C反应蛋白与恶性肿瘤关系的研究进展
2017-01-13王晴美罗迪贤
黄 丽,王晴美,胡 建,胡 政,罗迪贤
(1南华大学附属郴州市第一人民医院检验病理医学中心,湖南郴州421001;2南华大学转化医学研究所,湖南 郴州423000)
C反应蛋白与恶性肿瘤关系的研究进展
黄 丽1,2,王晴美1,2,胡 建1,2,胡 政2,罗迪贤1,2
(1南华大学附属郴州市第一人民医院检验病理医学中心,湖南郴州421001;2南华大学转化医学研究所,湖南 郴州423000)
C反应蛋白(CRP)是最早发现并突出的一种急性时相蛋白,它是一个敏感却非特异性的炎症和组织损伤标记物.CRP浓度的增高可见于感染、组织损伤、心肌梗死、糖尿病以及一系列其它急慢性炎症性疾病.CRP浓度在各种恶性肿瘤患者血清中均有着不同水平的升高,血清CRP浓度的变化对肿瘤的风险评估,诊断、进展及预后判断均具有十分重要的意义.CRP测定能为临床提供更多的实用信息,进而为癌症患者制定出更为完善的诊治策略,以提高其生存率及生存质量.
C反应蛋白;恶性肿瘤;风险;诊断;进展;预后
0 引言
1930年Tillett和Francis首次在大叶性肺炎患者的血液中发现了一种能与肺炎双球菌细胞壁上的C⁃多糖发生特异性沉淀反应的物质,即C反应蛋白(C⁃reactive protein,CRP)[1].CRP是体内系统性炎症最广泛使用的一个指标,它的编码基因位于1号染色体的q21⁃q23区,由两个外显子和一个内含子组成,编码206个氨基酸残基[2].CRP主要由白介素⁃6(interleukin⁃6,IL⁃6)诱导肝细胞产生,其它促炎症细胞因子,如肿瘤坏死因子⁃α(tumor necrosis factor⁃α,TNF⁃α),白介素⁃1(interleukin⁃1,IL⁃1),和白介素⁃11(interleukin⁃11,IL⁃11)也可以引起肝脏CRP的表达.此外,各种其他类型的细胞,如外周血单核细胞,枯否细胞,血管内皮细胞,肺巨噬细胞和上呼吸道上皮细胞也可少量合成CRP.临床上CRP浓度的升高可见于:组织损伤、感染、动脉高血压及粥样硬化,糖尿病,肥胖和恶性肿瘤以及一系列其它急慢性炎症性疾病.德国病理学家Rudolf Virchow首次提出慢性炎症在癌症起源中扮演了关键角色,之后大量研究证据表明癌症和炎症之间确实存在关联,癌症相关性炎症很可能是癌症的第七大标志[3].恶性肿瘤患者血清中CRP浓度有着不同水平的升高,CRP浓度的增高可能会增加癌症风险,CRP浓度的变化对不同恶性肿瘤的诊断,进展状况、治疗及预后判断均具有十分重要的意义.CRP的检测既简单又方便,对于恶性肿瘤患者特别是临床缺乏特异性肿瘤标志物的患者,其将是一个潜在的筛查指标.本文概述了C反应蛋白的基本结构和主要功能,将CRP与呼吸系统,消化系统及泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤关系的研究进行了综述,并对CRP在恶性肿瘤临床诊治中的应用提出展望.
