成人胶质母细胞瘤免疫治疗的新进展
2017-01-13蔡洪庆万经海国家癌症中心中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院神经外科北京100021
蔡洪庆,万经海 (国家癌症中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院神经外科,北京100021)
成人胶质母细胞瘤免疫治疗的新进展
蔡洪庆,万经海 (国家癌症中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院神经外科,北京100021)
胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)是成人原发恶性神经系统肿瘤中最常见的病理类型,尽管术后积极进行辅助治疗,其预后仍较差.目前已有较多的免疫治疗方案在肿瘤治疗中被使用,有些治疗方式具有较好的安全性和有效性.成人GBM中免疫治疗的研究主要集中于树突状细胞(DCs)免疫治疗、多肽疫苗治疗、过继免疫治疗(ACTs)及免疫节点抑制剂治疗等四种治疗方式,部分在临床前实验甚至早期临床试验中都表现出较好的抗肿瘤效果,但仍需要更高级别的临床试验证据支持.
成人;胶质母细胞瘤;免疫治疗
0 引言
胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma,GBM)是成人颅内原发恶性肿瘤中最常见的病理类型,其发病率约为成人颅内原发恶性肿瘤的50%[1].尽管术中积极采用各种影像学技术指导肿瘤最大程度切除,术后尝试更有效的放化疗等治疗手段[2-4],总体上成人GBM患者术后中位生存期仅约15个月,5年生存率不超过5%[5-6].随着对成人GBM发生发展机制研究的逐渐深入,对其恶性行为相关的关键分子改变及其作用机制的了解也越来越多.同时针对GBM分子改变及免疫相关分子/程序的免疫治疗研究也逐渐展开,其中有研究显示成人GBMStupp方案治疗后序贯的免疫治疗能明显改善患者生存时间[7-8].因此免疫治疗在成人GBM治疗中具有较大的发展前景,并将可能成为成人GBM的主要治疗手段之一.
1 树突状细胞免疫治疗
树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DCs)是免疫系统中关键的抗原提呈细胞,是连接先天性免疫和获得性免疫之间的桥梁.DCs参与摄取、呈递肿瘤相关抗原、启动T细胞介导的肿瘤免疫反应[9].DCs免疫治疗前需要分离患者自体前细胞,体外将其诱导生成DCs后,加载肿瘤抗原信息,重输患者体内,诱发机体抗肿瘤免疫反应[10].2004年Caruso等[11]首次采用加载肿瘤RNA抗原信息的DCs治疗儿童和成人复发神经系统肿瘤,试验结果显示DCs治疗神经系统肿瘤安全性较好,临床易操作.随后,更多的临床试验验证了DCs治疗成人GBM的有效性.Wang等[12]对截止到2013年5月公开发表的采用DCs治疗成人GBM的文章进行统计分析,结果显示整体上采用DCs治疗的GBM患者预后优于常规治疗的患者.其中,Cho等[8]报道的Ⅱ期临床试验结果显示,采用标准治疗方案辅以DCs治疗的GBM患者中位生存期为31.9个月,明显优于,采用标准治疗方案的患者(15.0个月,P<0.002.目前仍有约29个针对加载GBM其它肿瘤抗原的Ⅰ和Ⅱ期临床试验及进一步验证DCs临床效果的Ⅲ期临床试验正在进行.对于DCs能否在成人GBM中安全有效的使用,仍需更多的临床试验数据证实.
2 多肽疫苗免疫治疗
肿瘤的多肽疫苗治疗是指采用肿瘤相关抗原(tumor associated antigens,TAAs)或肿瘤特异性抗原(tumor⁃specific antigens,TSAs)所诱导的机体抗肿瘤的免疫反应.TAAs包括高表达的蛋白、癌胚抗原及分化相关的蛋白等.TSAs包括突变基因编码的蛋白、基因融合新生成的蛋白等.理论上,TSAs作为靶点进行的多肽疫苗治疗效果优于TAAs[13].成人GBM中研究较多的多肽疫苗主要有:EGFRvⅢ疫苗、IDH1 R132H疫苗及其它多肽疫苗等.
