覆膜对长江中游春玉米氮肥利用效率及土壤速效氮素的影响

2016-08-24葛均筑袁国印田少阳李淑娅杨晓妮

植物营养与肥料学报 2016年2期

关键词：施氮氮量氮素

葛均筑，徐莹，袁国印，田少阳，李淑娅，杨晓妮，

曹凑贵1，展茗1*，赵明2*

(1农业部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室，华中农业大学植物科技学院，湖北武汉 430070; 2农业部作物生理生态重点实验室，中国农业科学院作物科学研究所，北京 100081; 3天津农学院农学与资源环境学院，天津 300384)

覆膜对长江中游春玉米氮肥利用效率及土壤速效氮素的影响

葛均筑1,2,3，徐莹1，袁国印1，田少阳1，李淑娅1，杨晓妮1，

曹凑贵1，展茗1*，赵明2*

春玉米; 覆膜; 施氮量; 产量; 氮素积累; 氮肥效率

nitrogen use efficiency

1　材料与方法

1.1试验设计

表1　不同土层深度基础地力

表2　长江中游试验区春玉米生育期及相应降雨量

注(Note): SD—播种期Sowing date; VE—出苗期Seedling stage; V6—拔节期Jointing stage; R1—吐丝期Silking stage; R6—成熟期Maturity stage.

试验采用裂区设计，主区为地膜覆盖(film mulching, F)和无地膜覆盖(no film mulching, NF); 副区为施氮水平，5个水平分别为每公顷施氮 0 kg(N0)、135 kg(N135)、202.5 kg(N202.5)、270 kg(N270)和337.5 kg(N337.5)。因覆膜玉米生育期内不能进行追肥，肥料于播种时一次性基施，全生育期P2O5用量为150 kg/hm2，K2O为180 kg/hm2，复合肥料为山东金正大生态有限公司生产的沃夫特玉米专用缓控释肥(N ∶P2O5∶K2O为22 ∶8 ∶12)，以氮肥为计算单位，P2O5和K2O用量分别用过磷酸钙(P2O512%)和氯化钾(K2O 60%)补足。春玉米品种为宜单 629，定苗密度为 60000 plant/hm2。2013年3月15日播种。

图1　春玉米播种厢沟模式及取样点(O、N和B点)示意图Fig.1　The sketch of spring maize sowing with ditch-degeneration and the sample spots in plot

1.2测定项目与计算

1.2.1 籽粒产量及其构成因素在玉米籽粒生理成熟后，选取小区中间无破坏行4行宽，连续4 m长，统计穗数折合成公顷穗数(EN)，取代表性植株5株，测定干物质积累，剩余穗子全部收获测鲜重，计算平均穗鲜重，选取接近于平均穗鲜重的样穗20穗，自然风干后进行室内考种脱粒。产量=20穗样穗籽粒重(折算按籽粒含水量为14%)×EN/20，籽粒含水量用PM8088谷物水分测定仪测定。

1.2.2 氮素积累量与利用的效率于拔节期(V6)、吐丝期(R1)和生理成熟期(R6)，各小区取代表性样株3株，V6期分为鞘和叶2部分，R1期分为茎、鞘和叶三部分，R6期分为茎、鞘、叶、苞叶、穗轴和籽粒六部分，105℃杀青30 min，75℃烘干至恒重，称重后计算干物质积累量。样品采用微型植物样品粉碎机粉碎(过0.45 mm筛)留样备测。

采用H2SO4-H2O2联合消煮—觊氏定氮法测定氮素含量，参照文献计算氮素积累量与利用效率[31-33]:

氮素积累量(total nitrogen accumulation amount in plant, TNAA, kg/hm2)=60000 plant/hm2×∑[植株各部位干物质积累量(g/plant)×含氮量(mg/g)]

