射电噪类星体与X射线双星的黑洞活动基本面关系∗

张 旭张皓晶 张 雄

(云南师范大学物理与电子信息学院昆明650500)

射电噪类星体与X射线双星的黑洞活动基本面关系∗

张 旭†张皓晶‡张 雄

(云南师范大学物理与电子信息学院昆明650500)

在很多低/硬态X射线双星系统(XRB)中,射电和X射线光度之间存在较好的相关关系.Dong等人通过研究得出了射电静类星体(RQQ)也存在着这一关系,并且其关系式与低/硬态X射线双星的基本面关系有着一定的相似度.分析收集的射电噪类星体来探究射电噪类星体是否也存在着这种关联,这些源包含了255个射电噪类星体.分析结果表明:(1)255个射电噪类星体(RLQ)的黑洞质量与X射线和射电光度之间以及射电光度爱丁顿比率和X射线爱丁顿比率之间均存在相关性,这与Dong等人运用亮硬态黑洞双星和射电噪类星体所得出的基本面关系式有一定的相似性,但仍然存在一定差异.(2)低/硬态X射线双星与射电噪类星体的基本面关系式可统一为lg LR=0.998+0.045−0.045lg LX+0.592+0.049−0.049lg MBH−6.56+1.605−1.605(其中LR为射电光度, LX为X射线光度,MBH为黑洞质量).(3)研究结果进一步证明了X射线和射电光度与黑洞质量所构成的基本面关系式具有高度的统一性,不仅可用于描述低/硬态X射线双星系统和射电静类星体,同样可用于射电噪类星体.

黑洞物理,X射线:双星,星系:喷流

1 引言

黑洞吸积以及喷流的形成被认为是尺度不变的,黑洞吸积的基本面关系可以由黑洞质量、射电/X射线光度组成的经验公式来表示.目前有很多理论及观测证据支持尺度恒定的黑洞吸积和相对论喷流理论.观测证据同样支持了XRB及活动星系核(AGN)的黑洞活动基本面关系的存在.从统计意义上来说,基本面关系是由黑洞质量、射电/X射线光度组成的非线性相关经验公式,射电光度在基本面关系中如同AGN喷流的探针,而X射线光度如同吸积率的测量器.X射线双星系统与活动星系核有着相似的中央引擎:黑洞-吸积盘-喷流.X射线双星系统在大多数时间中一直处于宁静状态,但它可能会在短时间内突然爆发,并在接下来的数个月或几年不等的时间中持续向外发出射电以及X射线辐射.基于光谱以及周期的特点,人们会把这种爆发分类为很多不同的态[1].XRBs在爆发初期基本都是在低态,而在爆发结束时处于硬态.其X射线辐射可由光子指数1.5≤Γ≤2的幂函数来确定,并可以从1 keV扩展到∼100 keV.X射线光谱是由一个很强的黑体辐射来主导的,而XRBs在Γ≥2时会以较高的光度停留在高/软态.但有一些XRBs在Γ≥2.4时会停留在很高的态,但这与先前的高/软态有所不同[2−3].通过AGN与不同阶段的XRB的对比研究,多种不同类型的AGN可以被统一归类的观点也逐渐被人们所接受.通常我们基于视界以及射电噪度来确定AGN的方位,射电噪度的大小通常由其5 GHz单频与B波段4400˚A处流量密度之比(R0=F5GHz/FB)来得出[4].R0=10通常被认为是区分射电静与射电噪的判别条件[5].基于能量统一理论,不同的AGN可用XRB与之对应的不同阶段来归类[6].低态的AGNs(LLAGNs)可被归类为低/硬态的XRBs.RQQ类星体可被归类为高/软态的XRB.类星体射电光度可以运用X射线以及黑洞质量通过经验公式推算出来,这种射电与X射线光度的关联公式被称为基本面关系.起初人们认为这种现象是基于X射线来源于吸积流或喷流本身,但人们很快发现基于相同吸积机制下不同的源可能在质量上相差将近9个数量级.Xue等人在2007年发现射电与X射线光度的关联机制并不像之前想的那样[7].在接下来几年中,越来越多的射电双星被发现并不适用于之前的散射X射线模型.这说明射电-X射线的相关性与射电光谱演化间有着紧密的联系.通过对更高精度的样本进行分析,K¨ording等人发现射电双星与低光度活动星系核之间存在着明显的基本面关系[8],并提出这种基本面关系可能适用于大多数黑洞射电源.目前对于基本面的研究已经确定了X射线双星系统与活动星系核的关系,并可以通过这种现象对黑洞活动进行进一步的分类和研究.但为何会产生这种关联目前还没有统一的论断.正如前文所说不同的吸积过程可以引发不同的黑洞活动.为了探讨这种基本面关系是否也适用于射电噪类星体,在本文中不同于前人相关的RQQ研究,我们试图用RLQ的样本数据来建立一个关于RLQ黑洞活动的基本面关系式.

