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解答完形填空题的五条思路

2016-05-30齐永波

广东教育·高中 2016年2期
关键词:原词连接词近义词

齐永波

完形填空题难度相对较高,分值比重较大,所以做好完形填空题对考生非常重要。为此,笔者结合近几年高考英语全国新课标卷真题,对完形填空的解题技巧进行了总结,在这里与大家一起分享。

一、利用首句信息,了解体裁和主题

完形填空的首句往往不设空,是一个完整的句子。通过细读首句可以判断文章体裁,预测文章大意和主旨,对解题非常关键。

一般来说,记叙文类的文章首句会交代时间、地点、人物和事件,说明文类的文章首句会解释要说明的对象,议论文类的文章首句会提出一个论点。由此,同学们可以在仔细阅读了首句后,快速略读全文,确定文章的体裁、主旨和结构。如:

(2015新课标全国卷I) My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend. On the way, we spotted a man holding a piece of paper ...

通过阅读首句,我们可以了解到Who (my kids and I), What (were heading into the supermarket), Where (the supermarket), When (over the weekend), 这些是记叙文的基本要素,由此判断该文为记叙文,并可预测本文是作者和她的孩子们去超市所经历的某件事情。

二、运用词汇手段,快速找出答案

1. 词汇复现

词汇复现指的是某一词以原词或同根词、同/近义词、上/下义词、概括词或其他形式重复出现在语篇中,使意义相互衔接。完形填空所选的文章都是具有逻辑关系、意义相连的语篇。因此,在行文中不可避免地会出现词语复现和相互照应等现象。

(1)原词或同根词复现

原词或同根词复现是指相同的单词或同根词在原文中反复出现,达到衔接文章的目的。如:

(2015新课标全国卷I) They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice. Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a 47 .

... When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for whatever his family might need, he burst into tears.

47. A. dollar B. job C. hot meal D. gift card

解析:孩子建议给他什么东西呢?继续阅读下文,当读到When I handed him the gift card时,可知选D。gift card就是原词复现。

(2)同义词或近义词复现

同义词或近义词复现是指意义相同或相近的单词在原文中反复出现,以达到衔接文章的目的。

(2015新课标全国卷II) As a parent, I hated seeing my daughter playing her best, but still defeated. It seemed that something clicked with the 51 between Saturday and Sunday.

51. A. girls B. parents C. coaches D. viewers

解析:父亲观看的是daughter的比赛,这里应是指“这些女孩子(the girls)”突然明白了什么事,sth. click with sb.意为“某人突然明白了某事”。daughter与girls是近义词复现,故选A。

(3)上下义复现

词语的上下义关系就是词语之间在语义上是包含与被包含的关系,或整体与部分的关系,或概括与具体的关系。如flower 和rose 之间,animal与dog之间,就是上下义关系。语篇中常会以上义词与下义词的形式重复出现,以使上下文衔接。如:

(2015新课标全国卷I) They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice ... When we handed him the bag of 52 he lit up and thanked us with watery eyes.

52. A . toys B. medicine C. food D. clothes

解析:上文中提到作者的小孩购买了苹果、三明治和果汁,由此结合空格处前后的内容可知,他们递给那位男子的是一大包食品(food),故选C。apples, sandwich, juice是food的下义词,food是apples, sandwich, juice的上义词,这是上下义复现。

2. 词汇同现

意义上相关的词汇出现在同一语篇中,构成以某一话题为中心的词汇链,因其共同出现的倾向性,叫词汇同现,也有人称之为“词场”。同现词之间有反义或相对关系,或者同类互补关系等,如different 与same;cruel与 friendly; ill, pale, patient, nurse, doctor和 operation等。了解这种现象对解完形填空题非常有用。

(1)语义场同现

(2013新课标全国卷I) Just sitting in the wheelchair ... Then I wondered where to put my 60 . It took me quite a while to get the metal footrest(脚蹬) into place.

