2016年高考英语试题中的“熟词生义”现象分析
2016-10-13霍巍巍
霍巍巍
2016年全国II卷遵循《2016年高考考试说明》,题型与前两年保持一致,并且阅读ABC篇和七选五,完形填空,语法填空,短文改错和书面表达整体难度与前两年基本一致。但是笔者从2016年的高考题中也明显感受到:稳中有变化,难度略有增加。变化主要体现在以下几个方面:阅读理解的深度和信息复杂性增大(阅读理解的D篇),理解判断题增多,更注重分析、综合、概括和推理等思维能力的考查;注重英语语篇和语用的教学导向,例如语法填空的70题make sure句中原形make的使用。
但是,整张试卷对学生词汇能力的考查是今年高考题一个比较突出的方面,主要体现在词汇的熟词生义、一词多义、同根词、语言的地道性等方面。从学生的反馈看,词汇能力也是失分的主要原因之一。由于词汇能力有限,答题速度减慢,间接影响了书面表达的得分。直接失分最典型的例如阅读27题,完形46题、47题和57题,其中27题drawback是选修第八册的词汇,如果考生对这个单词掌握熟练,不会简单地将解题思路更多锁定在mistake,difficulty,burden三个熟练词汇的语境考量上,忽视对drawback和difficulty的语境推敲而错选difficulty或burden。46题accurate在必修和选修教材中的词汇列表中没有出现过,却是考纲要求的单词,考生不够熟练的话,此题很可能丢分。57题的speechless要求考生首先知道speech的一个高中不熟悉的词义“言语”才能理解这个词是“无语的”的意思。2016年试卷对词汇的考查比比皆是,请参看更多范例:
1. 熟词生义和一词多义
(1)People who find the book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it.(2016年阅读C篇)
(2)Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dogs sled across the continent. (2016年阅读D篇)
(3)Shackleton started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography. (2016年阅读D篇)
(4) Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. (2016年七选五)
(5)It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding...and how you approach the gardening process. (2016年七选五)
(6)Then handle the most important tasks first so you will feel a real sense of (2016年语法填空)
这里列举的6个语句中的加重词汇虽然是教材中出现过的词汇,但是词熟却义生,就是我们常说的“熟词生义”,就是指学生对绝大多数单词的一两个常用义项比较熟悉,而对某些单词的一词多义或一词多性没有全面掌握,熟词变成了生词。有的学生纠结于该词的“熟义”,导致对语段的理解困难,出现不应有的失分,或者降低理解精确性和答题速度,进而影响书面表达的答题时间,引起总分数的不理想。请比较:
又如:
(1)The workshop look at every kind of comedy...(2016年阅读A篇)(熟义:看;生义:思考研究)
(2)His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home.(2016年阅读B篇)(熟义:建造;生义:制成物)
英语界很多前辈都曾经指出高考英语阅读失分点之一是忽视单词的多种解释。学过的单词,一旦放在不同的语境中,经过上下文转意后,反而成了最熟悉的“拦路虎”。
2. 构词法(同根词和合成词)
(1) Once I had a boy who worked experimentally with Tinkertoys in his free time.(2016年阅读B篇)(experiment)
(2)It requires membership.(2016年阅读A篇)(member)
(3)His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class...(2016年阅读A篇)(present)
(4)Here was an exceptionally creative mind at work.(2016年阅读B篇)(create)
(5)The student would tell something wildly imaginative.(2016年阅读B篇)(wild)(imagine)
(6)...adventuring was even a thoroughly commercial
effort. (2016年 阅读D篇)(thorough)
(7) Shackleton,a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the south Pole in 1908. (2016 阅读D篇) (one;time;merchant;navy)
(8) For years I dealt with my travel agent only by phone. Rani, my faceless agent got me ...(2016年完形)(face)
(9)Rani, my faceless agent got me rock-bottom prices on airfares, cars and hotels. (2016年完形)(rock;bottom)
(10)The woman, seeing my madness,sympathetically jumped up. (2016完形)(mad;sympathy)
(11)I was speechless. (2016年完形)(speech)
(12) So get an early start and try to be as productive as possible before lunch. (2016年语法填空)(produce)
正如上面的范例,2016高考试卷中出现了很多词根在考纲中的“超纲”派生词: (forgive;eager;friend; speech),了解派生词的知识和对重要“纲词”派生词的积累无疑对扩大词汇很有裨益。
