毛泽东诗词英译中关于“天”的翻译研究
2016-04-04宫慧英翟红华
宫慧英,翟红华
(1.青岛黄海学院 基础教学部,青岛 266427; 2.山东农业大学 外国语学院,泰安 271000)
毛泽东诗词英译中关于“天”的翻译研究
宫慧英1,翟红华2
(1.青岛黄海学院 基础教学部,青岛 266427; 2.山东农业大学 外国语学院,泰安 271000)
研究毛泽东诗词的英译,不仅有益于欣赏毛泽东诗词的磅礴气势、恢弘意象,而且还有利于提高英语鉴赏水平及翻译水平。以关于“天”的翻译为语料,比较分析中外多个英译版本中对“天”的翻译,总结出毛泽东诗词中的大部分“天”及其含有“天”的词语主要有三层含义:天空、自然、天公。“天”的含义不同,译法也应各异。通过评论这些翻译,同时提出个人观点:将“天空”之“天”翻译成sky较达意;将“自然”之“天”翻译成nature较贴切;将“天公”之“天”翻译成heaven较传神。另有少数含有“天”字的词语,需联系上下文,遵照“最大限度再现诗人所创设的意境”这一原则进行翻译。
毛泽东诗词英译;“天”的含义;“天”的不同译法
毛泽东诗词气势磅礴,意象恢宏,以史诗般的语言,指点江山,激扬文字,不仅在国内家喻户晓,而且在国外也具有深远的影响力。毛泽东诗词先后被译成几十种文字,尤其值得一提的是毛泽东诗词的英译,其翻译版本之多,翻译人员水平之高,令人叹为观止。毛泽东诗词的英译者,不仅包括像袁水拍、钱钟书、乔冠华、叶君健、赵朴初(此五人为毛泽东诗词英译定稿小组成员)[1]、辜正坤、许渊冲、赵甄陶、黄龙、赵恒元、周流溪、李正栓等国内的大家,而且还包括Michael Bullock、Paul Woods、Willis Barnstone、陈志让(Jerome Ch’ên)、郭清波(Ko Ching-po)、聂华苓(Hua-ling Nieh Engle)及其丈夫Paul Engle等华人华侨或国外的名家。所以研究毛泽东诗词的英译,不仅可以领会毛泽东在诗词中所体现的博大的胸襟、丰富的意象,而且还可以提高英语鉴赏水平及汉译英水平。
毛泽东诗词之所以影响深远、历久弥新,与其中洋溢的革命浪漫主义精神是密不可分的,而这种昂扬的革命浪漫主义精神,是通过宏博壮阔的意象表现出来的。毛泽东偏爱体积硕大、形态粗犷的名词意象,“天”、“山”、“水”等名词意象在毛泽东诗词中非常突出。意象是诗词的灵魂,自然也是译作的灵魂。所以,毛泽东诗词中静态意象的翻译颇具查考、研究的价值。限于篇幅,在此以“天”为例,探讨毛泽东诗词中静态意象的英译问题。
以人民文学出版社出版的50首毛泽东诗词为统计对象,其中有28首46处出现了“天”字或含有“天”字的词语。毛泽东诗词中所涉及的“天”或含有“天”字的词语,其含义各不相同,以下归纳的几种含义最多。
一、天即“天空”
毛泽东诗词中的“天”,很多时候是指“天空”。例如:“漫天皆白,雪里行军情更迫”(《减字木兰花·广昌路上》),“洞庭湘水涨连天”(《七古·送纵宇一郎东行》),“寥廓江天万里霜”(《采桑子·重阳》),“天高云淡,望断南飞雁”(《清平乐·六盘山》),“万里长江横渡,极目楚天舒”(《水调歌头·游泳》),等等。毛泽东笔下的“天空”,辽阔、苍茫而高远,所以各位译者在翻译的时候,大都着意再现其广袤深远的意境。
例1 极目楚天舒。——《水调歌头·游泳》
Looking afar to the open sky of Chu.[2]
(《毛泽东诗词》翻译组,2003)
And as far as can reach the eye,
I find the wide,wide Southern sky.[3]
(许渊冲,2006)
As far as the immense skies over Chu I stretch my eyes.[4]
(黄龙,1993)
Looking as far as my eyes can reach to the sky of Chu.[5]
(辜正坤,1995)
Extending my eye to the wide sky of the South.[6]
(李正栓,2010)
在例1中,五位(或组)译者无一例外地将“天”译成sky或skies。之所以这样翻译,是因为sky一词,意为“天空”,是英文中的常用词汇,符合原词中“天”的涵义;二则“英文sky一词,以长元音[ai]结尾,余音袅袅,正迎合了天之广袤与浩瀚”[7]。
例2 寥廓江天万里霜。——《采桑子·重阳》
See the endless expanse of frosty sky and water.[2]
(《毛泽东诗词》翻译组,2003)
Under the clear sky lie Ten Thousand miles of frost and water.[8]