1 CRP的结构与功能
正五聚蛋白家族成员CRP属于钙依耐性配体结合血浆蛋白,分子量为110kDa,由5个相同的非糖基化多肽亚基以非共价键结合组成[4].其亚基的一侧含胆碱磷酸和钙的结合部位,另一侧则含Clq、FcRⅠ和FcRⅡ的结合部位.CRP通常以五聚物的形式存在于血浆中,在组织和炎症发生部位它则常以单体形式存在.无论是在健康或疾病状态下,CRP的血浆半衰期都是恒定的,约为19 h,因此,血循环CRP浓度的唯一决定因素是它的合成率.CRP的正常合成率是1~10 mg/d.当存在感染,炎症或组织损伤时,它的肝脏合成迅速增加,其血清浓度在6 h内急剧升高,3650 h左右达到高峰,峰值可达正常值的1000倍,待病情改善时逐渐下降,恢复正常[5].CRP可能是诊断急性和慢性炎症疾病的一个重要生物标志物.健康人体血清CRP的含量非常低,但发生细菌感染,风湿性关节炎、克罗恩氏病和系统性红斑狼疮时,人体血清CRP浓度显著增高,动脉高血压、动脉粥样硬化、糖尿病、肥胖和炎性肠道疾病患者血清CRP水平也有增加[6].CRP的主要生物学功能是在Ca2+存在下与各种病原体(细菌、真菌、寄生虫)细胞壁磷酸胆碱结合,还可与坏死的内源性物质和衰老的细胞结合,激活补体和单核吞噬细胞系统,进而发挥宿主对感染的防御反应、对炎症反应的吞噬和调节作用及其在自身免疫病方面的调节作用.
2 CRP与呼吸系统恶性肿瘤
肺部肿瘤患者血清CRP含量高于健康人,肺癌患者血清 CRP浓度则明显高于肺部良性肿瘤患者[7].又有学者[8]提出,肺部肿瘤的良恶性与血清CRP水平无明显的相关性.血清CRP浓度监测对肺部肿瘤良恶性的鉴别存在争议,CRP能否对呼吸系统肿瘤的良恶性进行判断仍需进一步研究.CRP水平可区分肺癌的病理分型,肺鳞癌患者血清CRP浓度明显高于非鳞癌患者.Jones等[9]在研究CRP水平与非小细胞肺癌(non⁃small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的相关性时,发现CRP与鳞癌的相关性显著大于腺癌.这可能是由于肺鳞癌大多为中央型病变,易变性坏死,出现阻塞性肺炎.CRP水平与鼻咽癌的诊断,分期及预后均显著相关.鼻咽癌早期患者血清中高敏C反应蛋白浓度明显升高,鼻咽癌分期越晚,CRP测定值越高[10].Tang等[11]探讨了高敏 C反应蛋白与非转移性鼻咽癌患者适形调强放疗(intensity modulated radiation therapy,IMRT)预后的关系,其评估了1589例非转移性鼻咽癌患者接受治疗前血清高敏C反应蛋白水平与接受治疗后鼻咽癌患者总生存率(overall survival,OS),无进展生存率(progres⁃sion⁃free survival,PFS),无局部复发生存率(local recurrence⁃free survival,LRFS),无远处转移生存率(distant metastasis⁃free survival,DMFS)之间的关联,得出血清高敏 C反应蛋白水平与患者 OS,PFS, DMFS均显著相关,血清高敏C反应蛋白水平的升高对TNM分期起着互补作用,同时它对临床不良预后也起到了提示作用.与之报道相一致的,Xia等[12-13]还发现CRP浓度基线水平和动态变化是转移性鼻咽癌患者行姑息化疗预后的预测因子,相较于CRP基线水平<3.4 mg/L的患者,CRP基线水平≥3.4 mg/L的患者预后显著较差.
CRP水平与肺癌的进展及预后呈正相关,CRP可作为肺癌预后的一个独立预测因子.Kasprzyk等[14]发现T3和T4及N1和N2状态的NSCLC患者血清CRP浓度显著升高,CRP浓度水平既是肿瘤的分期因素,也可作为手术治疗后癌症复发风险评估的指标。Lee等[15]对NSCLC患者行切除治疗术前血清CRP水平与临床病理参数的相关性进行了分析,结果表明淋巴管浸润,肿瘤大小均与术前血清CRP水平有关,CRP浓度水平可作为NSCLC患者的预后因子,也可作为血清CRP浓度升高患者术后预后不良的解释依据.Srimuninnimit等[16]指出CRP水平下降大于50%是判断晚期局部或转移性非小细胞肺癌患者对化疗敏感性简单而有效的方法.Shao等[17]研究分析了112例复合性小细胞肺癌患者治疗前血清CRP浓度与临床病理参数的关系,发现治疗前血清CRP水平高的患者分期较差,同时其血清神经元特异性烯醇酶(neuron⁃specific enolase,NSE)浓度也有升高,治疗前高浓度血清CRP提示较差的远期预后,CRP可被纳入预测指标来监测复合性小细胞肺癌患者的预后.Hong等[18]对小细胞肺癌的相关研究也得出了类似结论,血清CRP高浓度水平也是小细胞肺癌患者预后不良的一个独立指标.