2 样本

2.1RLQ

本文中我们尽量采集具有可靠的黑洞质量、红移、宽线区光度、X射线光度以及5 GHz射电光度的样本.本文中样本的质量和宽线区光度来源于Xiong等[9],5 GHz流量密度来源于NED(NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database)网络数据库.X射线光度由1 keV X射线流量密度以及光度距离计算得出.1 keV X射线流量密度源于NED网络数据库及Xiong等的文章,光度距离可由以下式子通过红移计算得到[10].本文计算中运用的宇宙学常数与Xiong等[9]相同.

其中dL(z)为光度距离,z为红移,c为光速,H0为哈勃常数,ΩΛ与Ωm分别是通过公式推导得出的参数,具体参见Venter等[10]的文章.样本的数据列于表1(F5GHz是5 GHz流量密度,F1keV是1 keV流量密度).

表1RLQ样本数据Table 1Data of RLQ

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s−1) M⊙ (erg·s−1) Jy (erg·s−1) SDSS J093035.08+464408.6 2.036 137.5 43.814 9.045 43.781 0.161 45.666 SDSS J093309.31+461535.40.778 29.4 42.345 8.68 42.546 0.062 44.218 SDSS J095227.30+504850.61.091 73.4 43.035 9.05 42.996 0.034 44.326 SDSS J095359.22+172056.50.711 95.4 42.777 8.43 42.636 0.123 44.424 SDSS J100306.76+681316.80.773 89 42.821 9.33 43.656 0.130 44.536 SDSS J100412.86+462622.52.075 30 43.167 9.235 43.191 0.038 45.055 SDSS J100821.56+440016.41.186 29 42.702 8.58 43.086 0.043 44.512 SDSS J101122.59+470042.12.932 31 43.439 10.16 42.846 0.062 45.634 SDSS J101557.05+010913.70.779 182 43.138 9.69 43.036 0.329 44.947 SDSS J102237.44+393150.10.603 46 42.315 9.115 42.251 0.144 44.316 SDSS J104732.28+483531.00.867 44 42.615 8.39 42.676 0.069 44.380 SDSS J105342.21-001420.1 0.676 46.6 42.421 8.635 42.451 0.065 44.092 SDSS J110538.99+020257.30.107 227 41.456 8.27 40.996 0.230 42.807 SDSS J111105.88+522748.91.285 80 43.209 9.27 43.056 0.041 44.581 SDSS J111118.53+153033.00.526 37 42.098 8.145 42.021 0.103 44.027 SDSS J111914.33+600457.12.641 132.3 43.993 9.79 44.836 0.058 45.499 SDSS J112023.22+540427.00.924 58.7 42.795 8.57 42.876 0.058 44.378 SDSS J112657.65+451606.31.819 268.5 44.016 9.56 43.886 0.127 45.442 SDSS J114306.02+184342.90.374 94.7 42.198 8.94 42.766 0.432 44.297 SDSS J114803.17+565411.50.451 51 42.099 8.895 42.451 0.213 44.181 SDSS J115232.86+493938.61.094 335.7 43.697 9.12 43.786 0.096 44.776 SDSS J115542.53+021411.00.873 118 43.049 9.365 42.381 0.086 44.484 SDSS J120127.42+090040.51.017 40 42.711 9.51 43.556 0.137 44.852 SDSS J120234.06+275625.80.672 67.3 42.576 8.95 42.556 0.182 44.532 SDSS J120335.39+451049.51.075 93.6 43.128 9.08 43.566 0.137 44.912 SDSS J120329.84+480313.50.816 413.5 43.535 9.195 43.531 0.339 45.010 SDSS J120619.64+282254.61.510 19.7 42.733 8.615 43.271 0.045 44.789 SDSS J121347.53+000129.90.961 58 42.824 9.1 42.926 0.120 44.734 SDSS J121548.91+642228.43.239 120.4 44.099 9.26 44.686 0.075 45.825 SDSS J122339.34+461118.61.013 140.6 43.254 8.65 43.376 0.086 44.644 SDSS J122506.50+483435.10.647 36 42.270 9.1 41.806 0.062 44.022 SDSS J123304.05-003134.1 0.471 88 42.374 8.465 42.081 0.079 43.796 SDSS J123505.80+362119.31.600 202 43.791 9.295 43.411 0.069 45.038 SDSS J124559.99+434626.91.152 77 43.101 9.16 43.066 0.062 44.639 SDSS J125545.01+612450.82.055 38 43.262 8.45 43.476 0.062 45.259

