巧用语言结构，写作脱颖而出

湖南 田建波 黄革辉

巧用语言结构，写作脱颖而出

湖南 田建波 黄革辉

高考英语《考试说明》中，书面表达评分标准第五档中要求“尽力使用较复杂结构”。这表明，高考书面表达在语言的综合运用能力方面提出了更高的要求，复合句和高级句式的使用已经成了高考书面表达评分的重要标准。句式单一、平庸的表达、缺乏生气的文章，不可能得高分。同时，阅卷老师在读一篇文章时往往在较短时间内判定其优劣，独特的表达能淋漓尽致地体现考生深厚的语言功底，让阅卷老师眼前一亮。现结合作者多年高三英语教学及高考阅卷的经验，将书面表达高分策略总结如下，让考生的作文快速跨上第五档（最高分）。

一、巧用复合句式，提升文章档次

在书面表达中，阅卷老师喜欢看到的高级语法结构主要有六种：非谓语结构、倒装、复合句、with复合结构、强调、虚拟语气。其中对复合句情有独钟，它能让表达清晰完整。复合句包括定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句。考生仅会用基本的句型不能体现出较强的语言运用能力，即使表达无错误，也不能得高分；相反，如果考生使用了“较复杂结构”，即使“有些许错误”，作文也不会处于较低的档次。例如以下几种复杂结构的运用：

1. I have written my application letter and my resume，which are enclosed in the attachment. （定语从句）

2. I wonder if you can write an article about it. （宾语从句）

3. The end result is that we feel like we can’t focus or that we’re focused on the wrong things .（表语从句）

4. What he says（主语从句）suggests that he cares little about others’ pain or trouble（宾语从句），even if they’re his friends．（状语从句）

5. As is known to all（定语从句），nowadays pollution causes a lot of problems.

二、巧用非谓语结构，增加得分亮点

在书面表达中，阅卷老师喜欢看到的六种高级语法结构中特别青睐非谓语结构。非谓语动词有三种形式：动词的现在分词，动词的过去分词和动词不定式。写作中最好用现在分词作结果状语、原因状语或时间状语，过去分词作原因状语、条件状语或时间状语，动词不定式作结果状语。它们能使句式高级，也更加地道，体现考生的逻辑思维能力和知识综合运用能力，反映考生驾驭语言的水平。请仔细体会下面利用非谓语结构的句子。

1. My car was caught in a traffic jam，so it caused the delay.

→My car was caught in a traffic jam，causing the delay.（现在分词短语作结果状语）

2. Nature has provided Shangri-La with endless natural treasures，which makes the land a happy home for the local people.

→Nature has provided Shangri-La with endless natural treasures，making the land a happy home for the local people.（现在分词短语作结果状语）

3. Because you have finished the work，you are free to do what you like.

→Having finished the work，you are free to do what you like.（现在分词短语作原因状语）

4. When she arrived at the village，she saw several tractors working in the filed.

→ Arriving at the village，she saw several tractors working in the field. （现在分词短语作时间状语）

5. If you work hard，you will succeed.

→Working hard，you will succeed.（现在分词短语作条件状语）

6. If weather permits，they will start at 6 tomorrow morning.

→Weather permitting，they will start at 6 tomorrow morning.（独立主格结构）

7. My wife，who has been abroad recently，hopes to see you soon.

→My wife，having been abroad recently，hopes to see you soon.（现在分词短语作定语）

8. Though his parents were lacking money，his parents managed to send him to university.

→Lacking money，his parents managed to send him to university.（现在分词短语作让步状语）

9. As they talked a laugh，they went back to their school.

→Talking a laughing，they went back to their school.（现在分词短语作方式状语）

10. Because we had failed to reach them on the phone，we sent an email instead.

→Having failed to reach them on the phone，we sent an email instead. （过去分词短语作原因状语）

11. When he was asked for his views about his teaching job，Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.

→Asked for his views about his teaching job，Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding.（过去分词短语作时间状语）

12. Because many farmers are encouraged by the advances in technology，they have set up wind farms on their land.

→Encouraged by the advances in technology，they have set up wind farms on their land. （过去分词短语作原因状语）