60. A. hands B. feet C. keys D. handles

解析:本题围绕“坐轮椅(wheelchair)”这个话题展开,坐轮椅应是“脚”不方便,又由后句“我费了好长时间才让金属脚蹬(footrest)归位”,由此推断,作者应该是不知道把自己的脚(feet)放在那里。与wheelchair, footrest 同现的应是feet,故选B。

(2)反义同现

(2014新课标全国卷II) He thought that Joe must be 38 ... He couldnt believe it. Joe was there, a few meters from their tent, still alive.

38. A. dead B. hurt C. weak D. late

解析:在离帐篷几米远的地方,Simon发现Joe还活着(alive),这让他不敢相信,原以为Joe死了(dead)。alive与dead是反义同现,故选A。

三、借助逻辑关系,理清句子脉络

完形填空的文章是具有完整内容且按照一定思路发展的文章,各段及各句之间都有逻辑上的必然联系,因此要注意把握文章发展的基本线索,搞清段与段、句与句之间的逻辑关系。常见常考的逻辑关系主要有:

1. 并列关系

表示并列关系的连接词有and , while等

(2015新课标全国卷II)They played aggressively and 56 scored a goal.

56. A. even B. still C. seldom D. again

解析:句中and表示并列。孩子们这场球赛踢得很有进攻性,“甚至”还进了一个球;even表示递进关系,意为“甚至”,符合语意。故选A。

2. 转折关系

表示转折关系的连接词有but,however,nevertheless等。

(2015新课标全国卷I) We were 48 on cash ourselves, but ... well, sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance is just what we need to do!

48. A. easy B. low C. sof D. loose

解析:but后的内容意为“但是,有时候,我们将自己所需要的而不是我们富余的东西给予别人,正是我们需要去做的”,其前面内容应是“虽然我们自己的现金很少(low)”,故选B。

3. 因果关系

表示因果关系的连接词有so,therefore,thus,because, for,since,as等。

(2015新课标全国卷II) My daughter plays on a recreational(娱乐的)soccer team. They did well this season and so 45 a tournament(锦标赛), which normally was only for more skilled club teams.

45. A. won B. entered C. organized D. watched

解析:因为“They did well this season”,所以有资格参加(enter)锦标赛。此外,比赛还没有进行,所以不可能“胜利”,应排除选项A,正确答案为B。

4. 让步关系

表示让步关系的连接词或短语有though,although, even though, despite, in spite of等。

(2015广东卷) Even though we cant live forever, we are living a 5 life than ever before.

5. A. busier B. longer C. richer D. happier

解析:根据句意可以推断出,尽管我们不能永久地活着,但我们的寿命比以前是更长(longer)了。故选B。

5. 条件关系

表示条件关系的连接词或短语有if,unless, once,provided that,in case of等。

(2015新课标全国卷I)Things would have played out so 57 if I had simply said, “No, we really dont have money to give more.”

57. A. suddenly B. vividly C. differently D. perfectly

解析:如果我当时告诉孩子们我们没有钱给别人,那么事情的发展(play out =develop)就会不一样了(differently)。故选C。

6. 顺序关系

表示顺序的连接词有before,after,and,first,second,then,next, finally等。

(2014新课标全国卷II) It was impossible for Joe to climb back or for Simon to pull him up. Joes weight was pulling Simon slowly towards the precipice (断崖). 31 ,after more than an hour in the dark and the icy cold, Simon had to make a decision.

31. A. Finally B. Patiently C. Surely D. Quickly

解析:Joe爬回来或者Simon将他拉上来是不可能的,且Joe的重力将Simon慢慢拉到断崖,面对如此现实,Simon在一个小时之后“最后”不得不作出选择。故选A。

7. 列举关系

表示举例或列举的连接词有for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, such as等。

(2014 广东卷) However, some approaches are more 7 than others. For example, those parents who yell at their children for their untidiness, but later clean the room for them, have fewer chances of changing their childrens behaviour. On the contrary, those who let teenagers experience...