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s−1) M⊙ (erg·s−1) Jy (erg·s−1) SDSS J130123.47+501830.1 0.386 54 41.983 8.635 41.331 0.093 43.660 SDSS J130217.19+481917.50.877 161.5 43.189 8.675 43.511 0.120 44.635 1302-102 0.278 1000 42.954 8.44 43.266 1.378 44.501 SDSS J130603.35+552943.91.597 235.5 43.856 9.095 43.951 0.062 44.990 SDSS J130629.95+474132.52.502 54 43.564 10.21 42.576 0.065 45.491 SDSS J130851.33+472954.90.886 58 42.754 8.75 41.616 0.113 44.621 SDSS J130909.74+555738.21.634 294.7 43.972 9.355 43.791 0.182 45.484 SDSS J132139.56+002357.61.620 82 43.409 9.33 44.256 0.079 45.112 SDSS J132255.66+391207.92.992 185.3 44.230 9.66 45.186 0.045 45.514 SDSS J133005.40+541451.50.838 89 42.891 8.995 41.971 0.048 44.189 SDSS J133437.48+563147.80.343 98 42.135 8.09 41.756 0.134 43.700 SDSS J134208.36+270930.51.192 279.4 43.690 9.31 43.356 0.117 44.952 SDSS J140653.84+343337.32.563 208.2 44.168 9.08 44.826 0.038 45.279 SDSS J141159.73+423950.30.887 56 42.739 9.315 43.031 0.182 44.828 SDSS J141318.86+450523.03.118 103.3 44.006 9.1 44.346 0.034 45.443 SDSS J141740.44+381821.10.450 120 42.468 8.435 41.931 0.075 43.729 SDSS J142020.68+462440.91.255 47 42.959 9.64 41.726 0.045 44.590 SDSS J143756.46+351937.00.537 64 42.354 8.92 42.186 0.065 43.850 SDSS J143718.19+361859.01.118 44 42.833 8.7 42.626 0.045 44.466 SDSS J143942.83+582759.20.425 53 42.062 8.7 42.006 0.127 43.896 SDSS J145958.43+333701.70.644 221 43.055 8.885 43.561 0.322 44.736 SDSS J150823.71+334700.72.212 85 43.668 9.05 43.996 0.021 44.860 SDSS J150824.72+560423.20.978 22.6 42.430 9.31 42.156 0.082 44.588 SDSS J152045.54+073230.51.070 94 43.126 9.15 43.056 0.062 44.560 SDSS J152523.55+420117.01.196 106 43.272 8.81 43.576 0.038 44.466 SDSS J152544.71+354446.91.107 31 42.673 8.95 42.616 0.069 44.642 SDSS J153102.48+435637.60.452 56.5 42.145 8.265 41.861 0.161 44.063 SDSS J153232.30+513002.11.878 61 43.398 9.225 44.061 0.024 44.753 SDSS J153432.56+492049.11.296 87.7 43.256 8.85 43.236 0.075 44.853 SDSS J153457.24+583923.51.907 57.6 43.385 9.17 43.956 0.051 45.100 SDSS J153818.57+410548.30.481 34 41.981 8.53 42.176 0.127 44.025 SDSS J154232.03+493842.60.590 36 42.189 8.695 41.391 0.069 43.971 SDSS J154502.82+513500.81.933 318.7 44.138 9.57 44.036 0.093 45.370

