以教材为根本,发展多元技能
——高考英语第一轮备考方式例谈
2017-02-17重庆
重庆 应 斌
以教材为根本,发展多元技能
——高考英语第一轮备考方式例谈
重庆 应 斌
众所周知,高考英语第一轮备考主要以教材内容为依托,需要深入挖掘教材中的语言知识,夯实语言基础,完善已有的知识架构。但笔者发现在第一轮备考中纯粹的知识点二次讲解和单一的习题巩固收效甚微。结合多年教学实践和研究,笔者认为在第一轮备考中,应该立足于教材语篇,建构教材知识点与高考各题型之间的关系,强调知识点的运用,培养考生的多元技能。笔者以外研版高中英语教材选修六模块五Cloning(以下简称“Cloning”)的一轮备考为例,探讨如何以教材为根本,发展多元技能。
一、科学编制知识点学案,明确板块内容和功能
1.词形变换
该板块主要针对高考中的语法填空和短文改错,提升学生灵活变换词形的能力。需要进行词性变换的单词源自于本单元的单词表,教师对这些单词还需进一步筛选。非考纲要求的单词和出现频率较低的单词都不应纳入该板块。该板块供学生预习完成。
【例】
(1)___________n.感情;情绪→___________adj.情感的;有感染力的;情绪激动的
(2)____________adj.有益的→_______________n.益处 v.对……有益
(3)____________adj.有争议的→________________n.争议
(4)_____________adj.可选择的→___________n.选择;选项
2.教材短语查找
该板块主要用于复习教材中出现的重点短语,针对语法填空、短文改错和书面表达三个题型,促进学生短语积累。以教材语篇为依托的短语不仅有助于学生识记理解,更为学生提供了该短语使用的语境。该板块供学生预习完成。学生通过阅读教材查找短语,既复习了短语,又回顾了教材内容。
【例】
(1)对……有好处___________________
(2)换言之__________________________
(3)相反____________________________
(4)把……和……比较________________
(5)与……相同______________________
(6)处于……的压力__________________
3.主要知识点回顾
该板块主要用于复习教材中出现的主要知识点,针对高考中的所有题型。一轮备考中的知识点复习并不是简单地重复以往所学。教师需要根据知识点在历年真题和模拟题中的出现频率以及它的“实用”程度进行二次梳理和筛选。值得注意的是,教师需针对每个知识点编写例句并进行有效挖空,让学生根据中文释义填写,切勿全部照搬词典或教辅书上的原句。编写的例句要尽可能为某个话题的书面表达所用,或者能够体现一定的价值观,以启发学生思考。在复习时,教师务必提醒学生在何种话题下套用该例句。该板块在师生课堂互动中完成。以Cloning中contrast和bene ficial这两个词为例。
【例】
(1)But these thingscontrastedhorriblywithhis yellow eyes, his wrinkled yellow skin and black lips.
contrast
1)v.____________
①His actions___________________________________(与……形成鲜明对比) his promises.
② It’s interesting tocontrastwinter in Chongqingwiththat in Harbin.( )
2)n.___________
make a strong/sharp/striking contrast with ..._______________________________________________________
①A family are having a Christmas feast in the warm house, ________________________________(和……形成鲜明对比) the girl selling candles on the snowy day.
②According to the recent _________________________(对……的研究) learning approaches of students, those who score high are able to set priorities, but, __________________(相比之下), those who score low fail to arrange their time properly.
③_______________________(和……相比) other students, he ___________________________________________________(对学习持一种积极的态度).
(2)Cloning will bebeneficialto humans.
bene ficial adj.____________= be___________________
Exercise__________________, ____________________.( 锻炼对健康极为有益,因为它有助于你的睡眠,让你从白天的忧虑中解脱出来。)
4.单元短语总结
该板块将教材短语查找和主要知识点回顾中的短语进行总结和复习,进一步巩固学生积累的短语。教师可以提供中文释义,让学生写出相应短语,也可以提供英文短语,让学生写出对应的中文释义。供学生课下复习之用。
【例】
(1)contrast...with...
(2)be bene ficial to=be of great bene fit to...
(3)on the contrary
(4)in other words
(5)be identical to...
(6)under...pressure
(7)be contradictory to...
(8)as far as we know
(9)compare...with...
(10)chase after one’s dream
(11)make a strong/sharp/striking contrast with...
(12)be absorbed in=absorb oneself in...
(13)arise from.../out of...= result from...
二、有效编写基础练习题,夯实基础知识点
脱离语境的单词、短语以及知识点不利于学生理解。单纯的背诵也无助于培养学生的语言运用能力。此外,现行高考试题中的每一个题型都有语境的支持。因此,教师务必在一定的语境下来夯实学生已复习的基础知识点。教师可以根据知识点学案中的已复习的内容编写基础练习题。题型包含单句填空和单句改错。单句填空和单句改错的考点尽量不重复。基础练习题着重考查本单元的知识点,也可以适当涉及其他单元的知识点以及常见的语法考点。该部分供学生巩固之用。
【例】
1.单句填空
(1)A good diet, together with some physical exercises,______(be) very __________(bene fit) to your health.
(2)He _________(breath) with difficulty after a longtime running.
(3)The little girl stood there, not knowing what to do,_________(terrify) by what she had seen.