3. 考纲有教材从没有出现的单词
(1)Many of the images were stored in an ice chest under freezing water. (2016年阅读D篇)
(2)Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back. (2016年阅读D篇)
(3) 46. A. direct B. useful C. easy D. accurate (2016年完形)
这些词在教材1-8册的单词表中没有被列出,学生会比较生疏,虽然例(1)(2)中chest和march能根据语境大致推测词义,但是例(3)可能直接影响分数了。所以,我们要熟悉“纲词”,在平时教学时的补充阅读材料中提取这类单词帮助学生更好地理解和记忆,以便高三复习“查缺补漏”时更容易对这样“纲有教材无”的词汇的内化和熟练。
4. 语言的地道性(习语)
(1)His constructions filled a shelf in the art classroom and a good part of his bedroom at home.(2010年阅读B篇)
(2)Without fail one would declare, “But Im just not creative.” (2016年阅读D篇)
(3)The website BookCrossing turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.(2016年阅读C篇)
A good part of his bedroom就是most part of his bedroom的意思。Good 是加强语气,表达了“相当多或大”的意思。又如,I have waited a good fifteen minutes there. Without fail是always,又如,He goes through the emails every day without fail. turn the page指“掀开新篇章”。语言的地道性是外语学习者须要不断积累的过程,可以从一些有趣常见的开始,如:dead president (美元),green-eyed (眼红,嫉妒的), oval office(美国总统办公室或总统本人),go Dutch (AA制), white elephant (累赘而无用的东西) horse sense(常识), a piece of cake (简单,容易)。同时,英语的习语很多,所以除注意积累外,还要引导学生根据上下文语境合理推断语义,如,Ive been thinking about this problem for two hours. I think I will sleep on it. It might come to me in the morning. 根据语境sleep on it 应该是“再考虑一晚”。又如,Ill have to play it by ear because I dont know how long they want me to work. (见机行事)。
5. 短语依旧占一定比重
近三年虽然都没有出现短语动词的辨析性考查,但是常用短语却屡见不鲜。2015年完形是从语篇中考查常用短语,如,第40 题be harmful to; be mixed with; be different from; be applied to。 2016年从语篇层次考查介词短语,如,第47题 in person; by myself; in public; on purpose。另外,还有阅读中涉及短语也不少:make...out of...(阅读B篇), run the risk of doing (阅读B), in ones honour(阅读B), figure out(阅读D篇),masses of (七选五);be concerned about (七选五),no more than等。可见,加强短语训练也是高三复习的重要环节。
从以上分析我们不难看出,2016年高考试卷对学生词汇的要求较高:词义宽度增大,同根词,一词多义,熟词生义,地道的言语表达,常用短语非常丰富。我们知道,学生的词汇程度对高考分数影响很大。笔者高二的教学班对高考题作答的结果也证明了这一点,学生普遍反映对词汇能力要求高的阅读理解、完形填空的文章、题干的理解有难度,书面表达答题时间受到挤压,成绩不理想。问题原因在于这个阶段的高二学生虽然已经基本完成词汇的学习,却还没有进行词汇的系统复习。所以在高三复习阶段,词汇的系统巩固和强化将扮演重要的角色。下面谈谈词汇复习的有效方法。
1.利用教材按模块复习,以语篇为载体、单词短语化。
根据新课标的要求,对词汇学习不仅仅限于辨认、识记和理解,还在于运用和表达。教师应为学生创设运用所学语言的语境。正如语言学家吕叔湘先生所说:“词语要嵌在上下文里头才有生命,才容易记住,才知道用法。” 所以,可以以模块为单位,以课文为背景,将重点高考词汇词组化,编入贴近学生实际、带有一定趣味性的语境中。这样既复习了单词,也能在一定程度上提高书面表达水平。更重要的是,这种训练方式锻炼了学生在语篇和语境中运用和表达词汇的能力。例如必修1 Module1的复习,可以做这样的尝试:这学期初,我们有幸拥有一个很有活力的老师——沈老师。她完全不同于以前的初中老师,她对英语的热爱和对工作的热情给我们留下深刻印象。英语课上所有人都表现很好。家长们赞叹于我们的进步!在她的教导下,我们能够流畅地说英语,还对英语阅读理解有了积极的态度,我们所有人都有信心英语说得和本族语者一样好。通过翻译这个小语篇,学生可以不知不觉地在饶有趣味中掌握以下单词和词组:at the start of the term, be blessed with, dynamic, nothing like, precious, be enthusiastic about, show enthusiasm for, leave a deep impression on, be on good behavior, be amazed at, progress(advance), under ones instruction, be fluent in, take a positive attitude towards, a native speaker。相信这样的训练并辅助以单词词组的语句填空和单词听写一定会打下坚实的词汇基础。
2. 通过构词法解决同根词,扩大词汇。