(王慧明,1975)
endless river and sky,many thousand miles of frost.[9]
(聂华苓& Paul Engle,1972)
Attired in a myriad-li rime are the far-flung rivers and sky.[4]
(黄龙,1993)
Boundless are the sky,water and the rime.[6]
(李正栓,2010)
Is a myriad leagues of frosty sky and waters.[10]
(陈志让& Michael Bullock,1965)
The frost drapes heaven and blankets the vast land.[11]
(赵恒元& Paul Woods,1993)
例2中的七位(或组)译者,有六位(或组)将“天”译成sky,只有赵恒元& Paul Woods将“天”译成heaven。笔者认为,赵恒元 & Paul Woods的翻译采用暗喻的修辞手法,形象地描述了“霜”遮蔽了天空,覆盖了大地。但“霜”在《新华字典》上的释义为:“附着在地面或植物上面的微细冰粒,是接近地面的水蒸气冷至摄氏零度以下凝结而成的。”由此可见,赵恒元 & Paul Woods的翻译,一方面疑似将“霜frost”和“雾fog”混淆所致;另一方面也没有很好地再现原诗的意境。原诗“寥廓江天万里霜”描绘了一幅在深秋(重阳节)之时,由寥廓的汀江、天空以及一望无际的秋霜组成的苍茫、高远的图画,抒发了毛泽东高远、博大的胸怀。综上所述,例2中的“天”,翻译成heaven明显不如翻译成sky更能再现原诗中所创设的那种苍茫、寥廓的意境。
例3 天高云淡——《清平乐·六盘山》
The sky is high,the clouds are light[3]
(许渊冲,2006)
The sky is high,the clouds are thin[12]
(周流溪,2002)
The sky is high;the fleecy clouds are bright[13]
(赵甄陶,1992)
The sky is high,the clouds are pale[2]
(《毛泽东诗词》翻译组,2003)
Sky is high and clouds are light[6]
(李正栓,2010)
So high is the crystal vault with clouds clad in light white[4]
(3)凝结水泵耗电率偏高。凝结水泵设计为工频运行方式,在中低负荷下凝结水压力较高,同时受空冷机组的影响,同负荷下凝结水量较水冷机组偏高,造成凝结水泵耗电率偏大,最高可达0.4%,占厂用电率的3.73%。
(黄龙,1993)
例3中的六位(或组)译者,有五位(或组)将“天”译成sky或skies,只有黄龙将其译成vault。笔者认为,黄龙将“天高云淡”译成So high is the crystal vault with clouds clad in light white,描绘了一幅唯美的画面,使人如临其境。但vault是个多义词,用作名词时,在《新英汉词典》中的释义为:1)拱券,拱顶;2)地下室;3)(教堂或坟场的)地下墓室;4)(设于地下的)金库,保险库(尤指银行的);5)拱券状覆盖物,等等。有时用the vault of heaven指苍穹,即天空,但并不常见,只用vault来指天空就越发生僻,不符合原诗中的那种平易的风格。所以笔者认为,黄龙的翻译如果改成So high is the crystal sky with clouds clad in light white会更好。而前五位(或组)译者均使用平易的风格翻译该句诗,将“天”译成sky,较符合原文的意境。
例4 洞庭湘水涨连天——《七古·送纵宇一郎东行》
The lake and river stretching skyward out of view[3]
(许渊冲,2006)
The water of Lake Dongting and River Xiang surges so high as to scrape the sky without demarcation[4]
(黄龙,1993)
The waters of Dongting Lake and Xiang River rise into the sky[5]
(辜正坤,1995)
From Xiang River to Lake Dongting by boat[11]
(赵恒元& Paul Woods,1993)
