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如何写好文章的开头与结尾?

2016-04-08山东

教学考试(高考英语) 2016年3期
关键词:体裁书信议论文

山东 张 华 刘 刚

如何写好文章的开头与结尾?

山东 张 华 刘 刚

文章由开头、主体和结尾三部分组成。开头与结尾是文章的重要组成部分,也是阅卷老师阅读的重要部分,写好能给人留下深刻印象,不可忽视。汉语作文讲求“凤头豹尾”,但英语书面表达是限制性写作,我们不能刻意追求这种写作风格,要着力用最经济、最准确的方式打造精彩的开头与结尾,展示“亮点”,从而吸引阅卷老师的眼球,提高自己的得分档次。请看下面的习作:

【典型例题】(2015年11月山东省临沂市高三英语期中试题)

一家英语报社向中学生征文,主题是寻找身边的榜样。请根据下列要求完成短文。

1.身边的榜样是谁;

2.主要事迹/表现。

注意:1.词数100左右;

2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。

【考场作文】(得分:14分)

My Role Model

When it comes to my role model,there is①all kinds of people around us,many of whom are really good and can be our model②,such as Tu Youyou,the first Chinese woman to win the Nobel Prize,Yao Ming and Lei Feng③. However,my model is my father.

My father is a worker in a factory nearby. He goes to work early and comes home late. He never had④a rest and does a part-time job on Sundays. He is kind and likes to help people in trouble. One day⑤morning,he found an old woman standing in the cold weather,begging. He went over to her and gave her some money. The old woman was very excited.

旁批:

①is改为are

②model改为models

③以屠呦呦等人作为“身边的榜样”不妥

④had改为has

⑤去掉day

⑥文章开头铺垫过多,不着边际;缺少结尾,给人的感觉是本文在写“My Father”

【分析】该文篇幅适中,分两段介绍了“我的爸爸”,句式多样,但由于存在一些语言错误以及“头重少尾”,文章结构不完整,导致得分偏低。

近年高考书面表达越来越重视对文章开头与结尾的考查。例如2015年全国新课标卷Ⅰ中的书面表达只给出了开头,且在评分标准中把“适当的结尾”作为要点列出;卷Ⅱ只给出了结语,需要考生“创设开头”。从范文来看,有些范文把开头与主体或主体与结尾合并在了一起,所以从表面上看,好像只有一两段,但其开头与结尾仍有明显的区别。

下面分别举例介绍写作中如何开篇与收尾及其注意事项。

一、开头——不折腾

“Well begun is half done.”,写好开头非常重要。开头应迅速向主题靠拢,尽快点明文章主题,同时要注意语言简洁、准确,决不能“输在开头”。

下面介绍几种常见的开头方式,供同学们考前套用、模仿。

1.开门见山式

文章开头直接点题,不绕弯,不能无病呻吟,做过多铺垫。如能提炼和使用主题句,则更醒目。

例1:话题:邀请Lucy去敬老院

体裁:书信(2015·全国新课标卷Ⅱ,提示只给出了结语)

方式:提笔入题+过渡句Dear Lucy,

I’d like to invite you to join us for a visit to the nearby nursing home next Sunday for the Double Ninth Festival. It is the day for the elderly in our culture.

例2:主题:凿壁偷光

体裁:议论文(2015·福建卷,漫画+感想)

方式:首句状语+画面描写

In the picture,we can see a boy in worn clothes,sitting at a shabby wooden table with a pile of books on it. A weak ray of light came in through a small hole in the wall and he was absorbed in his reading.

例3:主题:A famous Chinese I would like to interview

体裁:夹叙夹议(2015·安徽卷)

方式:主题句+衔接句

The person I would like to interview is Yang Liwei. I would really like to interview him because...

【温馨提示】有些应用文如日记、通知、发言稿等,都有一定的开头与结尾模式,且是高考热点,特提醒同学们注意搜集整理,在此限于篇幅不再一一罗列。

2.自我介绍式

有些作文(如投诉信、应征信、预约信、倡议书等)需要先做自我介绍,明了自己的身份,然后再找准切入点引出下文。

例4:话题:询问夏季英语课程

体裁:书信(2014·全国新课标卷Ⅰ,只给出格式)方式:自我介绍+过渡Dear Sir or Madam,

My name is Li Hua,a middle school student from China and I intend to go to Britain to study English this summer vacation. Seeing your ad,...

3.交代背景式

在记叙文或描写文(包括日记、通知)中,开篇就要把事件发生的时间、地点、人物及情景等交代清楚,不可铺垫过多而一发不可收拾。

例5:话题:跟老艺人学捏泥人

体裁:记叙文(2015·北京卷,写作二)

方式:交代背景+点题(捏泥人)

Last Tuesday,our class invited an old craftsman to teach us how to make dough figurines.