3 CRP与消化系统恶性肿瘤
血清CRP联合其它指标的测定可协助诊断消化系统恶性肿瘤并预测肿瘤风险.联合检测血清高敏C反应蛋白浓度和干扰素α/β受体(临界值分别为0.5 mg/L和3.6 μg/L)是胃肠道癌,肝癌,胆管癌和胰腺癌诊断的可靠参数[19].CRP浓度联合鳞状细胞癌抗原水平的升高是口腔鳞状上皮细胞癌和咽喉癌危险分层的潜在重要标志,两者水平的升高同细胞的高代谢率及强增殖活性显著相关[20-21].Liu等[22]将156例乙肝肝硬化未接受治疗的患者分为肝癌肝硬化组与非肝癌肝硬化组,比较分析了两组间CRP浓度及肝脏硬度值的差异,发现肝癌肝硬化组CRP浓度与肝脏硬度值显著高于非肝癌肝硬化组,而CRP浓度与肝脏硬度值在AFP阳性与阴性患者之间没有显著差异,血清CRP和肝脏硬度值的联合检测可补充AFP对乙型肝炎病毒相关肝癌的诊断,提高AFP阴性肝癌患者的诊断率并协助区分肝癌和肝硬化.
CRP水平可作为消化道恶性肿瘤进展的判断指标,也可作为消化道恶性肿瘤预后的一项独立预测因子.一项回顾性临床研究[23]表明口腔鳞状细胞癌患者术前血清CRP浓度水平与其晚期分期,骨骼侵犯、淋巴结转移,淋巴结囊外扩散和存活率显著相关,CRP是口腔鳞状细胞癌预后判断的潜在指标.Liu等[24]对516例行肝癌切除术患者血清高敏C反应蛋白的浓度进行研究,结果表明,高敏C反应蛋白浓度水平与肿瘤大小,肝功能Child⁃Pugh分级、肿瘤分期呈正相关,术前血清高敏C反应蛋白浓度水平是肝癌切除患者预后的一个独立指标.Nozoe等[25]对127例结肠癌患者进行了研究,发现术前血清CRP水平增高者术后肝转移,癌性腹膜炎、淋巴结增大、以及血管内入侵发生率越大[26].血清超敏C反应蛋白高水平(≥13.1 mg/L)与结肠癌晚期患者无疾病进展生存期中值及总生存期降低有关,超敏C反应蛋白是转移性结肠癌患者的预后指标.胃癌患者术前血清CRP水平升高,且CRP水平的上升与肿瘤进展和临床分期一致,CRP水平可作为胃癌患者预后预测的独立指标[27-29],在食管癌,胰腺癌和胆管癌中也能得出同样的结论[30-33].
大量文献提示CRP浓度可独立预测恶性肿瘤的预后,但CRP联合其它指标的测定似乎也可成为消化道恶性肿瘤预后的优良预测指标.有研究[34]表明,术前CRP/白蛋白值≥0.025是胃癌患者行根治性切除术的独立预后指标.CRP/白蛋白值≥0.037同肝癌进展和肝脏储备功能下降密切相关,可作为肝癌预后的一项独立预测指标[35].术前CRP/白蛋白值≥0.0271与结肠癌患者术后预后不良相关,相较于改良的格拉斯哥预后评分系统,CRP/白蛋白值对结肠癌患者术后生存期的预测效果可能更佳[36].CRP/白蛋白值>0.03是胰腺癌患者行切除术预后不良的一个独立指标[37].CRP浓度水平同中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞值也可作为胰腺癌的预后指标[38-39],但能否将它们纳入临床决策还需要加入更大的样本量做进一步的研究.