氮肥农学效率(agronomic efficiency of nitrogen, ANUE, kg/kg)=(施氮区玉米产量-空白区玉米产量)/施氮量

氮肥回收率(nitrogen recovery efficiency, NRE,%)=(施氮区作物氮素积累量-不施氮区作物氮素积累量)/施氮总量×100。

1.3数据统计与分析

用Microsoft Excel 2003进行数据计算和作图，用SPSS16.0 统计软件进行方差和相关性分析，采用Duncan’s新复极差法进行多重比较。

2　结果与分析

2.1覆膜对不同施氮梯度下长江中游春玉米产量及其构成因素的影响

由表3可知，覆膜、施氮量及二者互作极显著地提高长江中游春玉米产量。覆膜极显著地增加穗粒数和粒重，施氮仅对穗粒数影响达极显著水平，二因素互作对穗数、穗粒数、百粒重的影响均达极显著水平。

与不覆膜相比，随施氮量增加覆膜增产幅度显著减小(表3)，同等施氮水平下分别增产45.89%、45.68%、32.79%和23.54%。相同施氮量时，覆膜对穗粒数的影响未达显著水平。与不覆膜相比，随施氮量增加覆膜对穗粒数的影响程度呈先升高后降低趋势，覆膜时穗粒数分别增加7.77%、30.63%、37.04%、34.74%和21.49%(P<0.05)。与不施氮相比，施氮后覆膜提高春玉米百粒重，但施氮水平间差异未达显著水平。

由表3可以看出，与N135处理相比，覆膜后N202.5、N270和N337.5产量分别提高6.21%、13.36%和23.67%; 不覆膜分别增产6.36%、24.5%和46.3%。N135与N202.5间无显著差异，但与N270和N337.5差异达显著水平，N337.5产量显著高于N202.5和N270。施氮量对穗数的影响无明显规律，覆膜时N202.5穗数最高，但不覆膜时N0处理最高。同等条件下，穗粒数随施氮量增加而显著增加，且覆膜时各施氮量间差异均达显著水平，但不覆膜时表现为N337.5>N135≈N202.5≈N270(P<0.05)。覆膜后，春玉米百粒重表现为N337.5>N270>N202.5≈N135(P<0.05)，不覆膜时N135与N270、N337.5差异达显著水平。

表3　覆膜对不同施氮梯度下长江中游春玉米产量及其构成因素影响

注(Note): 同列数据后不同字母表示同等条件下不同施氮处理间P<0.05水平下的差异显著 Values followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different between N treatments atP<0.05 level at the same condition.**表示处理因素间差异性达0.01显著水平 Mean significantly different between treatments atP<0.01 level.

2.2覆膜对不同施氮梯度下长江中游春玉米氮素积累与利用效率的影响

由表4可以看出，春玉米植株氮素累积量(TNAA)随生育时期显著增加，覆膜和施氮显著提高各生育时期TNAA，但二因素互作仅对吐丝期TNAA影响显著。与N0相比，施氮显著提高成熟期TNAA。覆膜下，施氮水平间TNAA随施氮量增加而提高，但幅度降低，N135与N270、N337.5差异显著，N202.5仅与N337.5差异显著。不覆膜时，施氮量间TNAA表现为N135≈N202.5

覆膜显著提高春玉米氮肥农学利用效率(ANUE)，但对氮肥回收率(NRE)无显著影响; 增施氮肥显著降低ANUE和NRE; 二因素互作对ANUE和NRE均无显著影响(表4)。同等施氮水平下，与覆膜相比，不覆膜ANUE分别降低89.08%(P<0.01)、164.23%(P<0.01)、62.47%(P<0.05)和45.31%(P<0.05)，同时NRE降幅为13.13%(P<0.05)、17.64%(P<0.05)、10.58%(P<0.05)和2.34%。与覆膜N135处理相比，随施氮量增加，ANUE显著降低，降幅分别为26.21%、38.50%和43.71%，NRE降幅为10.45%、11.05%和16.73%(P<0.05); 无覆膜处理N202.5、N270和N337.5ANUE比NFN135显著降低47.20%、28.43%和26.75%，而NRE降幅为15.09%(P<0.05)、8.44%和6.39%。

表4覆膜对不同施氮梯度下春玉米氮素积累与利用效率的影响

Table 4N accumulation in different stages of spring maize and N use efficiency under different treatments

