七选五阅读题的解题线索

田本强

全国卷阅读理解第二节（七选五）主要考查考生对篇章结构的把握能力和衔接手段的理解运用能力。该题型自2007年新课标全国卷（海南和宁夏用，简称“海宁卷”，下同）首次采用以来，试题共计12份。2009年到2014年新课标辽宁卷也采用了该题型，共计6份。由于高考英语辽宁卷是委托教育部考试中心命制的，七选五也有着全国卷的特点，所以一起作为分析对象，合计18份。

18份七选五试题中，除2010年辽宁卷改用记叙文和2013年新课标全国I卷改用描述性说明文外，其余16篇短文篇章结构都属于“如何做某事”的指导性说明文。

根据语篇的衔接手段，七选五的解题线索主要有篇章结构、行文逻辑、词语重现、语义关系、指称关系、连接词语和同构关系等七种。需要注意的是，多数情况下，空格处通常需要两种甚至两种以上的线索才能确定答案。

一、篇章结构

篇章模式：背景—问题—如何做—（效果评估）

1. 背景

“背景”是对本文话题先进行简单明了的叙述，介绍时间、地点等背景信息。所以“背景”通常位于篇首。请分析下面的试题：

[例题1]（2007年海宁卷）

71 One of the best things you can possibly do is to start your own club. Its great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels theres never anything to do during the school holidays.

D. What are you interest in？

E. Some vacation is just around the corner.

解析：空格位于篇首，应为引出话题或介绍话题的背景，所以E项最合适。且vacation与第三句中的holidays是同义词，故选E。

2. 问题

“问题”是“背景”存在的矛盾或困难（problem），相关语句中常含有difficult， tough， problem，unfortunate等词。有时用however或but引出。

请分析下面的试题：

[例题2]（2014年全国I卷）

The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. 36 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.

D. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that dont yet exist？

G. Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.

解析：空格前的句子是背景，引出话题，空格后的句子指出解决的方法，所以该空格处应该是“问题”。由by doing表方式可知空格处应是用how设问的句子，故选D。

3. 从“问题”到“如何做”的过渡句

由“问题”转到解决方法，通常会使用but， luckily， good news等进行转折的过渡句。请分析下面的试题：

[例题3]（2012年新课标全国卷）

Easy Ways to Keep Your Brain Sharp

Everyone is forgetful， but as we age， we start to feel like our brains are slowing down a bit—and that can be a very annoying thing. 71 Read on for some techniques worth trying.

…

B. This can be especially harmful to the aged.

F. Luckily， research shows there is a lot you can do to avoid those moments.

解析：Luckily表示问题的转机。those moments指称空格前的句子所描述的健忘的时刻，故选F。

4.“如何做”和“如何做”的引导句

“如何做”的引导句是指列举出具体建议前的概括性语句，如：... we have some steps you can take to get you there. （2015年全国I卷）

Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule： ... （2014年全国II卷）

“如何做”通常是先用祈使句提出行动建议或用名词性短语指出哪些方面，有不少短文甚至用粗体、数字或等符号醒目地标示出来，然后阐述具体做法。

请分析下面的试题：

[例题4]（2010年全国新课标卷）

Q & A

…

Answer： Congratulations on your new position！ Presenting in front of your peers（同事）is a hard task in itself， and it becomes much more difficult when a question-and-answer period is required. Question-and-answer periods are a great way to clarify the message and strengthen key points. 72

73

When a person is asking a question， show interest and a desire to understand the question by listening and asking for clarification.

Buy time. ...

Suggest a private meeting. …

A Show your true interest.

E. It can also be more effective in exchanging ideas.

G. Here are some ideas that can help you prepare for your next meeting.

解析：72题选G。该空格前的句子叙述了背景和问题，空格下面逐条列举了具体的建议，所以应该是“如何做”的引导句。

73题选A。该处空格与后面的第2条和第3条建议一样，前面用进行了标识，所以也应该是祈使句，且选项A与空格后的句子有重复的词语show interest。

5. 效果评估

有些短文在最后一段对采纳建议的效果作出预期或评价。请分析下面的试题：

[例题5]（2014年全国II卷）

Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule

From my experience， there are three main reasons why people dont cook more often： ability， money， and time...

Hopefully that gives you a good start. 40 And dont let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live！

E. Cooking is a burden for many people.

F. Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.

解析：该空格位于最后一段段中，前后句都是在评价遵循建议会产生的效果，且由And可知，let和dont let引导的祈使句是并列关系，所以F项为正确答案。

二、行文逻辑

行文逻辑在这里指不使用连接词语的句子之间、句群之间、段落之间的逻辑关系，如总—分，举例，列举，解释或重述，顺序关系（时间先后，空间位置，重要性大小）等。请分析下面的试题：

1. 总—分

[例题6]（2014年全国II卷）

Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule

From my experience， there are three main reasons why people dont cook more often： ability， money， and time. 36 Money is a topic Ill save for another day. So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spend in the kitchen. Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule：

B. Ability is easily improved.

E. Cooking is a burden for many people.

解析：空格前句提及了three main reasons ... ： ability， money， and time，空格后的第1、2句先后提及了Money和time，所以该空应该是ability方面的原因，故选B。

2. 举例

[例题7]（2013年全国I卷）

...