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s−1) M⊙ (erg·s−1) Jy (erg·s−1) SDSS J154817.91+351128.0 0.479 106 42.471 8.105 42.381 0.168 44.143 SDSS J155855.18+332318.61.653 106.7 43.540 9.695 44.151 0.089 45.187 SDSS J160623.56+540555.70.879 98 42.975 8.765 43.261 0.069 44.395 SDSS J160913.18+535429.60.993 55.8 42.835 9.47 42.396 0.051 44.401 SDSS J161446.95+374607.31.531 85.2 43.380 9.38 44.066 0.069 44.991 SDSS J161602.57+302339.82.460 128 43.926 9.39 43.316 0.055 45.398 SDSS J161655.57+362134.52.264 150.9 43.935 9.33 44.656 0.045 45.220 SDSS J161826.93+081950.70.446 160 42.585 9.725 41.941 0.411 44.457 SDSS J161902.49+303051.61.288 43 42.942 9.16 43.626 0.106 44.995 SDSS J162229.31+400643.60.688 83.5 42.690 8.425 42.861 0.110 44.337 SDSS J162307.62+390932.31.981 128.7 43.764 9.475 44.711 0.123 45.521 SDSS J162358.25+074130.51.300 167 43.539 9.11 43.316 0.240 45.359 SDSS J162330.53+355933.10.867 131.2 43.090 8.515 42.551 0.051 44.255 SDSS J162422.00+392440.81.118 134 43.317 9.08 42.946 0.041 44.431 SDSS J162553.30+434713.81.048 124 43.228 8.43 43.036 0.230 45.109 SDSS J163624.30+471535.80.823 25 42.324 8.345 42.441 0.034 44.023 SDSS J163955.97+470523.50.858 44.3 42.609 8.825 43.081 0.021 43.846 SDSS J165137.52+400219.02.342 53.5 43.510 9.12 45.546 0.058 45.373 SDSS J165802.62+360504.12.117 54.9 43.445 9.355 44.231 0.055 45.239 SDSS J165931.91+373528.80.772 20.3 42.178 9.36 42.546 0.075 44.298 SDSS J170232.61+315752.41.955 41 43.257 9.635 43.731 0.072 45.273 SDSS J171535.96+632336.02.185 41 43.342 9.28 44.646 0.021 44.847 SDSS J171715.17+262148.91.941 84.4 43.565 9.2 43.606 0.058 45.173 SDSS J172236.72+585622.21.994 111.9 43.708 9.005 43.861 0.034 44.972 SDSS J211843.24-063618.0 0.328 176 42.351 8.7 42.246 0.480 44.211 SDSS J232037.99+003139.71.904 96.1 43.606 8.98 43.946 0.051 45.099 2344+092 0.677 1400 43.901 9.1 43.786 0.398 44.880 0016+731 1.781 1700 44.801 8.93 42.916 0.038 44.893 0035+413 1.353 1100 44.390 8.53 42.636 0.117 45.088 0056-001 0.719 1430 43.963 8.785 42.921 0.161 44.551 0112-017 1.365 1600 44.561 7.85 44.556 0.192 45.315 0119+041 0.637 2000 44.002 8.515 42.631 0.144 44.374 SDSS J012528.84-000555.9 1.075 1600 44.360 9.31 43.956 0.315 45.273

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s−1) M⊙ (erg·s−1) Jy (erg·s−1) 0153+744 2.338 1500 44.957 9.82 44.346 0.075 45.483 0226-038 2.055 710 44.534 8.92 44.766 0.243 45.855 0406-127 1.563 610 44.252 9.21 42.596 0.051 44.888 0454-810 0.444 1072 43.407 8.13 40.951 0.154 44.026 0607-157 0.323 3764 43.665 8 41.006 0.298 43.987 0711+356 1.620 1000 44.495 8.14 45.346 0.048 44.896 0738+313 0.632 3400 44.225 9.05 44.396 0.185 44.475 SDSS J074237.38+394435.62.200 71.3 43.588 8.9 43.666 0.075 45.419 SDSS J074559.32+331334.00.610 141.9 42.814 8.815 42.491 0.151 44.349 SDSS J075000.32+182311.31.163 201.4 43.527 8.37 42.976 0.048 44.540 SDSS J081058.99+413402.70.506 131.7 42.615 8.245 42.521 0.113 44.028 SDSS J081108.77+453348.91.017 110.9 43.154 8.36 42.906 0.048 44.396 SDSS J081100.60+571412.40.610 260.8 43.078 8.84 43.042 0.267 44.597 SDSS J081409.21+323731.90.843 151.3 43.127 8.72 42.806 0.099 44.511 SDSS J081525.93+363515.01.027 1000 44.118 9.14 43.326 0.103 44.738 SDSS J082547.38+270421.90.693 146.6 42.941 8.235 42.771 0.130 44.420 SDSS J083155.08+084743.60.940 74 42.911 8.85 42.596 0.110 44.671 SDSS J083417.54+601947.00.720 111.8 42.857 7.91 46.176 0.062 44.136 SDSS J083722.41+582501.82.100 560.3 44.447 9.69 43.896 0.038 45.068 SDSS J083740.24+245423.11.126 405.1 43.803 8.73 43.576 0.110 44.865 SDSS J084205.09+183540.91.280 1000 44.303 9.62 43.686 0.147 45.131 SDSS J085205.17+283359.71.283 337.3 43.833 8.67 42.516 0.079 44.862 0850+581 1.319 1200 44.407 8.915 44.291 0.089 44.945 0859-140 1.332 2290 44.696 8.87 44.496 0.223 45.353 SDSS J090835.85+415046.20.734 93.6 42.797 8.425 42.901 0.288 44.826 0912+029 0.427 680 43.175 8.13 41.856 0.123 43.889 0923+392 0.695 11200 44.827 9.28 44.186 0.730 45.172 SDSS J095819.66+472507.81.882 1520 44.796 9.055 43.751 0.158 45.573 SDSS J100357.56+324403.51.686 196 43.820 9.082 43.344 0.021 44.571 SDSS J101349.60+344550.81.412 520.1 44.100 8.96 42.906 0.103 45.080 SDSS J101725.88+611627.52.800 698.7 44.758 9.26 44.746 0.072 45.652 SDSS J102444.80+191220.30.828 860 43.866 8.72 43.146 0.233 44.862 SDSS J102713.08+480313.51.288 149.3 43.482 9.1 42.406 0.045 44.618

