冠状动脉造影及介入治疗致造影剂肾病的危险因素分析
2016-10-17王鸿超刘金明谢亚囡郝玉明
王鸿超,刘金明,李 芳,谢亚囡,郝玉明
(河北医科大学第二医院心血管内科,河北 石家庄 050000)
·论著·
冠状动脉造影及介入治疗致造影剂肾病的危险因素分析
王鸿超,刘金明,李芳,谢亚囡,郝玉明
(河北医科大学第二医院心血管内科,河北 石家庄 050000)
目的观察不稳定型心绞痛患者在冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)或非急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)前后肾功能的变化以及造影剂肾病(contrast-induced nephropathy,CIN)的发生率,探讨CIN的危险因素。方法不稳定型心绞痛患者500例,在手术前后行水化治疗的基础上,测定不同时间胱抑素C(Cystatin C,Cys C)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)及肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR),计算CIN发生率并分为CIN组及非CIN组,评估CIN组手术前后肾功能变化。比较2组的临床特点,对其进行CIN危险评分(Mehran评分系统),分析CIN发生的危险因素。结果500例入选患者中72例发生了CIN,发生率为14.4%。CIN组年龄、入院时Cys C和SCr水平、造影剂用量、糖尿病比例、高血压比例、病变严重程度比例、Mehran评分高于非CIN组,eGFR低于非CIN组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CIN组手术后Cys C和SCr水平呈先升高再降低趋势,eGFR水平呈先降低后升高趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,入院Cys C水平、入院eGFR水平、糖尿病病史、造影剂用量及Mehran评分是CIN的危险因素。结论即使预防性应用水化治疗,CIN发病率仍然很高。将Cys C及SCr结合有利于提高CIN的检出率。造影剂用量、糖尿病病史、基础肾功能不全及Mehran评分是CIN的独立危险因素,其中Mehran评分相关性最好,可于术前推广应用。
心绞痛,不稳定型;肾病;冠状血管造影术
10.3969/j.issn.1007-3205.2016.09.001
随着冠状动脉介入治疗技术的发展,含碘造影剂的使用愈发广泛,造影剂所导致的造影剂肾病(contrast-induced nephropathy,CIN)发病率逐渐升高,是冠状动脉造影(coronary angiography,CAG)及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的一个重要的并发症,成为急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)的第三大原因,仅次于肾灌注不足和肾毒性药物引起的AKI,占全部医院获得性肾衰竭的11%[1-2]。CIN发生急性肾损害的患者,导致早期病死率升高和住院时间延长,其远期肾功能下降的风险亦升高[3-4],增加肾脏及心血管事件的发生率,增加透析及病死率[5]。多种风险因素可以促进CIN的发生,如基础的肾功能不全、低血压、心力衰竭、糖尿病、老年、贫血、造影剂的数量和类型等[6-10]。已经明确CIN与患者的近期及远期预后相关,目前临床上习惯应用水化疗法预防CIN的发生[11], 但能确切有效防治CIN的措施非常有限, 所以识别 CIN的危险因素成为防治CIN的基石[12-13]。本研究对行CAG或非急诊PCI的不稳定型心绞痛患者,在水化治疗的基础上,探讨CIN的发生率及其危险因素,以期提高临床医生对CIN的重视,旨在提高患者生存率及远期预后。现报告如下。
1 资料与方法
1.1一般资料选择2012年10月—2015年10月于我院心血管内科住院、拟行CAG或非急诊PCI的不稳定型心绞痛患者500例,男性337例,女性163例,年龄18~80岁,平均(64.6±8.1)岁;其中CAG 175例,PCI 325例。
本研究经医院伦理委员会通过,所有患者均签署知情同意书。
1.2相关定义和计算公式
1.2.1CINCIN定义为应用对比剂后48 h内出现血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)上升,相对值超过基础值的25%或绝对值超过基础值44 μmol/L。
1.2.2肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)计算公式eGFR计算公式:eGFR=186.3(SCr)-1.154(年龄)-0.203(女性:×0.742)。
1.2.3Mehran评分采用CIN危险因素风险评分系统,见表1。
表1 CIN危险因素的Mehran评分Table 1 Mehran score based on risk factors for CIN
1.3方法入选患者于CAG或非急诊PCI前后进行水化治疗(术前12 h至术后12 h静脉输注0.9%氯化钠1.0 m L·kg-1·h-1),造影剂选用碘普罗胺注射液(优维显)。于CAG或非急诊PCI术前,术后24 h、48 h、72 h及7 d测定患者的胱抑素C(Cystatin C,Cys C)、SCr及eGFR,计算入选患者CIN的发生率。并依据是否发生CIN,将患者分为CIN组及非CIN组,比较2组的临床特点,包括人口学特征(性别、年龄、身高、体质量等)、病史(高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症等)、实验室数据(SCr、Cys C、eGFR、糖化血红蛋白、血脂等)、药物使用(不稳定型心绞痛的常规治疗如阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、硝酸酯类、低分子肝素、他汀类药物等)、冠状动脉病变严重程度、手术操作方式、造影剂用量等。评估CIN组CAG或非急诊PCI前后SCr、eGFR及Cys C等肾功能指标的变化情况。对2组进行CIN危险评分(Mehran评分系统),分析CIN发生的危险因素。
2 结 果
2.1CIN的发生率500例入选患者中发生CIN 72例,发生率为14.4%,其中行CAG者17例,行PCI者55例。依据是否发生CIN将患者分为CIN组72例及非CIN组428例。CIN组年龄、入院时Cys C水平、入院时SCr水平、造影剂用量、糖尿病比例、高血压比例、病变严重程度比例、Mehran评分均高于非CIN组,eGFR低于非CIN组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);2组性别、体质量指数、糖化血红蛋白、三酰甘油、总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、左心室射血分数以及氯吡格雷、硝酸酯、低分子肝素、他汀类使用率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。
