口服抗凝剂利伐沙班与华法林预防非瓣膜性心房纤维颤动患者血栓栓塞的疗效比较
2016-04-14陈红生
钟 武 王 亮 陈红生
(泸州医学院附属医院急诊科,四川 泸州 646000)
口服抗凝剂利伐沙班与华法林预防非瓣膜性心房纤维颤动患者血栓栓塞的疗效比较
钟武王亮陈红生
(泸州医学院附属医院急诊科,四川泸州646000)
〔摘要〕目的比较利伐沙班与华法林非瓣膜性心房纤维颤动(AF)患者的有效性和安全性。方法采用CHADS2评分法纳入122例评分≥2的AF患者,随机分为利伐沙班组和华法林组(对照组)。结果利伐沙班组主要安全性终点事件发生率与华法林组相比无显著性差异,风险比(OR)为3.28,95%置信区间(CI,-9.7,16.2),P=0.78。另外,利伐沙班组的总出血事件数值显著低于华法林组,OR16.39,95%CI(1.4,31.4),P=0.03。结论利伐沙班与华法林相比,在CHADS2≥2的患者中其安全性和有效性的相似。一般而言CHADS评分≥2的患者如果被新诊断有AF,根据病患可能罹患血栓症的可能性,给予抗凝血药物,可以优先选择利伐沙班。
〔关键词〕口服抗凝;脑卒中;华法林;利伐沙班;血栓;心房纤维颤动
心房纤维颤动(AF)是最常见的心律失常疾病之一〔1~3〕。若不及时消除,很快会导致心脏停搏,造成死亡。AF多发生于老年人〔4,5〕。由于AF发生时,失去了原本心房收缩对于心室舒张末期填充的贡献,加上经常合并过快的心室速率,缩短了舒张期的心室血流量的填充时间,所以经常成为心衰竭病人临床症状突然恶化的主因〔3,6〕。当AF合并其他各种心血管疾病时,更可加重病人死亡率达2倍之多〔7~10〕。在未发生血栓的AF病例中,脑卒中风险升高了4~5倍,提示此类患者需要采用抗凝治疗〔11,12〕。CHADS2评分是全球中的一个最简单有效的评分系统,该方法可以综合评价每个脑卒中患者的危险因素〔13~15〕。尽管AF患者CHADS2评分高预示着发生血栓的高风险,并有可能需要抗凝治疗,但是他们也伴随有出血的高风险〔16~19〕,目前对利伐沙班和WFR之间的疗效对比尚缺乏有效数据〔20,21〕。因此,本研究结合CHADS2评分方法对利伐沙班的安全性和疗效华法林之间开展了比较研究。
1资料与方法
1.1入选及排除标准本研究为单中心、随机、双盲且平行对照临床研究。根据美国心脏病协会的推荐,以CHADS2评分来确定AF患者发生血栓的危险程度。评分标准:①心力衰竭:1分;②高血压:1分;③大于75岁:1分;④糖尿病:1分;⑤有脑梗死或脑缺血史:2分;上面的5项评分相加就是CHADS2评分。处理:①评分在2分以上为高危险:建议口服华法林抗凝。②评分为1分为中度危险:口服阿司匹林或华法林抗凝。③评分为0分为低度危险:口服阿司匹林抗凝。若CHADS2 评分≥2,则该患者风险足够高,应口服抗凝药,纳入本研究序列。若CHADS2评分0或1的患者,排除出本研究。
1.2研究对象所有122例患者按1∶1的比例随机进入利伐沙班组或华法林组。研究遵循赫尔辛基宣言和我国颁布的药物临床试验质量管理规范,方案经伦理委员会讨论通过后执行。我院自2010年2月至2012年12月选择非瓣膜性AF患者122例。对比观察利伐沙班(德国 Bayer healthcare AG公司生产)、华法林(齐鲁制药)这两种药物的临床疗效及安全性。122例例AF患者均经临床症状、检查体征及心电图(Cardiofax-M型号,日本光电NIHON KOHDEN公司生产)确诊,排除瓣膜性AF。非瓣膜性AF患者,在招募前30 d心电图记录并确诊。患者前6个月无相关用药史,并排除肌酐清除率<30 ml/min患者。采用计算机生成随机数字表,患者根据该法随机分为利伐沙班和华法林组。利伐沙班是口服给药,每日1次,15 mg/d。华法林需要剂量调整,年龄>70岁给药后控制INR为2.0~3.0,70岁或以上控制INR为1.6~2.6,预先设定的最大研究期为6个月。
1.3观察指标在研究结束时,统计分析事件发生率,风险比(OR)等方法进行总结。疗效主要结果是通过超声多普勒(Logiq E9型号美国GE公司生产)或血管成像(CX50型号荷兰飞利浦公司生产)检测症状性静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)和无症状深静脉血栓(DVT)。安全性指标主要观察出血事件的发生次数。
1.4统计学方法组间比较行t及χ2检验。
2结果
2.1两组患者的一般情况比较两组AF患者年龄、性别、体重等指标均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。见表1。
表1 两组患者一般情况比较(n=61)
2.2两组疗效及不良反应比较利伐沙班组与华法林组总心血管事件及总出血事件的发生率分别为9.8%(6/61),13.1%(8/61),9.8%(6/61)和23.0%(14/61),其OR分别3.28(95%CI:-9.7~16.2)和16.39(95%CI:1.4~31.4)。华法林组中的总出血事件显著升高(P=0.03)。
3讨论
通常处理AF的病人时,一般必须了解到此病的临床表现采取的不同治疗策略,如使用CHADS2评分策略〔22,23〕。CHADS2评分包括心力衰竭、高血压、年龄>75岁、糖尿病和既往脑卒中或一过性脑缺血发作(TIA),前面4个危险因素各为1分,最后一个为2分〔24~27〕。本研究结果显示,利伐沙班在疗效方面不劣于华法林,但在安全性方面优于利伐沙班。另外,虽然研究疗效差异并不显著,利伐沙班与华法林相比可以显著降低所有原因的心血管事件。另外华法林抗凝患者一旦发生脑梗死,因INR一般大于1.4往往无法融栓〔28~30〕。因此,在更大样本的临床研究中可能提示利伐沙班的疗效优于华法林。
另外,本研究也有一些局限性,如这项试验并不是设计来检测研究药物和CHADS2评分亚群之间的相互作用。虽然类似的人口统计学特征进行了利伐沙班与华法林组之间观察到每个CHADS2评分类别,但是各组人群数量比较小。此外,本研究结果均来自临床试验的人口,可能会偏离现实世界中的患者人群。尽管有这些限制,利伐沙班的安全性和效力和剂量调整华法林战争之间的差异。总之,AF的药物处理,最重要的是要理清患者的基本病因,采用CHADS2评分配合新型抗凝血剂利伐沙班的使用,使得患者从药物的选择中得到最大的益处,最少的副作用。综上所述,CHADS评分≥2的患者如果患者被新诊断有AF,根据病患可能罹患血栓症的可能性,来给予抗凝血药物,可以优先选择新药利伐沙班。
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〔2014-10-11修回〕
(编辑赵慧玲/曹梦园)
〔中图分类号〕R322.1+1
〔文献标识码〕A
〔文章编号〕1005-9202(2016)05-1094-03;
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2016.05.033
通讯作者:王亮(1980-),男,医师,主要从事血管外科研究。
第一作者:钟武(1973-),男,硕士,副教授,主要从事血管外科疾病研究。