7. A. complex B. popular C. scientific D. successful

解析:根据后面的举例可知,父母采取不同的方法对待年青人的邋遢和懒散,就会收到不同的效果,有的父母所用的方法比另一些父母的处理方法更有效,做得更成功,故选D。四个选项的意思是:comples复杂的;popular 受欢迎的;scientific 科学的;successful成功的。

四、通过搭配关系,仔细甄别选项

做题时,要充分考虑动介、动宾等搭配关系,有助于我们做出正确选择。

1. 动介搭配

(2015新课标全国卷I) My 10-year-old noticed him and make a 42 on how bad it must be to have to stand outside in the cold wind.

43. A. suggestion B. comment C. decision D. call

解析:虽然四个选项都可与前面的make和后面的on搭配,但意义与用法不同:make a suggestion on就……提出建议,make a comment on就……发表评论,make a decision on就……作出决定,make a call on sb.拜访某人。根据语境,后面不是接人,排除选项D;就其后的内容来说,“这么寒冷的天气站在外面,是多么糟糕啊!”应当是评论,故选B。

(2015 福建卷) Several years ago I 37 a letter from seventeen-year-old Kerry, who described herself as a world-class fault-finder(世界级的找错者), almost always bothered by things.

A. received B. answered C. expected D. rejected

解析:能与介词短语from sb.搭配的,只有选项A,receive a letter from sb.“收到某人的来信”。与句意“几年以前,我收到一个来自17岁女孩kerry的信”相符合,故选A。

2. 动宾搭配

(2015新课标全国卷I) When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for 54 his family might need, he burst into tears.

54. A. whoever B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

解析:由句子结构可知,for之后跟的应是宾语从句,需填的词在宾语从句中作动词need的宾语,首先可排除D项,他的家庭或家人可能需要什么?需要“人”或需要“哪一个”,显然不适合,应当是需要“东西”,故排除选项A和C,选B。

3. 介宾搭配

(2015新课标全国卷I) Stepping out not only helped a brother in 59 ,it also gave my kids the sweet taste of helping others.

59. A. fear B. love C. need D. memory

解析:四个选项与in搭配的意义:in fear恐惧中,in love恋爱中,in need在困难中,in memory在内存/记忆中。根据语境,他们帮助的应是“处于困境中的人”,故选C。

4. 句型搭配

(2014 天津卷) It was then __________ I started to appreciate the tough choices she had to make on balancing family and work..

A. when B. where C. which D. that

解析:本题考查的是“It is ... that”强调句型,故选D。句意为:到那时我才开始感激妈妈在权衡家庭和工作时所面临的艰难的抉择。

五、根据生活常识,轻松选定答案

做完形填空题时,有时运用自身的生活经验及生活常识,再联系上下文能读懂的部分,可以很快选出正确答案。

(2015新课标全国卷I) On the way, we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said, “ 41 my job. Family to Feed.”

41. A. Lost B. Changed C. Quit D. Finished

解析:根据生活常识,举个牌子,写着“有一家人要养”,说明“失去了工作”,故选A。其余选项changed(改变), quit(放弃), finished(完成)与语意不符。

活学活用

1.(2014新课标全国卷I) As a general rule, all forms of activity lead to boredom when they are performed on a routine basis. As a matter of fact, we can see this...

本文的体裁是__________。

2. (2012新课标全国卷) Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It speaks__________than words. According to specialists, our bodies send out more than we realize...

本文的体裁是_______________。

3. (2014新课标全国卷I) For ex ample, on Christmas morning, children are excited about playing with their new toys ... And, like the child in January, they go searching for new __________.

A. pets B. toys C. friends D. colleagues

4. (2014新课标全国卷I) The world is full of__________ stamp albums and unfinished models, each standing as a monument to someones passing interest.

A. well-organized B. colorfully-printed

C. newly-collected D. half-filled

5. (2014新课标全国卷I) As a matter of fact, we can see this principle at work in people of all __________. For example, on Christmas morning, children are excited about ...; When parents bring home a pet, their child... ; Adolescent enter high school ...

A. parties B. races C. countries D. ages

6. (2013新课标全国卷II) He stops when he sees someone with no gloves. He gives them a pair and then he moves on, looking for more people with cold __________.