表2CIN组与非CIN组临床特点比较
组别 例数年龄(岁)性别(男性例数,%)体质量指数入院时CysC(mg/L)入院时SCr(μmol/L)eGFR[mL·min-1·(1.73m2)-1]CIN组 7270.2±7.246(63.9)24.9±5.01.85±0.3398.1±21.478.1±16.3非CIN组42863.6±8.1291(68.0)25.4±4.91.02±0.2478.7±15.992.7±18.7t/χ2 2.6180.8260.7833.5313.3244.024P 0.0140.4920.2930.0010.0020.000组别 例数左心室射血分数(%)糖化血红蛋白(%)三酰甘油[M(QR),mmol/L]总胆固醇[M(QR),mmol/L]低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[M(QR),mmol/L]高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[M(QR),mmol/L]CIN组 7252.3±4.66.3±1.21.51(1.44,1.82)4.86(4.30,5.90)3.14(2.71,3.49)0.92(0.73,1.15)非CIN组42851.1±4.96.1±1.61.58(1.39,1.77)4.99(4.66,5.73)3.21(3.02,3.75)0.99(0.74,1.06)t/Uc 0.7120.7811.6831.7951.3981.502P 0.4970.2970.5210.4120.6240.572组别 例数糖尿病史(例数,%)高血压病史(例数,%)阿司匹林(例数,%)氯吡格雷(例数,%)硝酸酯(例数,%)低分子肝素(例数,%)CIN组 7245(62.5)54(75.0)72(100.0)72(100.0)53(73.6)70(97.2)非CIN组428199(46.5)222(51.9)428(100.0)428(100.0)286(66.8)417(97.4)χ2 6.1426.8540.3120.3120.6810.843P 0.0000.0001.0001.0000.6250.478组别 例数他汀类(例数,%)造影剂用量[M(QR),mL]单支病变(例数,%)双支病变(例数,%)三支病变(例数,%)Mehran评分(分)CIN组 7271(98.6)172(87,208)20(27.8)22(30.5)30(41.7)7.8±1.1非CIN组428420(98.1)110(59,166)272(63.6)101(23.6)55(12.8)2.4±0.7χ2/Uc/t0.4255.1246.40616.854P 0.8510.0000.0000.000
2.2CIN组肾功能的变化情况CIN组Cys C水平于CAG或非急诊PCI后24 h升高达峰值,48 h开始回落,至72 h恢复至术前水平;SCr水平于CAG或非急诊PCI后24 h开始升高,48 h达峰值,72 h逐渐回落,7 d基本恢复至术前水平;eGFR水平于CAG或非急诊PCI后24 h开始降低,48 h达最低水平,72 h逐渐回升,7 d基本恢复至术前水平。CIN组手术前后肾功能指标差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表3。
表3CIN组手术前后肾功能比较
CIN组CysC(mg/L)SCr(μmol/L)eGFR[mL·min-1·(1.73m2)-1]术前1.85±0.3398.1±21.478.1±16.3术后24h3.70±0.56*143.2±18.8*68.5±19.4*术后48h2.70±0.39*151.3±15.3*61.9±20.1*术后72h1.89±0.41112.7±16.2*64.5±17.2*术后7d1.86±0.3697.4±13.979.6±17.4 F45.24632.56419.872 P0.0000.0000.028
*P<0.05 与术前比较(q检验)
2.3Logistic回归分析以CIN为因变量,以年龄、入院Cys C水平、入院SCr水平、入院eGFR水平、糖尿病病史、高血压病史、造影剂用量、冠状动脉病变严重程度、手术操作方式及Mehran评分为自变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示入院Cys C水平、入院eGFR水平、糖尿病病史、造影剂用量及Mehran评分是CIN的危险因素。见表4,5。
表4 Logistic回归变量含义及赋值说明Table 4 Implication and assignment of Logistic regression variables
表5 影响CIN发生的多元Logistic回归分析Table 5 Multi-factor Logistic regression analysis of CIN
3 讨 论
随着CAG和PCI在心血管疾病诊断和治疗领域的发展,CIN的发生率逐渐升高,已成为心脏介入手术中继支架术后“血栓形成”及支架术后“再狭窄”的又一难题。CIN的发生可以导致住院时间延长,增加患者近、远期透析风险及病死率。本研究在水化治疗的基础上,观察500例行CAG或非急诊PCI不稳定型心绞痛患者CIN的发生率,结果显示CIN发生率为14.4%。提示CIN在行CAG或非急诊PCI的不稳定型心绞痛患者中很常见,即使预防性应用水化治疗,发病率仍然很高。
CIN通常用SCr值来评价,目前最通用的定义是使用对比剂后48 h内出现SCr上升,超过其基础值的25%或超过44 μmol/L。SCr评价CIN特异度高,但因其受到性别、饮食、肌肉含量、活动等影响,使其敏感度受到了一定的限制,在大多数肾脏损伤初期,其诊断缺乏一定的准确度。Cys C是除血清SCr之外的一个新的反映eGFR变化的内源性标志物,且不受性别、年龄、体质量、饮食等影响,故其血清水平主要由eGFR决定,可以准确反映早期的肾功能损伤[14-15]。对于慢性肾脏疾病患者,PCI术后24 h Cys C水平增高>10%,对评估CIN发生的敏感度和特异度分别达到100%和86%[16]。因此,将Cys C与SCr结合起来,可以提高CIN诊断的灵敏度与准确度。CIN的危险因素包括内源性危险因素和外源性危险因素[17]。常见的内源性危险因素包括原有肾功能不全、低血压、充血性心力衰竭、高龄、糖尿病等[18]。外源性危险因素包括造影剂的类型与剂量、注入造影剂的途径(动脉或静脉),以及2次造影剂使用的间隔时间等[19]。本研究结果显示,造影剂的用量、糖尿病病史、入院Cys C增高、eGFR降低及Mehran评分是CIN的独立预测因子,其中
Mehran评分的相关性最好。
