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退变性腰椎管狭窄症手术治疗中不同术式的应用进展

2016-04-06夏可周郭卫春

山东医药 2016年39期
关键词:融合术椎板植骨

夏可周,郭卫春

(武汉大学人民医院,武汉430060)



退变性腰椎管狭窄症手术治疗中不同术式的应用进展

夏可周,郭卫春

(武汉大学人民医院,武汉430060)

目的 治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症(DLSS)的手术主要分为腰椎板切除减压、椎弓根螺钉内固定及植骨融合术。减压手术是治疗DLSS最根本的术式,主要分为椎板切除术(全椎板切除术和半椎板切除术)、椎板间开窗术、微创椎管减压术;植骨融合大致分为后外侧植骨融合和椎间融合,其中椎间融合术的融合率最高,但对于DLSS患者在行椎管减压的同时是否需植骨融合至今仍存在较大争议;非融合性内固定的植入体可增加局部的脊柱前突,减轻椎管狭窄,增加腰椎椎间隙高度及稳定性,减少邻近节段退变。临床工作中,应正确处理好减压与脊椎稳定二者间的关系,充分评估是否同时采取相应植骨融合及内固定等治疗措施,对于不同患者选择适宜的手术方式。

退变性腰椎管狭窄症;外科手术;椎管减压术;植骨融合术;椎弓根内固定术

退变性腰椎管狭窄症(DLSS)是指腰椎间盘、韧带、小关节及椎板等骨性或纤维结构随着年龄增长发生退变,导致椎管、神经根管、侧隐窝或椎间孔管腔内径狭窄,刺激或压迫相应节段神经或血管而引起的相应临床症状[1]。随着社会老龄化的加剧,DLSS的发病率日益增高[2,3]。在DLSS症状未严重影响生活质量的前提下尽量采取保守治疗原则[4],但当保守治疗无效时往往需行手术治疗。DLSS手术治疗的目的并不是治愈,而是缓解间歇性跛行、腰腿痛及神经功能缺失等临床症状,提高患者生活质量。多数学者认为手术治疗DLSS的适应证主要包括:①有中重度神经根放射痛或神经根功能损害,伴或不伴腰背痛者;②有间歇性跛行,行走距离短于100~200 m或进行性加重者;③进行性的侧凸、滑脱伴相应临床症状和体征加重,影响生活活动功能者;④出现马尾神经损伤症状者;⑤经保守治疗3~6个月无明显缓解者,在全身情况可耐受手术情况下应行手术治疗。近年来,DLSS已成为脊柱外科手术中常见的手术指征[5,6]。治疗DLSS手术主要分为腰椎板切除减压、椎弓根螺钉内固定及植骨融合术。关于手术治疗DLSS的研究较多,然而至今尚未形成统一的手术治疗标准[7~12]。现就退行性腰椎管狭窄症手术治疗中不同术式的应用进展综述如下。

1 腰椎板切除减压术

减压手术是治疗DLSS最根本的术式,主要分为椎板切除术(全椎板切除术和半椎板切除术)、椎板间开窗术、微创椎管减压术,关于各术式之间的比较研究较少[13]。

1.1 全椎板减压术 以往认为全椎板切除术是DLSS的经典手术方式,对于多种因素造成单一平面出现严重椎管狭窄情况或出现多节段、多平面严重椎管狭窄者主要采用全椎板切除为主的后路减压术[14,15]。Jakola等[16]研究表明,全椎板切除术虽然减压彻底,但切除范围较大,术后并发症发生率高,影响脊柱稳定性,术后易导致医源性腰椎不稳和腰椎管再次狭窄,远期疗效欠佳[17]。

1.2 半椎板切除术 切除范围包括一侧椎板、肥厚的黄韧带、突出的椎间盘及增生的小关节等,适用于单侧神经根管和侧隐窝狭窄、关节突肥大及中央型狭窄但对侧无症状者。Overdevest等[18]对比分析了半椎板切除全椎管减压术与全椎板切除减压术治疗DLSS的疗效,认为半椎板切除全椎管减压术同样能达到全椎管减压的目的,术后疗效明显,同时对椎管破坏少,避免对脊柱中线结构(如棘突、椎弓和棘间、棘上韧带等)的切除,在一定程度上保留脊柱后部结构的完整性,对脊柱稳定性影响较小,可避免因全椎板切除引发的术后并发症。

1.3 椎板间开窗术 椎板间开窗减压术适用于轻、中度DLSS伴脊椎无滑脱者,椎管狭窄不严重伴椎间盘突出者。该术式可保留脊柱后部的骨韧带结构,避免医源性腰椎管狭窄和脊柱滑脱,促进术后腰背肌功能恢复,防止肌肉失神经萎缩,大大降低术后脊柱失稳的发生率。Fu等[19]研究认为开窗减压术与椎板切除术相比远期疗效更好,并发症更少。

1.4 微创椎管减压术[20]脊柱微创手术已成为最新研究热点,包括显微镜下减压术和内窥镜下减压术。①显微镜下减压术:经暴露椎板间隙后由显微镜进入行椎管减压术,显微镜下能直观地显示并放大病变部位;Mayer等[21]报道显微内窥镜下单侧入路双侧椎管减压术疗效满意,随访6年优良率为64.9%;但Toyoda等[22]认为此术式短期疗效较好,远期疗效尚不明确。②内窥镜下减压术:原理是应用摄像系统将手术视野清晰显示在荧幕上并通过可多角度调节的工作通道进行手术操作,该术式切口小、创伤小、出血少,可有效保留脊柱后方韧带复合结构的完整性,术后恢复快;在内窥镜下减压减少了对肌肉组织的剥离及牵拉,降低术后腰骶部疼痛的发生率,借助显微影像放大技术可对被压迫的硬膜囊及神经根彻底松解减压,缓解临床症状。Wu等[23]认为椎间盘镜作为一种微创技术在脊柱外科手术具有明显的优势和良好的应用前景,值得进一步研究和推广。Wu等[24]采用微创经椎间孔联合腰椎椎间融合术(MIS-TLIF)治疗65岁以上老年患者1或2个节段腰椎退变性疾病,疗效满意。