【温馨提示】有时提示中的背景就是一个要点,宜“点到为止”,不必发挥过多。这些背景包括写作意图、意愿或问题讨论的现象或环境等。尤其是某些议论文也需要交代写作背景。

例6:主题:申请参加“图书分享活动”

体裁:应用文——书信(2015·重庆卷,写作二,只给出格式)

方式:写作背景+申请Dear Sir or Madam,

Learning that you are organizing this activity to share books worldwide,I am writing to apply for it for the simple reason that I love reading and I own a large number of books.

例7:话题:校园乱扔垃圾现象,提出治理措施(只给出首句的开头)

体裁:议论文

方式:罗列现象+后果

It’s not uncommon that some students litter everywhere. Some never sort the garbage and just throw old newspapers or plastic bags directly into dustbins. Worse still,some even burn the rubbish,giving off terrible smell and heavy smoke. All these make our campus dirty and smelly.

二、结尾——不随意

文章不能“有头无尾”,有了结尾,文章结构才算完整,绝不能不想写就不写。结尾是文章的升华之处,应与开头在表达上一致,共同服务文章主题。我们还要注意结合体裁以及行文需要,采用合适的结尾方式。结尾方式因文而异,形式多样。常见的有:

1.程序式

有些文章(如书信、日记、发言稿、通知等)的结尾方式有固定的句型和套路,我们完全可以根据写作实际灵活套用。

例8:主题:申请参加“分享图书”活动

体裁:书信(2015·重庆卷,写作二)

方式:感谢+盼望回复(程序化语句)

I am wondering if you could tell me more about this activity. Thank you for all you have been doing. I’m looking forward to your reply.

例9:主题:创意作品展示

体裁:书面通知(2014·辽宁卷)

方式:程序式结语+鼓动性

Come on,everybody!It’s your show time.

2.总结式

在文章结尾处对前面的内容进行概括、总结,或重申文章的中心思想及观点并做进一步强调。惯常使用的总结式词语有in a word,to sum up,in conclusion等;句型有Only in this way can we keep...等。

例10:主题:questioning is a bridge to learning

体裁:夹叙夹议(2015·湖北卷)

方式:总结+照应开头

From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that helps to seek the truth.

3.感想式

日记、记叙文以及新闻报道等文章的结尾可用感想、展望或发出号召来结束全文,起到画龙点睛的作用。

例11:主题:跟老艺人学捏泥人

体裁:书信(2015·北京卷,写作二)

方式:感想+希望

Looking at the figurines,we were all very excited. We hope we can have more activities of this kind.

例12:主题:记学雷锋的一件事

体裁:日记(2012·北京卷)

方式:感想+回扣主题

I was so glad that I could help others./What a happy and meaningful day I had!/Seeing them on the bus,I felt a kind of satisfaction.

4.希望/决心式

针对描写活动或申请参加活动或职务等的文章,可在最后一段表达决心或突出自己能胜任某项职务的能力或意愿;或提出自己的希望,并决心实现这一既定心愿。

例13:主题:应征志愿者

体裁:书信(2015·陕西卷,已给出格式)

方式:希望+决心

I’m sure that I can perfectly live up to your expectations. I will be grateful if you could give me a kind consideration./I’m sure I’ll do a good job if I’m accepted.

例14:主题:竞选俱乐部副主席

体裁:演讲稿(2013·福建卷)

方式:愿望+决心

I sincerely hope you will give me a chance,and please believe me that I will be a good vice president.

5.建议式

对前文所议论之事或问题,提出建议、见解或意见,也包括具体的解决方案或办法。

例15. 主题:浪费的危害及杜绝浪费

体裁:议论文

方式:建议+展望

It’s high time we stopped wasting anything and fought against waste. We should save what we can to help those in need,making a contribution to building a harmonious society.

从上面的例子可看出,开头或结尾的方式因文而异,可以是一句话,也可以是几句话。但是,不论哪种方式,都要讲求干净利落,不拖泥带水,也不能脱离主题。

请看开头提到的那篇作文的范文,体会开头与结尾的巧妙之处。

Among the students around me,Li Hua is such an outstanding example that I should follow.

As a senior,he has been studying hard and doing well in every subject. In addition,as a warm-hearted person he always does what he can to help those in trouble. Whatever he does,he makes every effort to do it well. Even though he meets with various difficulties,he never gives up. In his daily life,he always makes people aware of the importance of protecting the environment. In his opinion,every action on protecting the environment makes a big difference.

Such is Li Hua,a student with lots of good qualities. We can learn a lot from him.

开头:开门见山,直接点题——an outstanding example I should follow

主体部分:用多样的句式,富于情感的词汇(如hard,well,help,never give up,make a difference)突出了榜样的高贵品质;“protecting the environment”为具体事例,突出其成绩

结尾:用“Such is...”做总结,并用“We can learn...from him”照应开头;做到了完美收官

因此,在最后冲刺阶段,我们考生不但要重视正文的写作,还要掌握开头与结尾的方式,做到作文内容完整,语言准确,结构合理。

(作者单位:张 华 山东省平邑县第二中学;刘 刚 山东省平邑县第一中学)

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