The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit（利润）— that is， they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business... Commonly called nonprofits， these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. 72

C. Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.

D. However， some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.

解析：选项C中的social service agencies and many hospitals是空格前句中的nongovernmental service providers的Examples，且两者之间有nonprofit， organization以及service等词语上的重复，故选C。

3. 列举

[例题8]（2014年全国I卷）

...

Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions. 39 “Why do you think shes crying？”“Can you tell how that man is feeling by looking at his face？”“If someone were to do that to you， how would you feel？”

F. We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.

E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

解析：空格后的三个问句就是questions about characters in stories的列举，故选F。

4. 解释或重述

解释或重述是对前文信息的更为明白易懂的解释说明，常用that is （i.e.）， that means， in other words， in fact等或冒号（：），或破折号（—）等标点。请分析下面的试题：

[例题9]（2011年辽宁卷）

2. Go for a walk.

Mildly raised glucose （葡萄糖） levels can harm the area of the brain that helps you form memories and physical activity can help get blood glucose down to normal levels. In fact， exercise produces chemicals that are good for your brain. 74

…

D. So take a few minutes each day to do some reading.

G. In other words， when you take care of your body， you take care of your brain.

解析：In other words表示该句是对空格前一句的解释，且take care of your body是exercise的同义表达，还有your brain词语重复，故选G。

5. 顺序关系

叙述事件、描述物品、列举项目时，常按照时间顺序、空间顺序、重要性大小等顺序排列。请分析下面的试题：

[例题10]（2008年海宁卷）

Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways. 71 Second， your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third， note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.

C. You must write your notes on separate paper.

G. First， the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.

解析：空格后的两句分别用Second和Third列举了记笔记的好处，所以该空应选以First开头的句子，故选G。

三、词语复现

这里的“词语复现”不仅仅指原词的重复，还包括同一词根不同词性的单词出现。请分析下面的试题：

[例题11]（2014年全国I卷）

True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it. 38 There are a dozen different things you can do with them. Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

E. Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.

解析：选项C与空格前句有词语重复：new，且materials与空格后句中的them有指代关系，故选C。虽然选项E也有单词activity重复和指示词this，但前文没有提及one great activity，也就无所谓another great activity，所以不是正确答案。

四、语义关系

语义关系是指前后文词语之间的同义，近义，反义，上下义和语义场关系。上下义关系是指几个词语中一个词语表示大范畴，其他词语是这个范畴内的个体或小范畴，如money为上义词，cash， cheque是下义词。

语义场是指围绕某话题的相关词汇，这些词有可能同时同现，如hospital， doctor， patient， disease， treatment， medicine， cure等。

请分析下面的试题：

[例题12]（2014全国II卷）

Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule

1. Think ahead. The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when Im already hungry and theres nothing ready to eat. So think ahead of the coming week. When will you have time to cook？ Do you have the right materials already？ 37

D. Understand your food better.

G. A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.

解析：A little time planning ahead与前文Think ahead是同义表达，故选G。

[例题13]（2014年全国I卷）

1. Curiosity

Your children need to be deeply curious. 37 Ask kids， “What ingredients（配料）can we add to make these pancakes even better next time？ ” and then try them out. Did those ingredients make the pancakes better？ What could we try next time？

A. Encourage kids to cook with you.

C. We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.

解析： cook与ingredients... add以及make these pancakes之间是上下义关系，也属于同一语义场，故选A。

五、指代关系

指代关系是指用指示代词this， that， these， those等和人称代词it， them等指代前文出现的事、物或人。有时this， these也可能指代下文中的事、物或人。请分析下面的试题：

[例题14]（2015年全国II卷）

... When you have found shoes that seem right， walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 37 . As always， you should stretch（伸展）at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.

E. If they still feel good， you can begin running in them

F. Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training

解析：选项E中they， them和空格前句中的them一样，指代的是shoes，且still表示seem right和feel good之间的递进关系，故选E。

六、连接词语

连接词语是指连词和连接性副词或短语把事物间的逻辑关系明确地表达出来。连词有并列连词（and， but， or， so等）和从属连词（when， if， because， though等）。连接性副词或短语有however，instead，also， therefore， as a result， in fact， on the contrary等。有的评价性状语也可以表示一定的逻辑关系，如luckily， sadly等。

[例题15]（2011年辽宁卷）

3. Learn something new.

A study found that mental stimulation（刺激）limits the weakening effects of aging on memory and the mind. But the best thing for your brain is when you learn something new and are physically active at the same time. 75 or go dancing with your friends.

C. It should be something like learning gardening

D. So take a few minutes each day to do some reading

解析：空格后句的or表示选择关系，列举两个相似的事物，dancing和选项C中的gardening，都是something new and ... physically active at the same time，但选项D中的reading不属于同一类，故选C。

七、同构关系

如前所述，“如何做”部分的建议多是祈使句或名词性短语，在结构上它们就是同构关系。also连接的两个句子通常是同构关系。

[例题16]（2010年全国新课标卷）

Suggest a private meeting.

A one-on-one meeting is a calmer setting than speaking in front of your peers. 75

C. Some ideas can be quite concrete.

E. It can also be more effective in exchanging ideas.

解析：句中It指代A one-on-one meeting，且more effective与calmer...than同属比较级句型，故选E。

责任编辑 蒋小青