急性心肌梗死后新发心房颤动的机制及风险预测的研究进展
2016-04-04骆家晨戴黎明综述魏毅东审校
骆家晨 戴黎明 综述 魏毅东 审校
急性心肌梗死后新发心房颤动的机制及风险预测的研究进展
骆家晨戴黎明 综述魏毅东 审校
急性心肌梗死后新发心房颤动(new-onset atrial fibrillation,NOAF)是心肌梗死后常见的心律失常,其发病率为5%~23%。多项临床研究已证实NOAF能显著提高患者住院期间及出院后的长期死亡率。本文就近年来关于急性心肌梗死后NOAF的发病机制及风险预测方法的文献进行综述。目前针对这类心律失常的治疗仍缺乏足够的循证医学证据,而这对NOAF的预防工作显得尤为重要;其中了解其病理生理机制,掌握尽早识别这类心律失常高危患者的方法成为预防工作的关键。
急性心肌梗死;新发心房颤动;发病机制;预测价值
R540.41
A
2095-9354(2016)04-0298-05
心房颤动是最常见的心律失常之一,在急性心肌梗死(acute myocardial infarction,AMI)患者中比例为5%~23%[1]。此前的GUSTO-3研究[2]发现,心肌梗死合并心房颤动患者的30 d及1年死亡率显著高于无心房颤动的患者,并且根据二者发病的时间关系分为AMI前已经存在的心房颤动和AMI后的新发心房颤动(new-onset atrial fibrillation,NOAF)亚组后进行分析,结果同样显示二者均提高短期和长期的心血管病事件发生率。尽管目前国内外的指南[3-4]对心房颤动合并急性冠脉综合征的治疗有明确的建议,但是对于AMI后的新发心房颤动这一特殊类型的心房颤动,无论从诊断还是治疗上均存在争议。此外,目前已经有多项研究发现,对于这部分患者,无论其心房颤动的类型是哪种[1,5-6]、是否伴随临床症状[7]以及持续时间的长短[8-9],短期及长期的主要心血管不良事件(MACE)发生率均显著高于无NOAF者[2,10-15];同时也有研究[2]显示,如果对这部分人群进行早期有效的干预,甚至是针对性的预防,有可能改善他们的预后情况。因此,认识该病的发病机制,并根据患者早期的临床、血生化及影像学检查进行NOAF发病风险的分层显得尤为重要。本文回顾了近年来有关心肌梗死后NOAF的发病机制及风险预测因素的研究并综述如下。
1 AMI后新发心房颤动的病理生理机制
1.1心房缺血
心房缺血甚至梗死时,心房肌细胞表面多种离子通道蛋白表达的变化导致的电生理重构为NOAF的发生提供了可能。Sinno等[16]在动物实验中发现,堵塞狗的冠状动脉心房支后,频率依赖的心房颤动持续时间较未缺血组明显延长,且阻塞的时间越长,其心房颤动的持续时间也越长,反映了心房缺血参与心房颤动的维持机制。更深入的研究发现,这与心肌缺血时局部心肌的传导速度减慢相关,随着缺血时间的延长,传导阻滞的情况也越发严重。Jayachandran等[17]则从离子通道的角度进一步解释了心房缺血引发心房颤动的内在机制,他们发现心房缺血时心房Na+/H+交换子(NHE)的激活造成有效不应期的缩短是诱发心房颤动的电生理基础之一,而在使用特异性的NHE抑制剂后,心房缺血对心房有效不应期的影响则消失。此外,Alasady等[18]开展的一项临床研究同样显示,心房缺血是独立于左心房容积指数、E/e′、PCI术后TIMI血流分级以及发病至PCI间隔时间等混杂因素的NOAF危险因素(P=0.02)。
1.2房内压升高及心房牵张力的变化
AMI患者由于心室收缩功能以及乳头肌短暂或永久性的功能障碍,心室收缩末期容积增加、收缩期瓣膜返流量增多,促进心房内压升高、心房壁的张力增大,经过一系列的电生理重构后最终诱发心房颤动。目前,临床中广泛应用的多项反映左心室功能、左心房内压力变化的参数多被认为是AMI后NOAF的主要危险因素,如左心室射血分数的下降[19]、N末端脑钠肽原(NT-pro-BNP)的升高[20]、左心房内径的增加[21]及二尖瓣返流[22]的出现等。与此同时,近年来相关的基础研究也有了进展。Ravelli等[23]的一项动物研究显示,心房内压力的升高将明显提高心房颤动的诱发率,这一过程主要依赖于房内压升高时心房壁牵张力增加导致心房有效不应期(atrial effective refractory period,AERP)明显缩短。