4 CRP与泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤
一项关于C反应蛋白对泌尿系统肿瘤患者预后价值评估的meta分析(共纳入7490例患者,肾癌研究25项,膀胱癌研究10项,前列腺癌研究8项)表明,血清CRP水平升高与患者总生存期和无复发生存期的下降均显著相关,C反应蛋白高水平表达作为炎症生物标志提示了患者的不良预后[40].另一项有关CRP对肾细胞癌预后价值评估的meta分析(纳入4100例肾细胞癌患者,共24项研究)表明,肾细胞癌患者血清CRP水平的升高与癌症高分期及分级相关,与病理分型无关,同时与患者总体生存率及癌症特异性生存率的下降也显著相关;局部肾细胞癌患者血清CRP水平升高与癌症特异性生存率和无进展生存率的下降显著相关;对于转移性肾细胞癌患者,血清CRP高水平则与总体存活率和癌症特异性生存率的下降密切相关[41].Polterauer等[42]对215例宫颈癌患者治疗前的血清C反应蛋白水平进行分析,发现宫颈癌患者平均血清CRP浓度为0.5 mg/dL,CRP浓度水平与肿瘤分期,淋巴结转移和患者年龄显著相关,但与组织学分级,病理分型无关,血清CRP水平可作为宫颈癌的预后指标.血清超敏C反应蛋白水平与子宫内膜癌的晚期分期,淋巴结转移和发病年龄密切相关,血清超敏C反应蛋白可以作为子宫内膜癌患者的预后参数[43].
对于乳腺肿瘤,血清高敏C反应蛋白水平可区分其良恶性,乳腺癌患者血清高敏C反应蛋白水平显著升高[44].C反应蛋白与乳腺癌的相关综述表明,CRP可作为乳腺癌风险预测的指标,但其效用在临床实践中仍存在争议,同时,CRP也可作为乳腺癌患者接受化疗后心脏毒性风险的预测指标[45].CRP与卵巢癌的风险预测,病情进展及预后判断也密切相关.CRP水平对卵巢癌风险的预测似乎受组织学分型的约束.Ose等[46]发现女性血清CRP>10mg/L者比血清CRP浓度<1 mg/L者上皮性卵巢癌(不区分组织学亚型)风险显著增高.Trabert等[47]则报道血清CRP>9.8 mg/L仅与浆液性肿瘤风险相关,与非浆液性肿瘤风险无关.血清CRP水平升高与卵巢癌不良预后相关,它对卵巢癌患者生存预测具有重要意义.Lu等[48]报道上皮性卵巢癌患者血清CRP浓度与CA125浓度呈正相关,血清CRP水平>8 mg/L的上皮性卵巢癌患者5年生存率较CRP<8 mg/L者显著降低,CRP水平与FIGO(国际妇产科联盟)病理分期,淋巴结转移和腹腔积液显著相关.术前血清CRP高水平联合血清高浓度IL⁃6,IL⁃8是判断上皮性卵巢癌患者不良预后的有效指标[49].