13. Although he was beaten by the enemy，he refused to let out the secret.

→Beaten by the enemy，he refused to let out the secret.（过去分词短语作让步状语）

14. As they are armed with knives，the peasants rushed into the landlord’s house.

→Armed with knives，the peasants rushed into the landlord’s house. （过去分词短语作方式状语）

15. Anyone，once who is tested positive for H7N9 flu virus，will receive free medical treatment from our government.

→Anyone，once tested positive for H7N9 flu virus，will receive free medical treatment from our government.（过去分词短语作定语）

16. Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only to find it didn’t fit. （动词不定式作结果状语）

17. We are sorry to hear that.（动词不定式作原因状语）

综上所述，时间状语从句、原因状语从句、条件状语从句等几乎所有的状语从句都可以变成独立主格结构或分词结构。在平时写作训练时先写好状语从句，同时应注意主句的主语和从句的主语要保持一致，然后再按下列步骤进行。如何把状语从句变成独立主格结构或分词结构呢？请按照下面的步骤：

第一步，去掉连词。

第二步，看主从句的主语。若主从句主语不一致，就把从句改成独立主格结构；若主从句主语一致，就把从句改为分词结构。

第三步，改分词。把从句的谓语改为分词。现在分词doing表主动，过去分词done表被动或完成。

这样一改，句子马上就成为文章的亮点。

三、妙用倒装句，活用句式变化

在书面表达中，阅卷老师喜欢看到倒装这种高级语法结构。倒装是一种最简单易行的使句子呈现亮点的方法，它能使文章内容突出、富有节奏。在高中阶段，我们掌握倒装的五种形式可以更好地应对书面表达，在写作中建议使用“only+状语”开头的倒装句，so...that句式中so开头的部分倒装句，as引导的让步状语从句，或表示地点的介词短语位于句首的倒装句。例如：

1. As soon as he finished his studies，he started travelling in China.

→Hardly had he finished his studies when he started travelling in China.

→No sooner had he finished his studies than he started travelling in China.

2. The teacher spoke so fast that I couldn’t follow him.

→So fast did the teacher speak that I couldn’t follow him.

3. Two towns lie to the east of the lake.

→To the east of the lake lie two towns.

4. As the night air was hot，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

→Hot as the night air was，we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

5. I can better my English only in this way .→Only in this way can I better my English.

表达时我们可把状语放在句首，用倒装语序。这样做的好处首先是使用了高级结构，其次，倒装后把真正的主语放到了句子的末尾，这是尾重（end-weight），后面还可以继续加从句，使整个句子呈现更多的亮点。

下面以篇章为例，体会复杂句式应用的好处：

考生作文：

Dear Mr. Wang，

I’m Li Hua，a student of Xinhua Middle School.①When I know that our library is going to buy books，I’d like to give some suggestions.②We need popular science books most.③Usually popular science books explain basic principles of nature in a simple and interesting way. They help us understand science subjects better and arouse our curiosity about scientific discoveries. In addition to reading for knowledge，we read for fun and inspiration.④So I recommend another category of books—literary books.⑤Classic works are written by masters and they present great thoughts through fascinating stories and language.⑥They not only offer us joy and excitement，but also encourage us to think critically.

I’ll be glad if you can consider my recommendation.提升后的作文：Dear Mr. Wang，

I’m Li Hua，a student of Xinhua Middle School.①Knowing that our library is going to purchase books，I’d like to offer you some suggestions. They are as follows.

First and foremost，②what we most need is popular science books. ③More often than not，only in a simple and interesting way can popular science books explain basic principles of nature. Besides，it is they that help us understand science subjects better and arouse our curiosity about scientific discoveries，on the other hand，reading them enables us to approach the scientific kingdom. Last but not least，in addition to reading for knowledge，as far as I am concerned，we read for fun and inspiration.

To sum up，④that’s why I recommend another category of books—literary books.⑤Classic works written by masters present great thoughts through fascinating stories and language.⑥Not only do they offer us joy and excitement，but also encourage us to think critically.

Il’l be glad if you can take into my recommendation consideration.

总之，考生套用上述现成黄金模板和“应用了较多的语法结构”，特别是运用了复合句、非谓语结构及倒装句。这三种句型必不可少，抓住要点，有针对性地进行训练、临摹，写作能力将会显著提高。“文似看山不喜平”，考生在高考中，如果能用地道的英语进行表达，并且每一句话都闪耀着智慧的光芒，那么你的文章一定会脱颖而出，得到高分。

田建波 湖南省岳阳市湘阴县教育局教研室；黄革辉 湖南省岳阳市湘阴县六塘中学）