在例4中,除赵恒元& Paul Woods外,其他几位译者都将“天”翻译成sky或skyward。笔者认为,赵恒元& Paul Woods的译文意义不够完整,没有译“涨连天”。另外,黄龙的译文中将“洞庭湘水”翻译成The water of Lake Dongting and River Xiang,似有过度翻译之嫌。认为整句可改译为:Lake Dongting and River Xiang surge so high as to scrape the sky without demarcation.而辜正坤的译文中的the waters of 似乎也可以去掉,以免过度翻译。在该句诗中,“涨”和“连天”是一动一静两个意象,应分别译出来,笔者试译如下:Lake Dongting and River Xiangjiang surge and stretch out endless towards the sky line.
由以上四句诗的译文的比较、分析可见,“天”在表示“天空”的意思时,大多数译者都将“天”译成sky或skies,少数译成heaven,vault,等等。笔者认为:“天”在表示“天空”的意思时,译成sky不仅意义上贴切,而且从音律角度看,sky一词余音袅袅,暗合“天”的辽阔、广袤、高远之意境,所以最达意。
二、天即“自然”、“天然”
毛泽东诗词中的“天”,有时也指“自然”或“天然”。例如:“人生易老天难老,岁岁重阳”(《采桑子·重阳》),“天若有情天亦老,人间正道是沧桑”(《七律·人民解放军占领南京》),“天生一个仙人洞,无限风光在险峰”(《七绝·为李进同志题所摄庐山仙人洞照》),等等。试看下面对诗句中“天”的英译比较。
例5 人生易老天难老,岁岁重阳。——《采桑子·重阳》
Man ages all too easily,not nature:
Year by year the Double Ninth returns.[2]
(《毛泽东诗词》翻译组,2003)
Man ages too easily but heaven never gets old,
Double Ninth comes yearly in the same mould.[5]
(辜正坤,1995)
Nature does not grow old as fast as man;
Each year the Double Ninth comes round.[3]
(许渊冲,2006)
Everyone but nature must age;
Double Ninth comes every year.[11]
(赵恒元 & Paul Woods,1993)
Mortals are apt to age,while Heaven remains ever livelong,
There are as many returns of the Double Ninth as years are long.[4]
(黄龙,1993)
Nature does not grow old as fast as man does;
Yearly the Double Ninth comes around.[6]
(李正栓,2010)
Man ages all too soon,but nature not;
Year after year the Double Ninth we’ve got.[13]
(赵甄陶,1992)
Man ages fast;but Nature hardly does—
Year by year Double Ninth comes round.[12]
(周流溪,2002)
例5中的八位(或组)译者,有六位将“天”译成了nature,另有两位将其译成heaven。联系后半句诗“岁岁重阳”,很显然,例5中的“天”是指“自然”或“自然界”,因为不能说天公“岁岁重阳”,重阳是节气,与自然现象相关。笔者认为,例5中的“天”翻译成nature更符合原诗的意境。
例6 天生一个仙人洞,无限风光在险峰。——(《七绝·为李进同志题所摄庐山仙人洞照》)
Nature has excelled herself in the Fairy Cave,
On perilous peaks dwells beauty in her infinite variety.[2]
(《毛泽东诗词》翻译组,2003)
The Fairy Cave’s a wonder wrought by nature’s hand:
The view from perilous peak is sublime and grand.[3]
(许渊冲,2006)
What an Immortal cavern,a Nature’s creature!