当他们将房内压逐步降低后的3 min内,AERP即可恢复至正常水平,心房颤动也得以完全终止。更深入的研究发现,心房的这种电生理变化与心房肌细胞表面牵张相关离子通道蛋白(SAC)在房内压升高时表达增加有关。Bode等[24]在使用钆(Gd3+)抑制家兔心房肌细胞SAC后发现,随着Gd3+剂量的增加,诱发心房颤动所需要的阈电位降低,提示心房内压力升高引起心房肌牵张力的增加可以通过增加SAC的表达提高心房颤动的易感性;此后,他们在应用Tarantula peptide抑制SAC后也获得了类似的结果,再次佐证了SAC抑制剂对降低心房内压升高时心房颤动易感性的作用,也进一步证实SAC对心房牵张促进心房颤动发生的重要影响。
1.3炎症反应的激活
既往的研究已经指出炎症反应与心房颤动的关系,Psychari等[25]发现在心房颤动患者中IL-6的水平明显高于非心房颤动者,因此AMI时伴随着的全身炎症反应的激活也为心房颤动的发生提供了条件。Yoshizaki等[26]的研究已经证实,AMI后NOAF患者体内白细胞(WBC)及C反应蛋白(CRP)水平显著高于无NOAF的患者。他汀类药物除了具备抑制胆固醇合成的作用外,其抗炎的作用也使其广泛运用于冠心病的二级预防中,Kulik等[27]对AMI或进行过冠状动脉血运重建的患者出院后30 d内使用他汀类药物的情况进行回顾性分析,发现使用他汀类药物的心梗患者NOAF的风险较未使用者下降了16%(HR=0.84,95%CI:0.76~0.9),从侧面反映出炎症反应对AMI后NOAF发生的影响。
2 AMI后新发心房颤动的风险预测因素
AMI后NOAF对患者住院期间及长期预后的不良影响使得早期发现、积极预防和控制NOAF的发生显得尤为关键。目前人们已经从患者的临床特征,入院后的生化、电生理及影像学检查等多个方面对预测AMI后NOAF展开了研究。
2.1临床特征对AMI后NOAF的预测价值
根据AMI患者入院时的症状、心肺听诊及肺部平片结果评定的Killip分级,作为有效的心功能评价方法广泛应用于临床,但较高的Killip分级是否预示着更大的NOAF风险目前仍存在争议。Guenancia等[28]指出Killip分级越高表明左心收缩功能的受损程度越重,通过增加心房内充盈压而触发心房颤动。而在一个纳入5项研究的Meta分析中,Zhang等[29]发现Killip分级>1级的AMI患者罹患NOAF的风险是Killip分级为1级的2.29倍(OR=2.29,95%CI:1.96~2.67,P<0.001)。此外,肥胖也被认为是预测AMI患者发生NOAF的因素之一。Guenancia等[28]研究发现,肥胖(BMI≥30 kg/m2)的AMI患者NOAF风险较非肥胖患者高出128%(OR=2.28,95%CI:1.33~3.91,P=0.003),他们推测这种差异可能与心外膜脂肪细胞介导的炎症反应对心脏电生理结构的影响密切相关。进一步的分析显示,肥胖仅对男性AMI患者NOAF产生影响(OR=2.51,95%CI:1.26~4.99,P=0.009);在女性患者中,肥胖并不与AMI后NOAF独立相关。他们认为男性肥胖患者较高的交感神经系统活性可能是造成这一结果的原因[30]。
2.2实验室检查对AMI后NOAF的预测价值
如前文所述,全身炎症反应和心功能状况是AMI后NOAF的潜在机制,因此目前的很多研究试图通过患者血浆检测得到的炎症及心功能指标预测NOAF的发生风险。Dorje等[31]的研究发现,NT-pro-BNP是预测AMI后NOAF的重要指标,在他们的研究中共计发现4项预测NOAF的危险因素,包括年龄(OR=1.127)、左心房扩大(OR=1.152)、低eGFR(OR=0.979)和logNT-pro-BNP(OR=5.133),其中血浆NT-pro-BNP水平升高与NOAF的发生关系最为密切。此外,他们的研究还指出NT-pro-BNP≥796 pg/mL是预测AMI后NOAF的最佳阈值(敏感性和特异性分别为100%和53.4%);Asanin等[32]则指出脑钠肽(BNP)是PCI术后STEMI患者发生NOAF的一项重要风险预测因素(OR=3.70,95%CI:1.40~9.77,P=0.008),并且BNP的最佳预测阈值为720 pg/mL。