冲刺阶段,语法填空的那点事儿
2016-04-08安徽张彩霞
安徽 周 辉 张彩霞
冲刺阶段,语法填空的那点事儿
安徽 周 辉 张彩霞
语法填空是高考英语全国卷在2016年第三次使用的题型,但是对于许多2016年才使用全国卷的省市的考生来说,则是一个全新的题型,这些考生应如何更好地攻克此新题型呢?本文结合近年高考真题,为考生解读语法填空的那点事儿。
一、给提示词的空
根据2016年的考试说明,给提示词的空,要求考生根据上下文填写所提供单词的正确形式,主要就是考查动词、名词、形容词、副词以及人称代词。
1.对动词的考查
动词是历年语法填空最重要的考点,试题主要从以下三个方面考查。
(1)考查谓语动词
对于谓语动词的考查,主要考查的是动词的时态和语态,所以考生应熟练掌握新课标要求掌握的10种时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、一般将来时、过去将来时和将来进行时)和被动语态的基本知识。如:
①(2015新课标卷Ⅰ)It was raining lightly when I 61(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
②(2015新课标卷Ⅱ)This cycle 68(go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset (抵消)for the outside temperatures.
③(2014辽宁卷)Be patient! Tai Chi 66 (call)“shadow boxing” in English.
【答案与解析】①本句为when引导的时间状语从句,主句用了一般过去时,根据语境,从句应与主句时态保持一致,故填 arrived。②结合语境可知,这里应用一般现在时表示现状,由于主语为第三人称单数形式,故填goes。③因为“Tai Chi”和“call”之间为动宾关系,又因是客观介绍,所以应用一般现在时,故答案为is called。
(2)考查非谓语动词
对非谓语动词的考查,就是对动词不定式(to do)、现在分词(动词的-ing形式)和过去分词(动词的-ed形式)以及它们的相关变式的考查。如:
①(2015上海卷)As I squeezed back into my car,I spotted the same lady 28(look) in at me. “Hello,”she said,hesitantly.
②(2015新课标卷Ⅱ)In addition to their simple beauty,what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without 64(use)electric equipment.
③(2015上海卷)31 (shock),I took it from her automatically. She smiled and walked away.
【答案与解析】①该句前面的“As I squeezed back into my car”是一个状语从句,根据句子成分可知,主句已经有了谓语动词“spot”,可判断出空格处应填非谓语动词。结合句意“当我倒车的时候,我看到同一位女士正在看着我”,可得出答案为looking。②介词without后接动词的-ing形式作宾语,故填using。③正确答案为Shocked,是过去分词作状语。注意首字母要大写。
(3)考查动词的名词、形容词或副词形式
冲刺阶段,对于常见的构词法知识,比如常见的动词转化为名词、动词转化为形容词和形容词的否定及副词形式的常见变化规则,学生可以适当地加强了解。如:
①(2014广东卷)She was 22 (surprise)helpful.
②(2014新课标卷Ⅰ) While there are 68 (amaze)stories of instant transformation,for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river.
【答案与解析】①修饰形容词要用副词形式,故答案为surprisingly。②放在名词前,应用形容词作定语,又因修饰物要用-ing类形容词,故答案为amazing。
2.对名词的考查
对名词的考查就是考查它的复数形式或该名词的形容词或副词形式。如:
(1)(2015新课标卷Ⅰ)I’d skipped nearby Guilin,a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 65 (painting).
(2)(2014新课标卷Ⅰ)Just be 70 (patience).
【答案与解析】(1)many 修饰的是可数名词的复数形式,故答案为paintings。(2)本句为祈使句,在be动词后应用形容词作表语,故填patience的形容词形式patient。
3.对形容词和副词的考查
当提示词是形容词或副词时,主要考查三种情况:形容词(副词)的比较级或最高级、形容词(副词)的副词(形容词)形式以及形容词(副词)的否定前缀。如:
(1)(2015新课标卷Ⅰ)Abercrombie & Kent,a travel company in Hong Kong,says it 69 (regular)arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
(2)(2015上海卷) It was 32 (nice)gift I’d ever received,and it was from a complete stranger.
(3)(2015新课标卷Ⅰ,短文改错改编)There the air is clean and the mountains are green._____(fortunate),with the development of industrialization,the environment has been polluted.
【答案与解析】(1)修饰动词、形容词和副词要用副词,所以本题应填regularly。(2)根据语境可知,此处应用最高级,故填the nicest。(3)根据语境易知,前后两句之间是对比关系,所以应填Unfortunately。温馨提示:此考点近年各省市高考均没有涉及,但是在各类模拟题中却常常出现,考生可以适当关注。考生应注意常见形容词(副词)的否定前缀(如-un/-dis/-il/-ir/-im/-in等)以及由它们构成的常见的形容词(副词)。
4.对人称代词的考查
对人称代词的考查主要就是考查人称代词的主格、宾格、形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词以及反身代词之间的相互转化。语法填空对人称代词的考查,有时给出提示词,有时则不给提示词。如:
(1)(2014新课标卷Ⅱ)Then the driver stood up and asked,“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?”A woman on the bus shouted,“Oh,dear! It’s 69 (I).”
