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“六招”巧解高考时态和语态

2017-02-16山东杨春吉

教学考试(高考英语) 2017年4期
关键词:语态主句考题

山东 杨春吉

“六招”巧解高考时态和语态

山东 杨春吉

在英语中,动词主要表示动作,也可表示状态。动作和状态发生的时段不同,谓语动词的表现形式有别,由此衍生出12种时态。精通时态及语态的运用,不仅能即时提高语法填空题、短文改错题的得分率,还易于写出地道、标准的英语句子,提高书面表达成绩,而且对听力理解、完形填空及阅读理解也不无裨益。以下“六招”帮你心想事成,梦想成真!

一、标志词推断法

英语时态使用时多数情况下都有相应的时态标志词(多为时间状语、频度状语)。常用的时态标志词:

一般现在时:often,usually,as usual,every day/month,all the time,sometimes,on Sundays等;

一般过去时:yesterday,last week/month,another day,the day before yesterday,two years ago,just now,a moment ago,in 1990,in the past等;

现在进行时:now,at the moment,right now,Look!Listen!等。

过去进行时:at eight o’clock last night,at this/that time yesterday,while表示“对比”时的时态等;

一般将来时:tomorrow,next week/month,soon,in+一段时间,the day after tomorrow,in the future,some day等;

过去将来时:常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。two days later,the next week,the following day 等。

现在完成时:already,yet,ever,never,before,just,lately,recently,up to now,so far,by now,ever since then,in/over/during the past/last + 一段时间等;

过去完成时:by the end of last week,by that time,before the year等;主句是一般过去时的宾语从句的谓语动词(该动作先于主句动作而发生)等。

同学们首先要加强对时态内涵的理解,继而进行足量的专项训练,熟知各类时态常用标志词的内涵、位置及其运用规律。其次,解题时对时态标志词要有“即时”敏感性,根据时态标志词进行分析和推断,正面理解,对号入座,即可锁定答案。

例1. —No one_____(tell)me about the news so far.

—Me,too. I have known nothing about it yet.

【解析】so far是现在完成时典型的标志词。故填has told。

例2. More than one hundred students in that school_____(send)abroad to study medicine last year.

【解析】由题干中的last year可知,本题应该用一般过去时;主语students与send是被动关系,故填were sent。

二、时态呼应法

在“主句+宾语从句”型的复合句中,当主句用一般过去时:1.若从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,从句动词须用过去完成时;2.若从句有表示过去的时间状语或从句动作紧接着主句动作发生,从句动词须用一般过去时;3.若主、从句动作同时正在进行,则从句动词须用过去进行时;4.若从句是客观事实、真理、谚语、格言时,仍然用一般现在时。

解答该类考题时,首先判定主、从句的内涵,然后根据时态呼应规则分析、判定答案。同学们在日常学习时应强化该类时态题的学习,通晓时态呼应规律,同时注重时态呼应中的特殊用法(如:if条件句用一般现在时表示将来,主句用将来时;表示位置转移的动词或短语come,go,leave,arrive,stay,start off,take off等用一般现在时或现在进行时表示将来等),解题时才能减少失误。

例3. Our headmaster said where there_____(be)a will,there_____(be)a way.

【解析】分析结构和句意可知,设题处是个宾语从句,且从句是句格言。根据时态呼应规则,两空均填is。

例4. To our surprise,when we got to the school gate,they______(leave).

【解析】分析句意可知,“离开”动作先于从句中“到达”动作,又因为“到达”动作用了一般过去时,根据时态呼应规律,“离开”动作需用过去完成时,故填had left。

三、语境推断法

解答此类考题时,考生首先要结合题干及选项确定对话发生的场合,然后结合对话人双方的身份及交流信息,在句意合理、用语得体、地道的前提下分析动作发生的特征,逐步锁定答案。

例5. Ladies and gentlemen,please fasten your seat belts.The plane _____(take)off.

【解析】分析句意可知,本题发生的语境是“飞机起飞前乘务员提醒乘客有关安全的注意事项”。“飞机即将起飞”是将要发生的动作,take off 是表示位置转移的动词词组,根据语法规则,需用现在进行时表示将来,故填is taking。

例6. —Tony,you must have noticed the student who broke the glass.

—I’m sorry. I_____(study)attentively.

【解析】分析句意可知,“打坏玻璃”的事发生在过去(must have noticed已暗示),因此,虽然对话的“立足点”是现在,实际上谈论的是过去发生的事情。再据attentively的语义提示,此处需用过去进行时才合理,故填was studying。

四、句意还原法

时态题是“迷你”型完形填空题,还原句意是基础,句意精准是关键。考生往往在推断答案时忽略了这一点,致使功亏一篑,追悔莫及。因此,解答时态、语态类考题时,一定要关注句意是否顺畅与合理,然后推断所填的时态、语态是否正确,两者皆备,即为正确答案。

例7. —Have you ever visited the Opera House ?