Its sheer peak commands a view of myriad charms superb beyond measure.[4]
(黄龙,1993)
The Fairy Cave is a miracle out of Nature’s hand:
The perilous peak reveals scenery boundless and grand.[6]
(李正栓,2010)
God created this natural fairy cave;
On its crags reveals the most beautiful scene.[11]
(赵恒元& Paul Woods,1993)
例6中的五位(或组)译者,有四位(或组)将“天”译成nature,只有赵恒元 & Paul Woods将其译成god,但又将“仙人洞”译为natural fairy cave。就“天生一个仙人洞”的翻译而言,笔者认为,黄龙的翻译“What an Immortal cavern,a Nature’s creature”最简洁、传神,并且与后句的译文“Its sheer peak commands a view of myriad charms superb beyond measure”押尾韵。李正栓对本句诗的翻译也很简洁、整齐,且也押尾韵。
综合上述分析,笔者得出如下结论:“天”,在表示与“人”相对的“自然”或“天然”的意思时,翻译成nature更符合原诗词中的意境。
三、天即“天公”
毛泽东诗词中的“天”,有时也指具有主宰力的“天公”。例如,“六月天兵征腐恶,万丈长缨要把鲲鹏缚”(《蝶恋花· 从汀州向长沙》),“山舞银蛇,原驰蜡象,欲与天公试比高”(《沁园春·雪》),“人有病,天知否?”(《贺新郎》),等等。
例7 山舞银蛇,原驰蜡象,欲与天公试比高。——《沁园春·雪》
Mountains,silver snakes dancing,
Plateaus,wax-white elephants running,
Trying to be higher than heaven.[9]
(聂华岺& Paul Engle,1972)
The mountains dance like silver snakes,
And the highlands charge like wax-hued elephants,
Vying with heaven in stature.[2]
(《毛泽东诗词》翻译组,2003)
Like silver snakes the mountains dance,
Like wax elephants the highlands bounce,
All try to be higher than heaven even once![5]
(辜正坤,1995)
Mountains like silver serpents dancing,
Highlands like waxy elephants advancing,
All try to match the sky in height.[3]
(许渊冲,2006)
Like silvery snakes the mountains dance,
And like waxen elephants the highlands prance,
Both trying to outrival and dwarf heavenin height.[4]
(黄龙,1993)
Hills dancing just like silver serpents,
On highlands racing wax elephants,
All try to match the skies in height.[13]
(赵甄陶,1992)
在例7中,六位(或组)译者只有两位(或组)将“天”译成sky或skies,其余四位(或组)将其译成heaven。原诗中非常明确地说的是“天公”,而非“天空”,所以笔者认为,将此处的“天公”译成sky或skies,不如译成heaven更能忠实地体现原诗的意思。就例7的翻译而言,辜正坤的翻译三个短句均押尾韵,并且句式工整、简洁,显然更胜一筹。而《毛泽东诗词》翻译组将“欲与天公试比高”翻译为Vying with heaven in stature,内涵最丰富。stature在《21世纪大英汉词典》中的释义为:1)身高,身材;2)(物体的)高度;3)(发展、成长的)水平、程度;4)(道德、精神等达到的)高度境界,等等。通过《毛泽东诗词翻译组》的翻译,人们仿佛看到大山、高原欲与天公比的,不仅仅是物质上的高度,而且是一种精神上的高度、境界上的高度。
例8 一代天骄,成吉思汗,只识弯弓射大雕。——《沁园春·雪》
That tough spoiled child of heaven,
Genghis Khan,
Only knew to pull the bow
Shooting eagles.[9]
(聂华岺& Paul Engle,1972)
And Genghis Khan,