此外,Aronson等[33]的一项纳入1 209名AMI患者的前瞻性研究显示:C反应蛋白(CRP)是预测住院期间NOAF的独立风险因素,同时在出院后1年的随访期间共有55名患者发生NOAF,并且随着CRP水平的升高其发生心房颤动的比例也增加(随着CRP三分位水平的递增,NOAF的比例分别为2.3%、5.1%和6.3%,P=0.006)。而在一篇纳入6项有关CRP与AMI后NOAF关系的观察性研究的Meta分析中,Ren等[34]发现CRP水平的升高与AMI后NOAF的发生风险显著相关(SMD=1.32,95%CI:1.01~1.30),进一步佐证了CRP水平高低对预测AMI后NOAF的价值。
2.3影像学检查对AMI后NOAF的预测价值
此前的研究表明,AMI后心脏功能及各心腔内压力变化(尤其是左右心房)是发生NOAF的潜在机制之一。与实验室检查相比,影像学检查(心脏彩超、心脏MRI等)则通过准确地获取心脏各腔室的大小、压力及血流动力学状态等参数,更加直观地评估心脏功能,为预测NOAF的发生提供相对准确的依据。早年的一项纳入62名AMI伴心功能不全(LVEF≤40%)患者的临床研究显示:舒张功能异常的AMI伴LVEF≤40%的患者NOAF风险要显著高于无舒张功能异常者(HR=5.30,95%CI:1.68~16.75,P=0.004 5)[34]。AMI后由于乳头肌缺血常常导致一过性的二尖瓣关闭不全,进而增加二尖瓣返流量,导致左心房房内压升高、心房壁张力增加,促进心房重构,最终诱发心房颤动。Bahouth等[22]利用经胸多普勒彩超检测到功能性二尖瓣反流(FMR)是预测AMI后NOAF的重要参考因素;研究结果还显示AMI后NOAF在无FMR、轻度FMR和中重度FMR三组间中的发生率分别为5.0%、11.2%和18.7%,且这种差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.001)。除了心房组织一过性的血流动力学状态改变以外,心电活动的改变也是诱发心房颤动的重要因素。Antoni等[36]发现利用经胸多普勒超声检查获得的反映心房内电传导总时间的参数(PA-DTI duration,即从体表心电图的P波起点到心房组织多普勒显像所记录到的A′波顶点的时间间隔)同样能够预测心肌梗死后NOAF的发生风险(HR=1.04,95%CI:1.03~1.05,P<0.001)。
2.4心电图及电生理检查对AMI后NOAF的预测价值
作为目前确诊NOAF最简单有效的手段,心电图对NOAF的预测价值也备受重视。早年由Rosiak等[37]开展的一项小样本研究发现,心电图上P波的时限(P wave duration,PWD)>125 ms是预测NOAF的重要危险因素之一(OR=6.2,95%CI:1.4~26.5),其敏感性和特异性分别为74%和77%。近年来一些新的研究进一步佐证了心电图及电生理检查对预测AMI后NOAF的价值,例如2010年,van Diepen等[38]的一项纳入630名AMI患者的巢式病例对照研究结果显示,应用“Liu minor criterion1”对患者入院心电图P波形态(M型、W型、不规则型及切迹型)进行分析,满足以上心电图标准的AMI患者是发生NOAF的高风险人群(调整OR=1.68,95%CI:1.03~2.73,P=0.038)。
2.5目前已有的危险分层系统及其效果
CHADS2和CHA2DS2-VASc评分是目前指南推荐的进行非瓣膜性心房颤动患者脑卒中风险危险分层的重要工具。对于评分超过1分者需要启动包括阿司匹林、华法林的抗栓治疗;而对于≥2分者,除非有使用禁忌证,否则必须使用华法林抗凝治疗[4]。Zhang等[39]则将CHADS2应用于预测AMI后NOAF的可能性,他们的研究共纳入1 035名AMI患者,其中心房颤动组的CHADS2评分显著高于非心房颤动组[(2.17 ± 1.41)vs.(1.45 ± 1.24),P<0.001]。多元logistic回归分析结果表明CHADS2评分是AMI后NOAF的独立预测因子(OR=0.133 9,95%CI:1.002~1.789,P=0.048),同时随着CHADS2分值的增加,NOAF的发生率逐渐升高[2.51%(CHADS20分)—7.46%(CHADS21~2分)—13.11%(CHADS2≥3分),P≤0.001]。