(4)It wasn’t a good thing; ___________ the contrary,it was a huge mistake.
(5)He lowered his head, completely __________(absorb) in mobile games.
(6)A clone is an organism _________ is genetically identical _________ another one.
(7)Ann suffered from _____________(depress) and a number of other __________(emotion) problems.
(8)When _________(contrast) with their new system,ours seems very old-fashioned.
(9)Our school has provided us with a variety of______________(option) courses which cover a wide range of topics.
(10)All of a sudden, Jack _____________(arise) from his seat as if ____________(say) something.
【例】
2.单句改错
(1)It was on a cold November night when I saw my creation for the first time.
(2)A tropical storm hit the island, knocked out the power supply.
(3)The little boy lay on the ground, shaking in fear.
(4)Cloning is dangerous because scientists may create monsters by mistakes.
(5)If I were the head of the government, I would allow the cloning of human beings.
(6)What is widely agreed that regular exercise contributes to good health.
(7)Though lacked money, his parents managed to send him to university.
(8)It is sure that time and tide wait for no man, so cherish every minute you have.
三、强调学以致用,提高学生写作微技能
英语教学的最终目标是提升学生的英语综合运用能力。在完成基础练习之后,教师可以编写汉译英翻译练习,提高学生的写作微技能。值得注意的是,教师应围绕某个话题编写汉语句子,同时尽可能地将本单元复习的知识点糅合进去。这样,学生不仅在语境中运用了已复习的知识点,而且积累了某一话题下的写作素材。教师在分析时,应该提示学生在何种话题下可以使用这些句子。同时规定对部分句子进行背诵默写。该部分针对高考中的书面表达题。
【例】
1.你想要被当作别人的朋友对待,反之亦然。
2.人们普遍认为记单词对外语学习很有好处。
3.我抵制克隆的原因陈述如下。
4.他沉迷于打手游,与正在努力解数学题的同桌形成鲜明对比。
5.这位作者的书引发了关于人权的公众争议,她试图打破人们对女性的偏见(prejudices)。
四、紧扣单元话题,培养学生的书面表达能力
基础练习题和汉译英翻译属于控制性或半控制性练习。在这两个板块中学生对于语言的运用是受到一定限制的。教材的每一个单元都是围绕某一个话题展开的,因此,笔者在每个单元复习结束之后会根据单元话题,编写书面表达题。学生根据题目要求,运用已复习的词汇、短语和知识点进行写作。以Cloning为例,笔者编写了以下书面表达题。该板块包含原题呈现、构思细化和模板提供三个部分。其中,写作模板在学生写作评讲时才提供。同时,要求学生进行积累背诵。
【例】
1.原题呈现
在一次英语课上,你班同学讨论了克隆的利与弊。请你根据以下信息写一篇短文,介绍讨论情况。内容如下:
(1)35%的同学赞同,赞同的原因……
(2) 65%的同学反对,反对的原因……
(3)你的看法……
注意:
(1)可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;
(2)词数100左右;书写美观,卷面整洁;
(3)使用高级词汇短语;在恰当的段落,使用恰当的语法结构合并要点。建议使用以下句型:
复合句:定语从句、宾语从句等;
非谓语动词和with的复合结构;
特殊句型:强调句、倒装句、“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”。
2.构思呈现
(1)审题
题材:_____________ 体裁:____________
时态:_____________ 人称:_____________
(2)要点:共_______个要点(请在题目中用数字标出)
(3)谋篇:采用三段式
开头:____________________________________
主体:____________________________________
赞成的原因___________________________________________________________________________________
反对的原因___________________________________________________________________________________
结尾:________________________________________
(4)初稿:提炼要点,连词成句,连句成篇;注意过渡词和长短句结合。
3.模板提供
开头:
(1)Recently, our class has had a heated/lively discussion about whether...Opinions are divided on the issue./Opinions on this issue vary from person to person./Students hold different attitudes towards the idea.
(2)There is a widespread concern over the issue whether...But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person.
主体:
(1)About 60% of us approve of..., stating that the benefits outweigh the drawbacks.To start with, 原因一.Additionally/In addition, 原因二.However, the rest take a quite different stand, arguing /claiming/reckoning that its negative influences should not be neglected/overlooked/ignored.For one thing, 原因一.For another, 原因二.
(2)The majority of people are in favor of...with their own reasons.Above all, 原因一 .Moreover/Furthermore, 原因二.However, others object to it, perceiving(意识到) /asserting(声称) /deeming(认为)that its disadvantages far outweigh its advantages.First of all, 原因一.Besides, 原因二.
结尾:
(1)As far as I am concerned/From my perspective,everything has its strengths and weaknesses.But I am firmly convinced that its disadvantages far outweigh its advantages.
(2)From my point of view/From where I stand,every coin has two sides.It is...but not...that matters/counts.Only if we can make wise use of...will...serve us well and bring us a lot of benefits.
笔者以外研版高中英语教材选修六模块五Cloning的一轮备考为例,详细地阐释了整个单元的复习流程和内容。每一个板块的设计都将教材知识与高考题型构建关系,强调在语境中运用已复习的单词、短语和知识点。知识点学案中的例句、汉译英练习以及话题作文都强调“话题”,帮助学生积累相应的语言素材,真正地做到立足教材,提升学生的多元技能。
重庆市西南大学附属中学)