高考考点突破之过去分词作定语

湖北 杨 武

高考考点突破之过去分词作定语

湖北 杨 武

过去分词是高考的热点和重点。请看：

1.（2015全国新课标卷Ⅰ）Yangshuo is really beautiful. A study of travelers 68 （conduct） by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

【参考答案】conducted。过去分词作后置定语，表示中心词“study”与“conduct”之间的被动关系，意义相当于“which（that） was conducted”。

2.（2015全国新课标卷Ⅱ）The adobe dwellings（土坯房） 61 （build） by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

【参考答案】built。过去分词作后置定语，表示中心词“adobe dwellings”与“build”之间的被动关系，意义相当于“which（that） was built”。

3.（2015安徽卷，任务型读写改编）Find some topics 81 （share）with the other person.

【参考答案】shared。过去分词作后置定语，表示中心词“topics”与“share”之间的被动关系，意义相当于“which（that） was shared”。

过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式，既保留了动词的某些特征，又具有形容词和副词的作用；它还能作定语（前置或后置）来修饰一个名词（或名词词组）。从以上高考例题来看，高考主要是考查后置定语。但无论过去分词作前置定语还是后置定语，都有它各自的特点。

1.过去分词作前置定语的情况

作前置定语的过去分词大多是及物动词。如：

Polluted air is also believed to be the direct cause of lung cancer.

被污染的空气也被认为是导致肺癌的直接原因。

We were each given some printed advertising cards before the lecture began.

报告开始之前，我们每人都收到一些已印好的广告卡片。

过去分词作前置定语时要注意以下几点：

（1）该定语在意义上相当于一个被动态的定语从句，在时间上表示一个在谓语动作之前已经完成了的动作。如：

The principal is now praising us for our well organized camping （=camping that had been well organized） last week.校长因为我们上星期的野营组织得很好正在表扬我们。

I have many copies of his recorded talks（=talks that have been recorded）.我有许多他的演讲录音。

（2）应注意过去分词和以-ed结尾的形容词作前置定语的区别。

①一般而言，过去分词表示中心词承受动作的状态或结果，而以-ed结尾的形容词则表示中心词所具有的特点。如：

The caged bird kept jumping here and there， hoping to get out of the cage， but in vain.那只被关在笼子里的鸟跳来跳去，它想逃出去，但只是徒劳一场。（“caged”是过去分词，“caged bird”说明了鸟是处于被关的状态）

The experienced doctor saved many dying people and he is respected by everybody here.

这位经验丰富的医生挽救过许多垂死病人的性命，因此，这里人人都尊敬他。（“experienced”是-ed形容词，说明了医生的特点）

②过去分词一般不能用very， too等副词修饰，而-ed形容词则可以。如：

Every guest praised the improved environment （=environment which have been improved）. 客人都称赞这里得到了改善的环境。（improved为过去分词）

Only trained workers （workers who have been trained）can get fairly high salary. 只有受过培训的工人才能拿到相当高的工资。（trained 为过去分词）

He is my very devoted friend. 他是我的挚友。（devoted是-ed形容词）

They are using the most advanced technology in the worldin building the bridge. 他们在使用世界上最先进的技术建造这座桥梁。（advanced是-ed形容词）

③-ed形容词可以通过后加 “ly”构成副词，而过去分词则不能。如：

say excitedly激动地说，express confusedly 表达很混乱，a notedly-written novel 一本写得很优秀的小说

④很多不能单独作前置定语的过去分词，当其有前缀-un或与副词构成复合形容词时，也能作前置定语。如：

unexpected ending意想不到的结尾，the untold experience没有说过的经历，the well-kept record 保持得很好的记录，highly-developed electronic industry高度发达的电子工业，a beautifully-built library一座建得很漂亮的图书馆

⑤有些不及物动词的过去分词作前置定语时说明中心词的状态或结果，此时过去分词没有被动含义，但有主动含义。如：

a retired engineer一位退休的工程师，fallen leaves落下的叶子，the risen sun 升起的太阳

2.过去分词作后置定语的情况

作后置定语的过去分词一般常见的是词组。如：

I think this book is the best of its kind ever written（=that have ever been written）.

我认为这本书是这类书中写得最好的。

This is the old man looked after（who is looked after）by those kind children.

这是那位受那些好心的孩子们照料的老人。

过去分词作后置定语有以下几点要注意：

（1）过去分词作后置定语有被动意义。如：

Nothing valuable was found in the papers studied（=that had been studied）.

在所研究的资料中没有找到有价值的东西。

Things discussed（=that is discussed/will be discussed）today have nothing to do with your project.

今天讨论的问题与你们的工程无关。

（2）过去分词能和with一起构成复合结构作后置定语。如：

They sat at the table with their umbrella laid beside them.

他们在桌子边坐下来，把伞放在身边。

I like to sleep with curtain drawn. 我喜欢关着窗帘睡觉。

（3）可以用逗号将过去分词和中心词隔开，作非限制性定语。如：

Kunming，known for its beautiful scenery，is a little far from our city.

昆明以美丽的风景著称，它离我们的城市有点远。

Yao Bo and Tang Tao，born and brought up in the south， are not used to the cold climate in Harbin. 南方生长的姚波和唐涛不太习惯哈尔滨的寒冷气候。

【练一练】

1. It is said that there will be several new events_____（add）to the program for the 2022 Olympic Games.

2. Five people won the “China’s Green Figure”award， a title_____（give） to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection.

3. Now more and more people have come to realize that prices of daily goods_____（buy） through a computer can be lower than store prices.

4. The repairs cost a lot，but it’s money well______（spend）.

5.“I think we can leave with our heads______（hold）high，”Eriksson said.“We came out of the toughest group，beat Argentina，beat Denmark in a convincing way.”

6. Fucheng Garden Villas，______（locate） along the North 4th Ring Road，is just 2 kilometers east away from the Asian Games Village with easy traffic connection.

7. News from ABC that the ever-______（capture） drug kingpin（毒枭） Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman，who had been on the run since his Hollywood-esque prison escape last summer，was arrested by the police yesterday.

8. Google appears to be displaying top 20 Philippine universities frequently_____（mention） on the web when one searches on Google using，for example，“top universities in the Philippines”.

【参考答案】

1. added 2. given 3. bought 4. spent 5. held 6. located 7. captured 8. mentioned

（作者单位：湖北省麻城市教科院）