3 小结
随着临床工作中对AMI后NOAF高患病率及致死风险认识的提升,以及对此类心房颤动发生机制的探索,目前对于此类心律失常的预测研究已经取得了不小的进展。从前文中不难发现,无论是患者的临床特征还是实验室、影像学检查,均可作为预测NOAF的重要参考。但是目前仍然仅有少数研究探讨对尚未发生NOAF的AMI患者预防性的治疗(包括抗心律失常药物等)及其对患者预后情况的影响。因此,对于是否需要对可能发生NOAF的高危AMI患者实施早期预防性治疗及其对患者预后的影响这一问题,还有待进一步的大规模临床研究给出答案。
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New insight into the mechanisms of new-onset atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction and methods for risk prediction
Luo Jia-chen, Dai Li-ming, Wei Yi-dong
(Department of Cardiology, the Tenth People’s Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China)
New-onset atrial fibrillation(NOAF) after acute myocardial infarction(AMI) is a kind of arrhythmia commonly seen after myocardial infarction, with an incidence rate ranging from 5% to 23%. It has been verified by several clinical research that NOAF can significantly increase the mortality during hospitalization of AMI patients or out-of-hospital long-term risk of death. This paper reviews the pathogenic mechanisms of NOAF after AMI and risk prediction methods in recent years. At present, there is still no enough evidence of evidence-based medicine for the treatment of this kind of arrhythmia, which is especially important for the prevention of NOAF. It is critical for its prevention to understand its pathophysiological mechanism and thus to master the method for identifying the high-risk patients as early as possible.
acute myocardial infarction; new-onset atrial fibrillation; pathogenic mechanism; predictive value
200072 上海,同济大学附属第十人民医院心内科
骆家晨,同济大学硕士研究生在读,主要从事冠心病的临床研究,E-mail:messichen@aliyun.com
10.13308/j.issn.2095-9354.2016.04.019
2016-07-19)(本文编辑:李政萍)