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s−1) M⊙ (erg·s−1) Jy (erg·s−1) SDSS J103144.75+602030.3 1.231 303.4 43.753 8.86 43.086 0.127 45.024 SDSS J103506.01+565257.91.856 128.6 43.713 8.42 43.366 0.010 44.372 SDSS J103632.97+220312.20.595 199.9 42.941 8.68 42.026 0.130 44.259 SDSS J104146.77+523328.20.678 509.9 43.463 8.995 43.431 0.206 44.595 SDSS J104410.66+532220.51.901 301 44.100 8.645 43.661 0.113 45.439 SDSS J104624.02+535426.21.708 143.5 43.694 8.55 43.416 0.045 44.921 1045-188 0.595 1357 43.773 6.83 41.804 0.237 44.518 SDSS J105148.78+211952.31.300 1300 44.430 8.76 43.906 0.110 45.019 SDSS J105817.90+195150.91.110 1700 44.414 9.28 44.166 0.415 45.427 SDSS J110153.45+624150.60.663 237.4 43.112 8.73 42.396 0.192 44.542 SDSS J110313.30+301442.70.384 167.3 42.471 8.2 42.406 0.192 43.973 SDSS J110453.69+603855.31.366 117.1 43.425 8.69 42.736 0.038 44.609 SDSS J111358.69+144226.90.867 710 43.823 8.61 43.216 0.322 45.052 SDSS J111857.29+123441.72.126 2000 45.010 8.905 44.621 0.154 45.693 SDSS J112229.70+180526.41.040 646.5 43.939 8.79 43.776 0.099 44.737 1128+385 1.741 1004.5 44.555 9.27 45.136 0.137 45.429 SDSS J113821.14+474515.40.770 147 43.035 8.77 42.656 0.099 44.415 SDSS J114521.32+045526.71.340 460 44.004 9.19 42.856 0.082 44.927 SDSS J114759.76+263542.30.867 297 43.444 8.42 43.506 0.161 44.751 SDSS J114856.56+525425.31.638 355.2 44.055 9.405 44.501 0.051 44.938 1148-001 1.980 2000 44.955 9.12 45.586 0.189 45.705 SDSS J115024.81+015620.40.706 130.6 42.907 8.305 41.841 0.058 44.090 SDSS J115312.55+091402.30.696 350 43.323 8.835 43.111 0.096 44.292 1150+497 0.334 1000 43.121 8.59 42.076 1.135 44.603 SDSS J120727.90+275458.82.182 510.6 44.436 9.105 44.201 0.089 45.482 SDSS J120945.09+254703.71.435 248.9 43.793 9.12 43.326 0.106 45.111 SDSS J121509.95+462715.10.720 102.2 42.818 8.94 43.206 0.233 44.713 SDSS J122452.42+033050.20.955 1200 44.134 8.52 43.406 0.192 44.931 SDSS J122847.42+370612.01.517 388.5 44.032 8.6 44.406 0.065 44.958 SDSS J122916.30+042321.01.029 160 43.323 9.04 42.866 0.075 44.605 1237-101 0.752 1300 43.961 9.115 42.711 0.120 44.471 SDSS J124251.36+375100.01.318 615.1 44.116 9.13 43.196 0.082 44.909 SDSS J125438.25+114105.80.834 1020 43.947 8.865 43.921 0.223 44.851 SDSS J130020.91+141718.51.109 480 43.864 8.67 42.556 0.117 44.875