(2)(2014上海卷)I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn’t find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted,so I did it by 36 .
【答案与解析】(1)司机询问是否有人丢了手提箱,结合语境“是我丢的/手提箱是我的”可知,此空填me/ mine。(2)根据句意,此处考查的是介词短语“by oneself(单独地,独自地)”,故答案为myself。
二、没有提示词的空
根据2016年的考试说明,语法填空中的没有提示词的空,要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容,但只可以填1个单词。研究近年高考真题可以发现,语法填空对于没有提示词的空的考查主要是考查冠词、介词、it作形式主语或形式宾语、并列连词 and/but/or/so、三大从句连词以及从上下文语境的角度设题等六个方面。
1.对冠词的考查
主要是考查冠词的泛指、特指以及固定短语中的冠词。如:
(1)(2015新课标卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even 62 most modern of architects and engineers.
(2)(2015上海卷)Just as I approached my car,I saw the woman I’d let have my car spot earlier. She was giving me 27 odd look—half puzzled,half intent (热切的). I smiled and wished her a pleasant day.
(3)(2014广东卷)She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on 23 top floor.
【答案与解析】(1)根据空后的最高级标志most可知,本空填定冠词the。(2)根据句意“她给了我一个奇怪的表情,一半困惑,一半热切”可知,此空应填不定冠词an。(3)本句使用定冠词the表示特指,特指她给了我们一个在顶楼上的VIP套房。
2.对介词的考查
主要是考查介词的一些固定搭配和常见介词短语。如:
(1)(2015新课标卷Ⅱ)When a new day breaks,the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day; 67 the same time,they warm up again for the night.
(2)(2015新课标卷Ⅰ)For those who fly to Guilin,it’s only an hour away 66 car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city.
(3)(2015上海卷)You are just so much 30 her. You helped those people,I noticed,and you seemed so happy.
【答案与解析】(1)“at the same time(与此同时)”是固定短语,故填at。(2)“by car(乘汽车)”为固定搭配,故填by。(3)根据句意“你和她非常像”可知,此空应填介词like。
3.考查it作形式主语或形式宾语
考生只要在老师的指导下掌握it作形式主语或形式宾语的常见句型及其句型特点,就足以应对此类题目了。如:
(2009广东卷)Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult 31 was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father.
【答案与解析】it。it为形式主语,真正的主语为空后的不定式。
4.对并列连词的考查
并列连词主要考查and/but/or/so。如:
(1)(2014湖南卷)Neighbors should do all they can to avoid disturbing other people, 53 there are times when some level of disturbance is unavoidable.
(2)(2014广东卷)We were told that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week, 19 for the week after.
【答案与解析】(1)根据句意“邻居要做所有能做的事情来避免打扰他人,但有时候一些打扰又是不可避免的”可知,上下文之间存在着转折关系,故填but。(2)句意为:我们被告知我们的房间没有被预订在这个星期,而是在下一个星期。本题考查的是固定结构not...but...(不是……而是……),故填but。
5.对三大从句连词的考查
定语从句、状语从句和名词性从句的连词也是无提示词语法填空的一个考查重点,它们的基本用法必须掌握。如:
(1)(2015广东卷)When harvest came around,he was already selling herbs,vegetables and cotton in the market 24 people from the towns met regularly.
(2)(2015上海卷)My local supermarket is always busy. The first parking space I found was convenient,but I’d noticed a woman in a blue car circling for a while. 25 I was in a good mood,I let her have it.
(3)(2015新课标卷Ⅱ)As natural architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly 69 thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.
【答案与解析】(1)根据句意以及主从句之间的关系,易判断出本题考查的是定语从句,且先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,故根据语法填空无提示词题的考查要求,答案为where。(2)分析句子成分可知,句子有两个谓语动词(was和let),所以此空必须填一个连词;再根据句意“我心情很好,我让她用这个”可知,前后分句之间构成因果关系,所以可填Because/As/Since,注意首字母要大写。(3)本题填how。how修饰形容词thick,并连接一个宾语从句。
6.从上下文语境的角度考查一些副词
常考语境副词有before/after/however/therefore/later/ earlier等。如:
(1)(2015新课标卷Ⅰ)A few hours 62 ,I’d been at home in Hong Kong,with its choking smog.
(2)(2014福建卷,短文填词改编)Many of us were raised with the saying “Waste not,want not.” None of us, 76 ,can completely avoid waste in our lives.
【答案与解析】(1)根据语境,句意为“几个小时前,我在香港的家中”,故填before或者earlier。(2)句意为“很多人都知道‘勤俭节约,吃穿不愁’,然而几乎没有人能够做到不浪费”,所以上下文之间是转折关系,故填however表示转折。注意,however前后都需要使用标点符号隔开。
(作者单位:安徽省阜阳市太和县第一中学)