2 腰椎植骨融合术

植骨融合大致分为后外侧植骨融合(PLF)和椎间融合,根据融合入路不同,椎间融合术又分为后路椎间融合术(PLIF)、前路椎间融合术(ALIF)、椎间孔入路椎间融合术(TLIF)、极外侧椎间融合术(XLIF)。椎间融合因接触面积大及纵向应力的作用,融合率最高。但是,对于DLSS患者在行椎管减压的同时是否需植骨融合至今仍存在较大争议。近年来许多学者主张在彻底减压时辅以腰椎融合术,尤其是术前腰椎动力位片显示有腰椎不稳者或术中减压范围过大、术后可能出现腰椎不稳者,应考虑行植骨融合术;对于术前腰椎稳定者,纯椎板切除同时行植骨融合术并不能提高临床疗效。对于DLSS患者,因组织已经存在退变,而在手术过程中为了充分减压,往往需要切除部分关节突关节,导致术后可能出现退变加速发展,症状复发。Molina等[25]研究表明双侧小关节切除范围超过1/2时将导致脊柱失稳。Andreisek等[26]认为减压治疗后行植骨融合可改善原有腰椎不稳,但减压后可能出现的腰椎失稳。Bai等[27]研究表明,在一些情况下彻底减压后导致腰椎不稳时应辅以内固定和植骨来维持脊柱稳定性。Liang等[28]认为减压融合术相比单纯减压可获得更好的临床疗效,但再手术率也较高。

然而,最近多篇文献报道椎管减压联合植骨融合术与单纯减压术相比疗效并无显著优越性。Modhia等[29]发现行减压联合植骨融合术的DLSS患者再手术率高于行单纯减压术者。Forsth等[30]将50~80岁的单节段或双节段腰椎管狭窄患者随机分为减压联合融合组和单纯减压组,两组术后2、5年疗效无统计学差异,但减压联合融合组患者住院时间长、出血量大、花费高。Ghogawala等[31]的研究结果显示,减压联合植骨融合在住院时间、出血量及再手术率方面较单纯减压术者均无优势。Peul等[32]认为植骨融合已不再是DLSS的最佳治疗方案,行植骨融合预防性治疗DLSS并无积极意义。目前认为对于DLSS患者应针对导致狭窄的原因采用个体化手术方案治疗,根据患者病情及术中减压具体情况决定是否行植骨融合术。

3 椎弓根螺钉内固定术

内固定术的目的包括:①重建腰椎稳定性,纠正脊柱畸形,复位滑脱的椎体,恢复脊柱的生理弯曲,使脊柱生物力学和生理功能恢复正常;②缩短术后恢复时间,利于术后腰背肌功能锻炼。常规的植骨融合+椎弓根螺钉内固定术是目前国内临床广泛应用的治疗脊柱退行性疾病的手术方式之一,疗效显著。但近年来临床发现椎间融合内固定的效果并不十分满意,该术式出血较多、耗时较长,术后并发症较多,且有再次手术的可能(与多节段融合、高龄、退变性疾病和性别男有关)[33]。随着对脊柱生理功能的研究不断深入,保留脊柱运动功能的非融合动态固定得到充分发展。非融合性内固定的植入体可增加局部的脊柱前突,限制腰椎后伸及不稳定节段的运动范围,减轻椎管狭窄,增加腰椎椎间隙高度及稳定性,最大可能地保留运动功能,减少邻近节段退变。近年来临床较多应用的非融合技术包括棘突间内固定装置、椎弓根弹性固定装置、关节突关节置换术等,其中以棘突间内固定装置技术应用最为广泛。Zhang等[34]发现,与PLIF相比,Dynesys固定装置可更好的限制上位节段的过度活动,防止邻近阶段退变发生,认为Dynesys动态固定器可替代PLIF治腰椎退变性疾病。Kim等[35]采用X-stop动态固定装置治疗14例DLSS患者,结果显示X-stop动态固定器可增加腰椎椎间孔高度和面积,短期临床疗效较好。但是,有学者[36~38]研究认为棘突间植入术虽然术后并发症较低,但再手术率为25%~29%,高于椎管减压组。最近Hong等[39]和Wu等[40]也认为,在行棘突间植入术前应仔细考虑手术适应证、手术风险,评估手术所带来的收益[41]。

总之,退变性椎管狭窄症发病缓慢,是中老年人的常见病与多发病,由于该病具有复杂性、多样性等特点,且老年患者常合并多种器官和系统疾病、手术风险相对较大,医生应在围手术期全面客观地分析患者的症状、体征及影像学资料,积极控制其他疾病,严格掌握手术指征,采用合适的手术方式。DLSS手术治疗的核心是神经减压与维持脊柱稳定。医师应正确处理好减压与脊椎稳定二者间的关系,充分评估是否同时采取相应植骨融合及内固定等治疗措施,对于不同患者选择适宜的手术方式。

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郭卫春(E-mail: guoweichun@aliyun.com)

10.3969/j.issn.1002-266X.2016.39.035

R681.5

A

1002-266X(2016)39-0103-04

2016-06-09)

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