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s−1) M⊙ (erg·s−1) Jy (erg·s−1) SDSS J130028.53+283010.1 0.647 177.3 42.963 9.71 42.416 0.031 43.721 SDSS J131059.40+323334.31.635 605.5 44.285 9.125 42.681 0.048 44.906 SDSS J131103.19+551354.30.925 263.7 43.449 8.6 42.346 0.062 44.403 SDSS J133521.96+454238.22.455 674.7 44.646 8.79 45.676 0.110 45.697 SDSS J133749.64+550102.11.100 581.2 43.940 8.75 43.096 0.065 44.613 SDSS J134357.61+575442.40.932 127 43.138 8.46 42.766 0.048 44.302 SDSS J134723.49+183537.52.169 423.2 44.350 8.685 41.781 0.075 45.403 SDSS J135351.58+015153.91.606 260 43.904 8.965 43.959 0.079 45.103 SDSS J135406.89-020603.2 3.707 820 45.027 8.95 44.156 0.165 46.304 1354+195 0.720 2700 44.240 9.255 44.491 0.360 44.902 SDSS J140501.12+041535.83.209 1000 45.012 8.94 45.106 0.041 45.552 SDSS J141324.27+530526.90.456 121 42.484 7.62 41.546 0.062 43.656 SDSS J141708.16+460705.41.554 469.8 44.134 9.21 44.416 0.065 44.984 SDSS J142230.37+322310.40.682 290.8 43.225 8.65 42.156 0.185 44.556 SDSS J142921.87+540611.13.013 523.1 44.686 8.26 43.566 0.051 45.583 SDSS J143009.74+104326.91.707 882 44.483 9.295 43.411 0.103 45.283 SDSS J143645.80+633637.92.068 1052.3 44.709 9.575 44.711 0.117 45.542 SDSS J144358.61+633226.41.402 441.6 44.023 10.05 43.436 0.062 44.850 1442+101 3.552 1200 45.163 10.24 43.472 0.144 46.201 SDSS J144635.34+172107.50.102 668.6 41.886 8.52 42.786 0.103 42.416 1451-375 0.314 1770 43.313 8.82 43.355 1.210 44.568 SDSS J150759.72+041512.11.703 231 43.899 9.585 43.621 2.095 46.589 SDSS J151526.67+593453.00.623 79 42.578 8.58 41.166 0.055 43.931 SDSS J152441.61+152121.00.628 239.6 43.067 8.485 42.661 0.240 44.581 SDSS J152502.93+110744.00.333 275 42.558 9.01 40.276 0.566 44.297 SDSS J152646.34+095910.41.361 341 43.887 8.8 43.746 0.093 44.995 1532+016 1.435 1300 44.511 8.935 42.631 0.309 45.574 SDSS J153404.87+482340.90.542 217 42.893 8.33 42.016 0.069 43.882 SDSS J154917.47+503805.72.171 910 44.683 8.84 44.386 0.144 45.685 SDSS J160658.29+271705.50.934 288.4 43.496 8.61 43.036 0.418 45.245 SDSS J160822.15+401217.90.628 153.4 42.874 8.095 41.751 0.089 44.151 1624+416 2.550 803.6 44.750 6.35 43.476 0.031 45.186 1637+574 0.750 1138.4 43.901 9.2 43.826 0.357 44.941

Name z F5GHz/ L5GHz/ M/ LX/ F1keV/ LR/ Jy (erg·s−1) M⊙ (erg·s−1) Jy (erg·s−1) SDSS J164125.22+225704.0 2.063 558.3 44.432 9.085 43.041 0.055 45.212 SDSS J164240.41+252307.71.723 568.8 44.300 9.27 43.556 0.065 45.095 1641+399 0.593 8400 44.561 9.28 43.546 0.864 45.076 SDSS J164829.25+410405.50.851 307.7 43.444 8.47 42.136 0.034 44.059 1642+690 0.751 1500 44.022 7.76 41.846 0.110 44.430 SDSS J165201.52+623209.01.636 97 43.490 8.8 42.886 0.247 45.618 SDSS J165329.91+310756.81.298 430.7 43.949 9.38 43.686 0.082 44.893 1656+053 0.879 2100 44.306 9.62 44.786 0.521 45.276 SDSS J165801.42+344328.41.937 357.8 44.190 8.99 44.776 0.014 44.543 SDSS J170112.37+353353.30.501 156.7 42.681 7.885 42.441 0.168 44.188 SDSS J172242.16+281500.00.953 303.3 43.535 8.87 43.076 0.137 44.782 1928+738 0.302 3600 43.586 8.815 43.431 1.255 44.544 1954+513 1.220 3100 44.754 9.56 43.106 0.165 45.127 2121+053 1.941 3200 45.143 8.78 44.906 0.120 45.487 2128-123 0.501 3000 43.963 9.315 43.411 0.967 44.948 2134+004 1.945 12400 45.733 9.38 45.086 0.336 45.936 2201+315 0.295 2900 43.472 8.65 44.156 1.104 44.466 2203-188 0.619 4424 44.320 8.19 42.016 0.027 43.623 SDSS J220719.77+004157.31.906 179 43.877 9.3 42.386 0.103 45.401 2216-038 0.901 2700 44.436 9.16 44.306 0.257 44.995 SDSS J222852.60-075346.6 0.638 273 43.138 8.725 42.441 0.165 44.434 2243-123 0.632 2700 44.125 8.32 44.126 0.490 44.898 SDSS J231428.93+135906.21.638 109 43.542 8.72 43.346 0.093 45.193

2.2 XRB

本文中的XRB均处于低/硬态,在选择样本时我们利用X射线光谱演化分离了低/硬态与亮/硬态的XRB[11].在低/硬态下其射电频谱与稳定的喷流谱相符合[12].而且射电辐射一般止于高/软态[13−14].样本都具有较好的X射线谱.文中的3个XRB样本都来源于Payaswini等[11],数据列于表2.GX 339-4的低/硬态射电及X射线观测数据来源于Corbel等[15].样本的光度距离8 kpc来源于Zdziarski等[16].V404 Cyg的VLA (Very Large Array)射电及Chandra X射线数据[17]也可用于本文的研究,样本的光度距离3.5 kpc来源于Zycki等[18].XTEJ 1118+480硬态的射电光度以及X射线光度均来源于Merloni等[2].