A. hands B. ears C. faces D. eyes

7. (2013新课标全国卷II) He gives them a pair and then he moves on ... On winter days, Mr Greenberg gives away gloves. During the rest of the year, he __________ gloves.

A. borrows B. sells C. returns D. buys

8. (2013新课标全国卷I) I tried to find a__________position and thought it might be restful(平静的,悠闲的)...

A. flexible B. safe C. starting D. comfortable

9. (2013新课标全国卷II) A pair of gloves may be a __________thing, but it can make a big difference in winter.

A. small B. useful C. delightful D. comforting

10. (2014新课标全国卷II) Joe fell and broke his leg. They both knew that if Simon__________alone, he would probably get back safely.

A. climbed B. worked C. rested D. continued

11. (2014 重庆卷) Although I would sure carry the pain of __________with me along, Ahmed reminded me of the abundant kindness in the world.

A. loss B. failure C. fear D. regret

12. (2015新课标全国卷II) This led to some __________ experiences on Saturday as they played against teams better trained. Through the first two games, her team did not get one serious shot on goal.

A. painful B. strange C. common D. practical

13. (2014新课标全国卷I) And then, how many adults, who complain about the long drives to work, eagerly drove for hours at a time when they first __________their drivers licenses?

A. required B. obtained C. noticed D. discovered

14. (2015 四川卷) The squirrels had no __________ coming up right to me for them.

A. business B. fun C. problem D. privilege

15. (2014 江苏卷) During this period Dale was slowly developing an inferiority complex (自卑感), which his mother knew could __________ him from achieving his real potential.

A. prevent B. protect C. save D. Free

16. (2003新课标全国卷I) Just sitting in the wheelchair...I took my first uneasy look at what was to be my only means of __________for several hours.

A. operation B. communication

C. transportation D. production

答案与解析

1. 议论文。首句提出观点,后面拿小孩子、青少年、成年人、再到老人来证明这一观点,符合议论文的特点。

2. 说明文。首句主体对象是body language,后面释义说明body language这个名词,符合说明文的特点。

3. B 空格处与前文playing with their new toys中的toys属于原词复现,故选B。

4. D 因and 表并列,连接两个语意一致的词。选项中half-filled与 unfinished意思相近。根据同/近义词复现原则,故选D。

5. D 因children“孩子”,parents“父母”,adolescent “青少年”代表的是不同年龄(ages)的人群,ages是前三项的概括语,也叫上义词。根据上/下义复现原则,故选D。

6. A 因gloves与hands属于同一话题,语义场一致,根据语义场同现原则,故选A。

7. D 因Mr Greenberg冬日里发放手套,那么过了冬天就该买手套,以备下次发放。根据反义同现原则,故选D。

8. D 因and表并列,从后面的be restful可知,作者要想宁静舒身,就得努力找一个舒服的姿势。故选D。

9. A 本题的关键词是表示转折的but,选项中small与空格后的big意思相反,符合语意,故选A。

10. D 因If表示让步关系,Joe跌倒,弄伤了脚,所以Simon要想安全地返回营地,只能是自己继续独行,故选D。

11. A 选项A中的loss与文中kindness存在相对关系。故选A。

12. A 根据因果关系推断:她的球队在跟比她们优秀的球队比赛时连一次像样的射球都没有,所以推断出星期六的比赛对她说来说应该是一次痛苦的经历。故选A。

13. B 很多的成年人都在报怨开很长时间的车去工作,殊不知他们一开始拿到驾驶证时多么渴望一次能开上几小时。根据事情发展的逻辑顺序,故选B。

14. C 因have no problem (in) doing sth.是固定句式,表示“做某事没问题”。松鼠没什么问题,它们直接就过来吃。故选C。

15. A 根据文中意思,他的母亲知道自卑感能够阻止他获得真正的潜能。短语prevent sb. from doing sth.“阻止某人做某事”,符合语意,故选A。

16. C 生活中,轮椅正是残疾人的交通工具。故选C。

责任编辑 蒋小青

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