掌握构词法对猜测词义扩大词汇量很有帮助。如:2015年高考阅读D中的prehistoric这个词,可以根据构词法把它拆成pre, historic;其中pre“前”,historic词根是history,所以pre“前”+historic“历史的”是“史前的”意思。教学中,专门把常用词缀作为词汇教学的一部分,有助于学生的积累和触类旁通。如:否定词缀disadvantage,disappointed;undoubtfully,unpredictable;irregular, irrelevant,irresponsible;mislead,misfortune,misunderstanding;nonviolent,nonstop,nonsense;空间时间序列forehead,forearm,underground, underline, postwar, postliberation;表示特殊意义的前缀auto-自动automobile, auto bicycle;micro-微小,microscope,microcomputer;bi-数量, biweekly,bimonthly; mini-小型, minibus, miniskirt,minimarket;en-使,enrich,enlarge, enable;over-超过overead, overpass;构成抽象名词和集合名词的后缀,-ment, movement, government, judgment;tion,sion, tion, -ation,pronunciation, invitation, decision,decision,intention; -ship, friendship,membership, relationship;-hood (时期,状态,某类人)childhood, widowhood, likelihood brotherhood, parenthood。还可以注重结合模块渗透重点单词的同根词, 比如选修七Module 1 中的attend—attendance,defend—defence,association—associate,commentary—comment,instant—instantly,accelerate—accelerationd等。在整个词汇复习过程中,注重对同根词的输入和整理,会达到词汇复习事半功倍的效果。
3. 利用学案落实熟词生义,一词多义。
一词多义是语言经济性和灵活性的体现,是语言的一个优点。我们可以有针对性地编写学案,有节制地为学生输入语句和适当训练,在语句中感知词语的基本意和转义,帮助学生更好地掌握它们而扩大词汇量。我校编写的学案以模块为单位,集中高考重点词汇进行同根词、一词多义、熟词生义和近义词的训练,比如:
(1)respectful 和respectable
It is not __________________ to spit on the sidewalk.
Our new neighbors are very _________________ people.
(2)bother vt. // annoy vt. // trouble vt.
Stop ________ me with such a small matter.
His bad manner on the important occasion _______me.
Never ______ trouble until trouble _______ you.
(3)court n. (一词多义、熟词生义)
Four people will appear in court today, charged with robbery.
The hotel has several tennis courts.
She came to visit England, where she was presented at the court of James I.
学案与单词强化考试配合进行,强化记忆和语境感知理解相得益彰。
4. 利用二轮复习专项训练,巩固和扩充词汇。
二轮复习是巩固内化词汇的有利时机,把各个题型,尤其阅读和完形用活。“只有在语言使用(包括听、说、读、写)中才能深化和巩固词汇知识”,也就是说不管用什么方法来学习词汇,都要学以致用。教师在词汇教学中要为学生提供运用词汇的机会,使学生在学中用,在用中学。我在每篇阅读和完形语篇之后都要求学生根据自己的实际情况在“词汇积累本”上按日期像记日记一样书写记录下“我的生词单”和“复杂长句积累”,让词不离句,句不离篇,反复感知,不断内化。另外还抓住近几年各省高考经常考到的词组,让学生自己回忆、辨析各相近词组的意思,进行“动词短语头脑风暴”收集和巩固,并留作业编写语段如常用的take和bring有关短语。我的一位学生这样编写:This old picture brings back my memory of early childhood in the countryside, where I was brought up by my devoted parents. I had a good time there but soon I was forced to attend school, which brought about some changes to my life and brought my happy days to an end. I felt I was taken in. But I was persuaded by my parents and worked hard to take on more responsibility. Finally, I took up business and soon my career took off !
5. 利用《2016全国统一考试大纲》巩固和查缺补漏。
在一轮复习的基础上,进行二轮复习时,一边积累阅读完形等阅读材料中的单词,一边按照最新考纲查缺补漏,确认出还不熟悉的单词反复强化。我们尤其要重视教材中没有却在考纲中出现的词汇,这部分词汇学生相对生疏,整理出来强化训练很有必要。比如,accurate (2016年完形); march; postpone(2016年完形);submit; subscribe; tension; uniform; wind(v.); warehouse; wag; yummy; zoom等。另外,对于超纲词汇,要根据学生实际情况和能力做出要求,尽量减轻学生负担,2016年高考对于这类词汇都有汉语注释,如contract,pasta,infect,virtual,shipwreck,sled, sum, fertilizer, recall, device, identify。