表2XRB样本数据Table 2Data of XRB

Name M/ LR/ LX/ M⊙ (erg·s−1) (erg·s−1) GX 339-4 0.85 30.003 36.069 GX 339-4 0.85 30.220 36.206 GX 339-4 0.85 29.735 35.866 GX 339-4 0.85 29.855 35.981 GX 339-4 0.85 29.821 35.952 GX 339-4 0.85 29.986 36.080 GX 339-4 0.85 30.923 37.638 GX 339-4 0.85 30.873 37.623 GX 339-4 0.85 29.151 35.226 GX 339-4 0.85 29.616 35.747 GX 339-4 0.85 30.538 37.099 GX 339-4 0.85 30.499 37.101 GX 339-4 0.85 30.591 37.185 GX 339-4 0.85 30.618 37.225 GX 339-4 0.85 30.722 37.335 GX 339-4 0.85 30.775 37.404 GX 339-4 0.85 30.873 37.464 GX 339-4 0.85 30.939 37.492 GX 339-4 0.85 30.924 37.518 GX 339-4 0.85 30.853 37.531 GX 339-4 0.85 30.260 36.529 GX 339-4 0.85 30.414 37.243 GX 339-4 0.85 30.703 37.615 GX 339-4 0.85 30.507 37.370 GX 339-4 0.85 29.361 35.153 GX 339-4 0.85 29.428 35.323 GX 339-4 0.85 29.469 35.738 GX 339-4 0.85 29.323 35.282 GX 339-4 0.85 29.354 35.282

Name M/ LR/ LX/ M⊙ (erg·s−1) (erg·s−1) GX 339-4 0.85 29.956 36.282 GX 339-4 0.85 30.101 36.449 GX 339-4 0.85 29.813 36.008 GX 339-4 0.85 29.813 36.142 GX 339-4 0.85 29.831 35.991 GX 339-4 0.85 29.811 35.984 GX 339-4 0.85 30.366 36.522 GX 339-4 0.85 28.729 35.478 GX 339-4 0.85 29.988 35.869 GX 339-4 0.85 30.103 36.033 GX 339-4 0.85 30.168 36.191 GX 339-4 0.85 30.193 36.297 GX 339-4 0.85 30.231 36.393 GX 339-4 0.85 30.911 37.574 GX 339-4 0.85 30.908 37.540 GX 339-4 0.85 30.917 37.529 GX 339-4 0.85 29.703 35.669 GX 339-4 0.85 29.826 35.765 XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.570 XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.460 XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.470

Name M/ LR/ LX/ M⊙ (erg·s−1) (erg·s−1) XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.450 XTEJ 1118+480 1 28.920 35.560 V404 Cyg 1 30.564 36.793 V404 Cyg 1 30.578 36.784 V404 Cyg 1 30.284 36.442 V404 Cyg 1 30.742 36.702 V404 Cyg 1 30.090 36.007 V404 Cyg 1 30.801 36.691 V404 Cyg 1 29.872 35.289 V404 Cyg 1 30.173 36.073 V404 Cyg 1 30.115 36.007 V404 Cyg 1 30.349 36.540 V404 Cyg 1 30.384 36.269 V404 Cyg 1 30.085 35.922 V404 Cyg 1 30.094 36.051 V404 Cyg 1 30.571 36.752 V404 Cyg 1 30.893 36.999 V404 Cyg 1 29.757 35.166 V404 Cyg 1 29.963 35.419 V404 Cyg 1 30.240 36.186 V404 Cyg 1 30.240 36.186

3 分析结果

样本射电光度L5GHz/LEDD与X射线光度LX/LEDD的相关性列于图1–2.低/硬态X射线双星与射电噪类星体的基本面关系列于图3.

从图1、2可以看出RLQ以及XRB的射电光度爱丁顿比率和X射线光度的爱丁顿比率具有很强的相关性.二者拟合斜率相差不大,可以看出RLQ与XRB的吸积及喷流特性具有一定的相似性.但由于样本类型的不同,所得的斜率相较于Dong等人的结果偏小.

图1 RLQ样本射电光度爱丁顿比率和X射线光度的爱丁顿比率的相关性Fig.1 The Eddington-scaled radio-X-ray correlations for RLQs

图2 XRB样本射电光度爱丁顿比率和X射线光度的爱丁顿比率的相关性Fig.2 The Eddington-scaled radio-X-ray correlations for XRBs

从图3可以看出,射电噪类星体的黑洞质量与X射线/射电光度的基本面关系式与X射线双星的基本面关系式存在相似性,这与Dong等[12]所得出的结论非常类似,但具体关系式与RLQ样本所得出的具有一定差异.RLQ及XRB射电光度爱丁顿比率和X射线光度的爱丁顿比率之间具体的相关性系数列于表3(其中R为相关系数,Intercept为截距,Slope为斜率).

