七选五阅读的类型与解题方法

冯蔚清

关于高考英语全国卷“七选五”阅读的解题策略本文归纳出篇章结构法、名词关联法、代词一致法、语篇标识词和句式并列法，使同学们对高考新题型有清晰、全面的认识，克服对新题型畏难情绪。

一、试题特点

1. 试题模式

在一段约300词的短文中留出5个空白，要求考生从所给的7个选项中选出最佳选项。

2. 考查重点

主要考查考生对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句与句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。

3. 选项特点

主题句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构）、注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）。

二、解题策略

笔者将七选五阅读的解题策略归纳为“三法一词一句”：

1. 篇章结构法（主题句、过渡句、总结句）。

2. 关键词重复法（包括以原词或以近义词、反义词、同根词、总括与具体例子之间的形式重复）。

3. 代词一致法。

4. 语篇标识词。

5. 排比句（句式并列）。

三、分类实例

1. 指引性说明文

Structure

1. Topic sentence. （suggestions， advice or tips on doing sth.）

2. List several tips one by one.（usually subtitles； 排比句）

[例1]

Guide for Teenagers

The teenage years can be tough， and its normal to feel sad every now and then. 1

Try not to isolate yourself

When youre depressed（沮丧的），you may not feel like seeing anybody or doing anything. Just getting out of bed in the morning can be difficult， but isolating（使孤立）yourself only makes depression worse.

2 Spend time with friends， especially those who are active.

Keep your body healthy

Making healthy lifestyle choices can do wonders for your mood. Ever heard of a“runners high”？ Physical activity can be as effective as medications for depression， so get involved in sports， ride your bike， or take a dance class. Any activity helps！

3 As for food， make sure youre feeding your mind with plenty of fruits， vegetables， and whole grains.

Avoid alcohol and drugs

You maybe try drinking or use drugs in an effort to escape from your feelings and get a“mood boost，”even if just for a short time. However， substance use can not only make depression worse， but can cause you to become more depressed. 4 You will need special treatment for your problem.

5

Stress and worry can lead to depression. Talk to a teacher if exams or classes seem overwhelming. In addition， if you have a health concern you feel you cant talk to your parents about， see a doctor. A health professional can help you approach your parents and guide you toward appropriate treatment. If youre dealing with relationship， friendship， or family problems， talk to an adult you trust.

A. Ask for help if you are stressed.

B. Even a short walk can be beneficial.

C. Turn to your parents for help.

D. As you get out into the world， you may find yourself feeling better.

E. In short， drinking and taking drugs will make you feel worse -- not better--in the long run.

F. The more exercise you do， the healthier you will be.

G. Help is available and you have more power than you think.

答案点拨

第1题选G。主题句，统领整个篇章。

第2题选C。句式并列，此空与后句Spend time with friends都是祈使句。

第3题选B。关键词重复法，选项B中的a short walk是空前句Any activity的具体例子，语义关联；另外，be beneficial与helps同义。语篇标识词，Even这个标识词是表示递进关系，符合上下文的逻辑语义。

第4题选E。关键词重复法，选项E中的drinking， drugs与小标题中的alcohol， drugs”重复。

第5题选A。关键词重复法，选项A中的stressed与该段首句的名词stress重复。

2. 解释性说明文

Structure

1. 定义解释what（definition/phenomenon）

2. 对比优劣势（compare the weaknesses and strengths）

3. 解决问题（how—the way to solve the problem）

4. 总结（make a conclusion）

[实例2] 2015年北京高考题

This Way to Dreamland

Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant， especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of whats happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy.

1 They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.

But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history. 2 Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions？

So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool？ First， understand that some opportunities（机会）for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams. 3 And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while youre daydreaming， try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple， like taking a shower or walking， or even making meaningless drawings.

Its also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concentrate.“Mindfulness”，being focused， is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep. 4

Finally， you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away.

5 Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.

A. Having interesting things to think about also helps.

B. They stare off into space and wander by themselves.

C. Without wandering minds， we wouldnt have relativity， Coke or Post-it notes.

D. At one time， daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.

E. It involves slow， steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.

F. Daydreams are often very simple and direct， quite unlike sleep dreams， which may be hard to understand.

G. Therefore， its a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when youre in the daydream zone.

答案点拨

第1题选B。代词一致法，选项B中的主语与空前句及空后句的主语都是they，且都是指代上文的名词daydreamer。

第2题选C。关键词重复法，选项C中的relativity， Coke or Post-it notes（相对论、可口可乐或便条纸）是空后such ideas and inventions（这些想法和发明）的具体的例子。

第3题选A。关键词重复，空前句中will help you与选项A中的also helps重复，句式并列，语篇标识词also表递进关系。

第4题选E。关键词重复法，“Mindfulness”， being focused与选项中的stay calm and attentive语义重复，slow与空后句中的slowly重复。指代一致，选项E中的It指代前句中的“Mindfulness”，上下衔接紧密。

第5题选G。语篇标识词，选项G中的语篇标识词Therefore引出段落总结句。

3. 现象类说明文

Structure

1. 提出问题（疑问句）（arouse problems）

2. 分析问题（analyze the problems by listing advantages and disadvantages 利 / 弊）

3. 总结（make a conclusion）

[实例3]

Security camera

Security cameras are becoming increasingly common in many countries. Before they appeared only in banks and at high-security areas， they are now entering public places such as malls， streets， stadiums. Many people feel this affects their privacy. 1

Security cameras have several benefits. An obvious benefit is that the police can catch criminals in the act， thus reducing crime.

2 They will not be tempted to carry out crimes， and thus society will be a lot safer. 3 Governments do not need to spend large amounts of money on police.

4 The biggest objection concerns privacy. Many people feel that they should be free to travel or move around a shop， mall， street or country without being photographed or recorded. They feel that being watched constantly is like being in a jail， and that ordinary people are losing their freedom because of these devices. Another point is that although the police say that only criminals have something to fear from the cameras， many people do not trust governments with too much information. 5

In conclusion， although there are definite advantages to using devices such as cameras， we need to balance the need for security with respect for the individuals privacy and freedom.

A. Their life was protected by the security cameras.

B. But do the advantages of these cameras outweigh（大于）their negative impact？

C. However， security cameras are far from being a perfect solution.

D. A more important point is that criminals will be deterred（阻吓）.

E. Thirdly， cameras and computers can make mistakes.

F. Some people will abuse information

G. Cameras are also cost-effective（划算的）.

答案点拨

第1题选B。篇章结构法，第二段谈利（several benefits），第三段谈弊，第四段总结（In conclusion），可见此处应是引出利弊分析的过渡性句子：这些摄像头利大于弊吗？

第2题选D。语篇标识词，空前句提到“An obvious benefit”，按照逻辑顺序，由语篇标识词more importan，可知选项D正好引出第二个好处。

第3题选G。关键词重复法，选项中“cost-effective”与下句“do not need to spend large amounts of money ”语义重复。最让人想到关联的就是cost与money。

第4题选C。篇章结构法，上一段落分析好处，此段则分析弊端；选项C中的表转折的逻辑关系语篇标识词However正好吻合，故选C。

第5题选E。语篇标识词，与由前面The biggest objection ...Another point is that...相吻合的应是Thirdly，故选E。

责任编辑 蒋小青