸占游离氨基酸的50%以上。随白内障病程的发展,晶状体中牛磺酸含量逐渐降低。补充牛磺酸不仅可使白内障的发生时间推迟,还可减轻晶状体混浊程度,抑制上皮细胞凋亡,可能成为临床防治糖尿病性白内障的一种理想药物[14]。此外,大量实验证实[15-17],阿司匹林、氨基胍、赖氨酸及必需氨基酸、丙酮酸等在治疗糖尿病性白内障方面亦有广阔前景。

2.4手术治疗 药物治疗主要维持晶状体营养状态、延缓晶状体衰老及纠正代谢障碍,但单纯药物治疗不能使晶状体恢复透明,只有手术才是重见光明的有效方法[18]。目前小切口微创白内障囊外摘除术具有切口小、手术费用低、成本小等特点,在发展中国家和经济较落后地区广泛应用,特别是对Ⅳ级以上硬核、老年人角膜内皮功能欠佳患者较超声乳化手术更为安全[19]。超声乳化手术是发达国家治疗糖尿病性白内障的标准术式,特别适用于软核(Ⅳ级核及以下)糖尿病性白内障。飞秒激光辅助白内障手术是最新的白内障微创术式,但费用高。然而,任何手术均需术前有效地控制血糖,术后定期检查,减少糖尿病视网膜病变的发生、发展。

真性糖尿病性白内障因早期极易漏诊而错过最佳治疗时机。本例以视物模糊为首发症状,在白内障诊断明确考虑手术治疗前进行常规检查才明确糖尿病诊断。提示接诊年轻白内障且病情进展较快的患者时,除考虑眼科常见病外,要想到糖尿病性白内障的可能,常规监测血糖,早期明确诊断,尽早予有效治疗,以改善预后。

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RareTrueDiabeticCataractaCaseReport

ZHANG Ling1, CUI Guang-shu1, GUO Qi-yu2, HUANG Jin-hua1
(1. Department of Endocrinolog, Zhongguancun Hospital of Beijing, Beijing 100190, China; 2. Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital of PLA Navy, Beijing 100048, China)

ObjectiveTo investigate clinical characteristics of true diabetic cataract.MethodsClinical data of 1 patient with true diabetic cataract was retrospectively analyzed, and the related literature was reviewed.ResultsThe patient was admitted for blurred vision for 1 month and positive urine acetone body for 1 d. The patien's result was normal by medical examination 1 year ago, and primary diagnosis was binocular cataract, and then elevated blood sugar was found, so the patient was transferred to our hospital. Examinations showed that random blood sugar was 29.87 mmol/L, urine sugar (++++),urine acetone body (++) and 13% glycosylated hemoglobin. Values of C peptides in fasting, 1 h, 2 h and 3 h after taking glucose orally were 0.19 nmol/L, 0.26 nmol/L, 0.32 nmol/L and 0.45 nmol/L respectively. The true diabetic cataract was confirmed. After treatments such as hypoglycemic and fluid replacement, binocular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation were performed in other hospital, and postoperative visual acuity recovered well. With follow-up for 1 year, the patient's blood sugar was controlled well, and vision returned to normal.ConclusionYoung cataract patients have rapid conditions development, clinicians should take into account the possibility of true diabetic cataracts, and routine monitoring of blood sugar should be given to confirm the diagnosis early in order to give effective treatment as early as possible and improve prognosis.

Cataract; Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Diabetic retinopathy

100190 北京,北京市中关村医院内分泌科(张凌、崔光淑、黄金华);100048 北京,解放军海军总医院内分泌科(郭启煜)

R776.1

A

1002-3429(2017)12-0034-03

10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.12.015

2017-08-22 修回时间:2017-09-30)

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