5 讨论及展望
除上述肿瘤外,CRP与散发在其它系统的肿瘤如白血病,多发性骨髓瘤、骨肉瘤、胸腺瘤、黑色素瘤,脑转移瘤的预后也密切相关[50-58].癌症和炎症之间存在着一个恶性循环和复杂的相互作用[59].慢性炎症和癌变之间存在双向联系:肿瘤起源和发展于一个类似于慢性炎症的肿瘤微环境中,微环境的诱导作用可促使肿瘤的发生和发展,肿瘤细胞则通过释放促炎介质上调炎症通路,因此肿瘤与持续性炎症状态密切相关.血清中CRP主要在肝细胞中合成,受IL⁃6,IL⁃1,和TNF调节,肿瘤微环境中存在的促炎症因子及肿瘤坏死因子是引起恶性肿瘤患者血清CRP浓度增高的原因之一[60-61].CRP也可通过促进慢性炎症刺激引发细胞过度增殖和随后的DNA损伤[62].恶性肿瘤患者血清CRP水平的升高很有可能是由肿瘤坏死,局部组织损伤以及和肿瘤相关的炎症引起的,但具体的调控机制还需进一步研究证明.CRP水平升高与所有癌症风险增加之间存在联系,尽管存在争议,但CRP水平升高已明确可增加肺癌的风险,也可能会增加乳腺癌,前列腺癌及结肠直肠癌的风险[63-64].这一结论支持了公认的慢性炎症参与癌症形成的观点,CRP作为一个炎症标记物,它是否具有直接的致癌作用仍需进一步研究.有学者[53]在细胞实验和动物实验中均证实CRP不但能促进骨髓瘤细胞的增殖,还可以增强IL⁃6的表达阻止化疗对骨髓瘤细胞凋亡的影响.遗传流行病学研究(孟德尔随机化研究)检查了基因多态性对血清CRP水平的影响与癌症风险的关系,结果表明,CRP水平升高与癌症风险增加之间不存在因果关系[65-68].但这并不能否定CRP水平升高对某些癌症风险进行预测的应用价值,也不能排除参与早期炎症过程的蛋白质与癌症形成之间可能存在的因果关系及其可作为癌症药物预防靶点的潜力.
血清CRP浓度水平对肿瘤进展及预后判断具有重要意义,CRP测定以及CRP联合其它指标的测定可以纳入目前肿瘤分期法对癌症分期进行判断,并指导临床对癌症患者制定出更完善的治疗策略.但在不同类型的恶性肿瘤中,血清CRP作为风险评估指标,分期及预后因子,还未能得出它们明确的阈值去作为统一的判断标准.作为一个非特异性蛋白,CRP具有多种功能,其检测方便且简单,对于恶性肿瘤患者尤其是缺乏特异性肿瘤标志物的患者,进一步研究恶性肿瘤与血清CRP水平的变化关系并确定阈值,将其应用到临床将会显著提高恶性肿瘤患者的生存率,改善其生存质量.
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The research progress of relationship between C⁃reactive protein and malignant tumors
HUANG Li1,2,WANG Qing⁃Mei1,2,HU Jian1,2,HU Zheng2,LUO Di⁃Xian1,21Center for Clinical Pathology,the First People’s Hospital of Chenzhou Affiliated to University of South China, Chenzhou 421001,China;2Translational Medicine Institute,University of South China,Chenzhou 423000,China
C⁃reactive protein(CRP),a kind of earliest discov⁃ered and most prominent acute phase protein,which is a sensitive but nonspecific marker of inflammation and tissue damage.Elevated serum CRP levels can be found in patients with infection,tissue injury,myocardial infarction,diabetes,and a range of other acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.The concentration of serum CRP in patients with different types of malignant cancer presents different levels rise.The changed level of serum CRP is of great significance in risk assessment,diagnosis,progression and prog⁃nosis of cancer.CRP measurement can provide more useful infor⁃mation for clinic,so as to provide better diagnosis strategies and improve survival and quality of life in cancer patients.
C⁃reactive protein;malignant tumors;risk;diagnosis;progression;prognosis
R446.11
A
2095⁃6894(2017)02⁃65⁃06
2016-12-20;接受日期:2017-01-05
国家自然科学基金项目(81372825);湖南省教育厅项目(13c882);湖南省卫生厅项目(B2012-157);郴州市科技计划项目(cz2013063)
黄 丽.E⁃mail:513989320@qq.com
罗迪贤.博士,研究员.研究方向:肿瘤分子诊断学.E⁃mail:luodixian_2@163.com