为了评估CIN危险性及对其进行危险分层,Mehran等在2004年建立了CIN危险因素的简化评分系统,危险积分≤5分时,CIN发生风险为7.5%,血液透析风险为0.04%;危险积分为6~10分时,CIN发生风险为14%,血液透析风险为0.12%;危险积分为11~16分时,CIN发生风险为26.1%,血液透析风险为1.09%;当危险积分>16分时CIN的发生风险为57.3%,血液透析风险为12.6%[20]。Mehran评分囊括了大部分CIN可能的危险因素,评估CIN较为准确全面。因此,对于拟行CAG或PCI的患者,尤其是高危患者,都应该行Mehran评分进行危险分层,对评分高的患者给予积极的预防措施,以减少CIN的发生。在条件允许的情况下,尽量减少造影剂的用量,以减少CIN的发生。
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(本文编辑:赵丽洁)
Analysis of risk factors of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography or non-emergent percutaneous coronary intervention
WANG Hong-chao,LIU Jin-ming,LI Fang,XIE Ya-nan,HAO Yu-ming
(Department of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China)
ObjectiveTo observe the renal functional variance before and after coronary angiography(CAG) or non-emergent percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) in patients with unstable angina, to determine the incidence rate of contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN) and to discuss the risk factors. MethodsFive hundred patients with unstable angina enrolled into the study. Cystatin C(Cys C), serum creatinine(SCr) and estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR) were collected before and after CAG or non-emergent PCI at different time points on the basis of the treatment of hydration to estimate the incidence of CIN. The patients were divided into CIN group and non-CIN group, and the changes of renal function before and after operation in group CIN were evaluated. The clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared, and the risk factors of the occurrence of CIN were analyzed by CIN risk score(Mehran scoring system). ResultsCIN occurred in 72 of 500 patients, and the incidence was 14.4%. The factors of age, baseline Cys C level, baseline SCr level, the dosage of contrast medium, hypertension history, diabetic history, severity of coronary lesions, Mehran scores of CIN group were higher than that of non-CIN group, and baseline eGFR level were lower than that of non-CIN group. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The level of Cys C and SCr in patients with CIN after operation showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing and the eGFR level was decreased and then increased. The difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that: baseline Cys C level, baseline eGFR level, diabetic history, the dosage of contrast medium, and Mehran scores were the risk factors of CIN. ConclusionThe incidence of CIN is still high, even with the preventive use of the treatment of hydration. The detection rate will be increased if Cys C and SCr are combined. Diabetes history, baseline renal dysfunction, the dosage of contrast medium and Mehran score are independent risk factors for CIN, and the most relevant risk factor is Mehran score, which can be applied before operation.
angina, unstable; nephrosis; coronary angiography
2016-06-21;
2016-07-12
王鸿超(1982-),男,河北石家庄人,河北医科大学
R692
A
1007-3205(2016)09-0993-05
第二医院主治医师,医学硕士,从事心血管内科疾病诊治研究。