2.1 EGFRvⅢ疫苗EGFRvⅢ是指EGFR框内缺失2-7号外显子,是成人GBM中EGFR最常见的突变类型,约25%的成人GBM有此突变[14].因为EG⁃FRvⅢ是典型的TSAs,故其为较好的疫苗治疗的靶点.Rindopepimut是Celldex公司研发的针对EGFRvⅢ突变的疫苗,VICTORI研究首次证实其在成人GBM中使用的安全性[15],随后的Ⅱ期临床试验结果显示EGFRvⅢ阳性的新发GBM患者总生存期及无进展生存期均优于对照组无疫苗治疗的患者[16-17].遗憾的是,2016年3月Rindopepimut的治疗EGFRvⅢ阳性GBM患者的Ⅲ期临床试验因未达到终点而提前终止[18].目前,Rindopepimut联合抗血管生成药治疗成人复发或难治GBM的临床试验(NCT03068650)仍在继续,其临床疗效仍待进一步验证.
2.2 IDH1 R132H疫苗异柠檬酸脱氢酶1(isoei⁃trate dehydrogenase 1,IDH1)是三羧酸循环中关键的催化酶,胶质瘤中IDH1突变主要集中在低级别胶质瘤和继发性GBM中,其与预后呈正相关[19].和EG⁃FRvⅢ相似,IDH1 R132H突变同样也是肿瘤特异性抗原,可作为胶质瘤治疗的疫苗靶点.IDH1 R132H疫苗临床前数据显示其具有较好的抗肿瘤效果[20],目前针对IDH1 R132H突变的疫苗在WHOⅢ⁃Ⅳ级胶质瘤及复发的WHOⅡ级胶质瘤中已有Ⅰ期临床试验正在进行(NCT02454634,NCT02193347),IDH1 R132H疫苗的安全性和耐受性及临床有效性仍需要进一步研究.
2.3 其它疫苗除EGFRvⅢ疫苗和IDH1 R132H疫苗外,仍有其它靶点的疫苗在研究中,包括WT1多肽疫苗[21]、IL⁃13Rα2、survivin和EphA2疫苗等(NCT02078648、NCT01920191).
3 过继免疫治疗
肿瘤的过继免疫治疗(adoptive cell therapy,ACT)是伴随基因编辑工程发展起来的,它是一种将自体的肿瘤特异性的T细胞进行体外扩增,然后重输患者外周血的治疗方式.在此过程中,肿瘤特异性的T细胞的编辑主要通过将细胞转染编码T细胞受体(T cell receptor,TCR)和嵌合型抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)的载体来实现的[22].目前应用于胶质瘤治疗上的主要是CAR⁃T治疗.已有临床前实验[23-26]结果显示胶质瘤中针对IL⁃13、HER2、EphA2和EGFRvⅢ的CAR⁃T治疗有较好的治疗前景.临床上Schuessler等[27]采用巨细胞病毒(cyto⁃megalovirus,CMV)特异的CAR⁃T治疗11例复发GBM,结果发现CMV⁃CART安全性及患者的耐受性较好,并且提高了复发GBM的生存时间.目前开展的CAR⁃T临床试验分别有针对EphA2、EGFRvⅢ等.成人GBM的过继免疫治疗的临床有效性仍需进一步观察.
4 免疫检查点抑制剂治疗
免疫检查点抑制剂治疗是通过阻断机体免疫系统或者肿瘤细胞上的免疫检查点,使得肿瘤细胞暴露在机体免疫系统的监视之下,被免疫细胞攻击而死亡,其是近十年来研究较多、进展较快的免疫治疗方式[28].其中细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotox⁃ic T lymphocyte⁃associated antigen⁃4,CTLA⁃4)和、程序性死亡受体1(programmed death⁃1,PD⁃1)/程序性死亡配体1(programmed cell death⁃ligand 1,PD⁃L1)是免疫检查点抑制剂研究的明星靶点.