图3 XRB与RLQ黑洞活动的基本面关系(x为L5GHz,y为Fig.3 The fundamental plane of black hole activity for XRBs and RLQs(x is L5GHz,y is

表3 RLQ及XRB射电光度爱丁顿比率和X射线光度的爱丁顿比率之间的相关性Table 3 The Eddington-scaled radio-X-ray correlations for RLQs and XRBs

低/硬态X射线双星与射电噪类星体的基本面关系式通过多元线性回归的拟合方法可统一为lg.研究结果进一步证明了X射线/射电光度、黑洞质量所构成的黑洞活动基本面关系式具有高度的统一性,不仅可用于描述X射线双星系统和射电静类星体,同样可用于射电噪类星体.本文中射电噪类星体数据均未消聚束,但由于本文数据源的多普勒因子大体上较为相似,故在消聚束之后仅会在数值上对关系式产生较小影响,但并不会影响本文的结论.不同质量大小的XRB和AGN都被普遍认为是由中心黑洞不同的吸积活动产生的.由于近10年黑洞活动基本面关系的发现,使得XRB与AGN的类比研究有了很大的进步[4,6].然而至今我们仍然不了解AGN与不同阶段的XRB能够进行类比的原理.很可能XRB和AGN具有类似的喷流和吸积机制,这对AGN中心黑洞的演化研究具有较大的意义.这些超出了本文的讨论范围,还需要更多的样本数据进行进一步的研究.

4 结论

我们通过对所采集的255个RLQ样本以及3个中等质量XRB样本进行数据分析,得出如下结论:(1)255个射电噪类星体的黑洞质量与X射线和射电光度之间以及射电光度爱丁顿比率和X射线爱丁顿比率之间均存在相关性;(2)255个射电噪类星体的黑洞质量与X射线/射电光度的基本面关系式与X射线双星的基本面关系式存在相似性,具体为lg;(3)研究结果进一步证明了由X射线/射电光度与质量所组成的基本面关系式具有高度的统一性，不仅可用于描述X射线双星系统和射电静类星体,同样可用于射电噪类星体.

致谢十分感谢Dong Ai-jun、Wu Qing-wen、Cao Xiao-feng以及Payawini Saikia、

Elmar K¨ording、Heino Falcke对本文提供的理论支持及帮助.同时感谢Xiong Dingrong在数据样本上的支持.本文中应用于计算样本射电光度的5 GHz流量密度及X射线光度的1 keV流量密度均源于NASA/IPAC河外星系数据库(NED).在此我们也非常感谢由美国国家航天航空局、美国加州科技研究所、喷流推进实验室联合运营的河外星系数据库所提供的帮助.

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The Fundamental Plane of Radio Loud Quasars and X-ray Binaries

ZHANG Xu ZHANG Hao-jing ZHANG Xiong
(School of Physics and Electronic Engineering,Yunnan Normal University,Kunming 650500)

Several X-ray binaries(X-ray binaries)in low/hard state that follow a track of radio-X-ray correlation have been found in recent years.Dong et al.also found this relation in RQQs(radio quiet quasars).Black hole accretion and jet formation are scale invariants which form the fundamental plane of black hole activity.It is a plane given in the space of the black hole mass and the radio/X-ray luminosities.In this paper,we compile a sample of radio loud active galactic nuclei and find that:(1)The hard X-ray photon indices and Eddington ratios of our sample are positively correlated,similar to XRBs.The Eddington-scaled radio-X-ray correlation of our sample also has that of outliers.A radiatively efficient accretion fl ow can regulate the positively correlated X-ray spectral evolution and the steep radio-X-ray correlation.(2)We can present a fundamental plane for XRBs.Several XRBs and radio-loud quasars(RLQs)have similarities in the relation formed by the black-hole mass,radio and X-ray luminosities. The fundamental plane is lg LR=0.998+0.045−0.045lg LX+0.592+0.049−0.049lg MBH−6.56+1.605−1.605where LRis the radio luminosity,LXis the X-ray luminosity,and MBHis the black hole mass.(3)The plane can be suitable for the RLQ black hole sources.And the X-ray binaries also agree to the relation.

black hole physics,X-rays:binaries,galaxies:jets

P157;

:A

10.15940/j.cnki.0001-5245.2016.03.001

2015-06-30收到原稿,2016-01-11收到修改稿

∗国家自然科学基金项目(11063004)及云南省教育厅基金项目(2014Z048,2014FB140)资助

†2226997466@qq.com

‡kmzhanghj@163.com