—Yes,when I was in Sydney,I ______(visit)it twice.

【解析】本题易受twice的惯常用法影响而误填have visited。分析句意可知,visit的动作与was发生在同一时间,应该用一般过去时。故填visited。

例8. I thought Jim would say something about his school report,but he_____(not mention)it.

【解析】前句句意为“我本以为……”,叙述的是过去的事情,是(当时)吉姆并未提及此事,需用一般过去时。故填didn’t mention 。

五、句型还原法

在英语中,固定句型的时态具有规律性和固定性。常见的有:

1.主句用过去进行时或过去完成时+when从句。该句型意为“某人正在或刚刚……这时……”,when是个并列连词,相当于and at that time。

2.It is(has been)+ 一段时间+ since从句。该句型意为“自……以来已有多长时间了”。若主句用was,since从句须用过去完成时。

3.It/This/That is the first/second /third... time+ that从句。该句型意为“这(那)是某人第……次做某事了”。主句谓语动词用is,从句谓语动词用现在完成时;主句谓语动词用was,从句的谓语动词须用过去完成时。

4.It /This/That is the best(worst /most...)+ that从句。该句型意为“这(那)是某人经历过的……中最……的了”。主句谓语动词用is,从句的谓语动词要用现在完成时;主句谓语动词用was,从句的谓语动词须用过去完成时。同学们在日常学习时应把这些常用固定句型的时态运用规律熟记于心,强化固定句型的积累及灵活运用。解题时首先根据题干还原句型原貌,然后根据句型的要求及时态运用规律对应作答,逐步推断答案。

例9. I_____(do)my homework at home last night when someone knocked at the door.

【解析】根据句意可推断出,本题考查的是“主句用过去进行时+ when从句”的句型。故填was doing。

例10. It was the third time that the Smiths_____(visit)the Great Wall.

【解析】根据句意可推断出,本题考查“那是某人第……次做某事了”句型。由于主句谓语动词用was,故that从句的谓语动词须用过去完成时。故填had visited。

六、“是否是事实”印证法

对于虚拟语气考题,首先要判断设题句是否是事实:若是一种假设、愿望、责备、遗憾等,需用虚拟语气,否则,用陈述语气(根据上文所述作答)。此外,解答此类考题时还须牢记谓语动词的“特殊”形式,灵活辨别,根据“标志词”对应解答。

例11. Maybe if I _____(study)science,and not literature then I would be able to give you more help.

【解析】本题属于错综时间虚拟条件句。从句叙述的是与过去事实相反的情况,主句叙述的是与现在事实相反的情况。句意为“也许如果我‘那时’学得是理科而不是文学,‘现在’我就能给你更多的帮助”。故填had studied。

例12. Had I known about this computer program,a huge amount of time and energy_____(save).

【解析】本题省略了if,had须提前构成倒装句。if条件句用过去完成时,所以主句须用“would have done”,又因主句主语和谓语是被动关系,故填would have been saved。

【巩固练习】:用所给单词的适当形式填空或填入适当的词。

1. I still remember that it was the second time that I______(read)the novel.

2. — Mike,do you know who wanted me on the phone just now?

— Sorry. I don’t know. I_____(have)a bath in the bathroom.

3. — Could you tell me how your father usually goes to work?

—Yes. If it is fine,he______(walk)to his office.

4. —You must have met him the other day.

—Oh,no,I_____(not do).

5. — Did you enjoy your holiday ?

—Yes,it’s the best holiday that I_____(have)these years.

6. Were time to go back,I_____(work)double hard.

7. When you reach home,give a call to let me know you______(arrive)safely.

8. I_____(ask)you not to move my dictionary—but now I can’t find it at all.

9. —Where have you been recently ?

—I_____(be)in Hangzhou on business for a week last month.

10. It’s nearly five years since I worked in the company. I______(teach)in a school.

11. I_____(live)in London for many years,but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China.

12. Tom_____(write)a book about China last year but I don’t know whether he has finished it.

13. I______(do)all the cooking for my family,but recently I’ve been too busy to do it.

14. If you want to go camping with us,so_____ he.

15. They_____(spend)all their money,so they have to walk home.

16. But for our English teacher’s help,I_____(win)the first prize in the English Competition.

17. His pale face suggested that he_____(be)ill,and his parents suggested that he_____(have)a medical examination.

18. What do you think of this piece of wood ?I’m sure it_____(make)a very good shelf.

19. —I______(mean)to be here on time.

—But you_____(be)late again.

20. The discovery of gold in Australia_____(lead)to thousands to believe that a fortune was to be made.

Keys:1.had read 2.was having 3.will walk 4.didn’t 5.have had 6.would work 7.have arrived 8.asked 9.was 10.am teaching 11.lived 12.was writing 13.do 14.will 15.have spent 16.would not have won 17.was;(should)have 18.will make 19.had meant;were 20.led

山东省临沂国际学校)

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