处理Treatment氮积累量TotalNaccumulation(kg/hm2)拔节期Jointing吐丝期Silking成熟期MaturityANUE(kg/kg)NRE(%)覆膜N010.3d44.1e91.6dFilmN13512.1d87.7d176.7c31.8a63.0amulchingN202.516.7c110.6c205.8bc23.5b56.4ab(F)N27019.6b125.1b242.9ab19.6c56.0abN337.522.1a164.2a268.6a17.9c52.4b无覆膜N09.6d30.6d63.9dNofilmN1359.8d49.8c137.8c16.8a54.7amulchingN202.512.7c67.7b158.0c8.9c46.0b(NF)N27017.2b72.2b199.2b12.0b50.1abN337.520.5a109.5a236.8a12.3b51.2abFvaluesF66.4**354.8**68.0**7.67**1.03N17.2**532.9**27.4**63.7**13.5*F×N1.0517.9**0.262.90**0.308

注(Note): ANUE —氮肥农学效率Agronomic efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen; NRE—氮肥回收率Nitrogen recovery efficiency. 同列数据后不同字母表示同等条件下不同施氮处理间P<0.05水平下的差异显著 Values followed by different letters within the same column are significantly different between N treatments atP<0.05 level under the same condition.*,**表示处理因素间差异性达0.05、0.01显著水平 Mean significantly different between treatments atP<0.05 andP<0.01 levels.

2.3覆膜对不同施氮水平下长江中游春玉米田土壤硝态氮含量的影响

表5　覆膜对不同施氮水平的土壤硝态氮含量(mg/kg)的影响

注(Note): 同列数据后不同字母表示同等条件下不同施氮处理间5%水平下差异显著 Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different between N treatments atP<0.05 level under the same condition.*,**表示处理因素间差异性达0.05、0.01显著水平 Mean significantly different between treatments atP<0.05 andP<0.01 levels.

2.4覆膜对不同施氮水平下长江中游春玉米田土壤铵态氮含量的影响

表6　覆膜对不同施氮水平的土壤铵态氮含量动态(mg/kg)的影响

3　讨论与结论

本研究结果表明，施氮和覆膜均极显著地提高了长江中游春玉米不同生育时期的氮素积累量，但二因素互作仅对吐丝期氮素积累量具有极显著的效应。吐丝前的营养生长阶段是春玉米穗粒数形成的关键时期，吐丝后的籽粒灌浆期是粒重形成的关键时期。吐丝期氮素积累量差异说明覆膜促进了春玉米不同施氮梯度下氮素的吸收积累，为增加穗粒数奠定了良好的基础; 成熟期氮素积累量无明显差异，说明覆膜显著促进了籽粒灌浆期不同氮肥水平下籽粒氮素的积累，弥补吐丝期营养器官氮素积累量的差异，优化籽粒灌浆过程，提高春玉米百粒重。增施氮肥显著降低春玉米的氮肥农学利用效率，覆膜显著提高同等施氮量春玉米氮肥农学利用效率，但二因素互作对氮肥农学利用效率无显著影响; 增施氮肥春玉米氮肥回收率显著降低，但覆膜及二因素互作对氮肥回收率无显著影响。

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Effects of film mulching on nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize and soil available nitrogen variations in the middle reaches of Yangtze River

GE Jun-zhu1,2,3, XU Ying1, YUAN Guo-yin1,2, TIAN Shao-yang1, LI Shu-ya1,2, YANG Xiao-ni1,CAO Cou-gui1, ZHAN Ming1*, ZHAO Ming2*

(1MOAKeyLaboratoryofCropEcophysiologyandFarmingSystemfortheMiddleReachesoftheYangtzeRiver/CollegeofPlantScienceandTechnology,HuazhongAgriculturalUniversity,Wuhan,Hubei430070,China; 2MOAKeyLaboratoryofCropPhysiologyandEcology/InstituteofCropSciences,ChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,Beijing100081,China; 3CollegeofAgronomy,ResourcesandEnvironment,TianjinAgriculturalUniversity,Tianjin300384,China)