4.1 CTLA-4抗体机体抗肿瘤免疫应答激活后,几乎同时肿瘤细胞也会产生抑制免疫应答的负反馈,上调的CTLA⁃4竞争性结合B7配体,减少CD28分子与B7的结合,减少活化的T细胞[29].目前CTLA⁃4已有两个抗体进行临床研究,分别是Ipilimumab和Tremelimumab,其中Ipilimumab因在进展期黑色素瘤的Ⅲ期临床试验中证实其有效性,已被FDA批准用于黑色素瘤的治疗[30].胶质瘤中,尚无CTLA⁃4抗体的临床试验结果,目前有两个临床试验(NCT02794883和NCT02311920)正在进行.CTLA⁃4抗体治疗成人GBM的有效性仍待进一步验证.
4.2 PD-1/PD-L1抗体PD⁃1也是T细胞表面的负性调节蛋白,当配体PD⁃L1和PD⁃L2与其结合后,正常的PD⁃1激活T细胞活化通路被抑制,进而减少活化的T细胞数量[31].在肿瘤中,肿瘤细胞分泌PD⁃L1抑制微环境或循环血中T细胞的活化,进而促进肿瘤细胞的免疫逃避[32].成人GBM中PD⁃L1阳性患者约占38%,同时PD⁃L1高表达与预后负相关[33].目前已上市的PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抗体有三个,已在黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌、淋巴瘤、膀胱癌等实体肿瘤中取得较好的临床效果.最近Roth等[7]个案报道了采用PD⁃1抑制剂Nivolumab治疗复发老年GBM患者,2年随访时间内肿瘤未进展并且体积较前明显缩小.因此PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抗体在成人GBM治疗中前景较好,但仍需更多的临床试验结果证实.
5 结语
肿瘤免疫治疗是利用机体免疫系统特定地识别杀伤肿瘤细胞而开发出来的治疗方法.相对于常规化疗药物,免疫治疗优点较为明显,其具有较好的特异性、安全性、持久性等.和其它肿瘤相似,目前已有较多的免疫治疗方式如DCs免疫治疗、多肽疫苗治疗、ACT、免疫节点抑制剂治疗等在成人GBM中进行临床试验.目前DCs免疫治疗、CAR⁃T治疗已初步在Ⅱ期临床试验中展现出较好的疗效,但仍待更多的临床试验数据验证.不同于其它肿瘤,成人GBM中目前仅有PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抗体的个案报道,仍需大量临床试验验证其有效性.免疫治疗在成人GBM中治疗前景广阔,但仍有很多的挑战.
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Advances in immunotherapy of adult glioblastoma
CAI Hong-Qing,WAN Jing-Hai
Department of Neurosurgery,National Cancer Center/Cancer Hos⁃pital,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100021,China
Glioblastoma is the most common pathological type in adult primary tumors of the central nervous system.Although being treated with surgery and postoperative adjuvant therapy,the prognosis of glioblastoma is still poor.At present,there are increasing number of immunotherapy studys for treating the tumor.Some have better clinical safety and effectiveness.The immuno⁃therapy studys in adult glioblastoma mainly focus on four treatment options:dendritic cell immunotherapy,peptide vaccine therapy,adoptive cell therapy(ACT)and checkpoint inhibitors.Preclinical experiments and early clinical trials have shown better anti⁃tumor effect.But there is an urgent need for higher level clinical trial evidence to support effectiveness of immunotherapy.
adult;glioblastoma;immunotherapy
R739.41
A
2017-05-08;接受日期:2017-05-23
蔡洪庆.博士.研究方向:神经系统肿瘤基础及临床研究.E⁃mail:phonecy@126.com
万经海.博士,教授,主任医师.研究方向:神经系统肿瘤.E⁃mail:wanjinghai@sina.com
2095⁃6894(2017)10⁃09⁃03