Proud Son of Heaven for a day,
Knew only shooting eagles,bow outstretched.[2]
(《毛泽东诗词》翻译组,2003)
Even the Proud Son of Heaven,for a time,
Called Genghis Khan,in his prime,
Knowing only shooting eagle,over his tent with a bow so bent.[5]
(辜正坤,1995)
And Genghis Khan,proud son of Heaven for a day,
Knew only shooting eagles by bending his bows.[3]
(许渊冲,2006)
Genghis Khan,
The proud son of Heaven,
Knew only shooting hawks with his bows.[6]
(李正栓,2010)
The great monarch,
Genghis Kham was
Only capable of shooting the big eagles with his bow.[11]
(赵恒元& Paul Woods,1993)
在例8中,六位(或组)译者有五位(或组)将“天”译成heaven,只有赵恒元& Paul Woods将“一代天骄”的翻译采用意译法,译成了the great monarch,此译法只部分体现了“一代天骄”的意思,因为在古时候,成吉思汗被称为“一代天骄”,不仅仅指成吉思汗是伟大的君王,而且还暗含成吉思汗是“天之骄子”的意思。
由上述例句可见,毛泽东诗词中的“天”在表示“天公”的含义时,将其译成heaven,能够较好地再现诗人在原诗词中创设的意象。
四、天的其它含义
除了上述的三层含义之外,毛泽东诗词中还有少数含有“天”字的词语,需要联系上下文,遵照最大限度再现诗人所创设意境的原则进行翻译。例如,“鹰击长空,鱼翔浅底,万类霜天竞自由”(《沁园春·长沙》),“山,刺破青天锷未残”(《十六字令三首》),等等。
例9 万类霜天竞自由。——《沁园春·长沙》
For freedom all creatures with each other vie,
Under the frosty and vaulted sky.[5]
(辜正坤,1995)
Liberally all creatures vying under freezing skies.[12]
(周流溪,2002)
In the freezing air a million creatures compete
For freedom.[14]
(Willis Barnstone &郭清波,1972)
All creatures demonstrate their freedom in autumn.[11]
(赵恒元& Paul Woods,1993)
All things in frosts for freedom vie.[13]
(赵甄陶,1992)
要翻译好“万类霜天竞自由”这半句诗,需要很好地联系前半句,并透彻理解“鹰击长空,鱼翔浅底,万类霜天竞自由”这一整句诗。这句诗的意思是:鹰在广阔的天空中矫健有力地飞,鱼在清澈的水里轻快地游,万物都在秋光中争相过自由自在的生活。另,“霜天”有两层含义:一是“深秋的天空”,例如,隋朝薛道衡的《出塞》诗之二“寒夜哀笛曲,霜天断雁声”,元朝马致远的《任风子》第四折中“鹤泣霜天表,猿啼夜月高”,等等;二是“深秋的天气”,例如,唐朝李商隐的《九日》诗中“曾共山翁把酒时,霜天白菊绕阶墀”,宋朝苏舜钦的《诗僧则晖求诗》中“好约长吟处,霜天看怒潮”,等等。很显然,“鹰击长空,鱼翔浅底,万类霜天竞自由”中的“霜天”是“深秋的天气”的意思,否则前面的“鱼翔浅底”就说不通了。
例9中的五位(或组)作者,有二位译者采用直译法,将“霜天”译成the frosty and vaulted sky或freezing skies,该译法显然没有很好地考虑到此处的“霜天”是“深秋的天气”的意思。Willis Barnstone &郭清波将“霜天”译成the freezing air,赵恒元& Paul Woods将“霜天”译成autumn,赵甄陶将“霜天”直接译成frosts,这三种翻译均采用意译法,将“霜天”在此处的意思(深秋的天气)准确地翻译出来。笔者认为,该句诗也可以这样翻译:All creatures strive for freedom in the frosty weather.
例10 刺破青天锷未残。——《十六字令三首》(其三)
Piercing the blue without blunting the blade.[3]
(许渊冲,2006)
Piercing the blue of heaven,your barbs unblunted![2]
(《毛泽东诗词》翻译组,2003)
You stab the blue sky with your blade unbroken.[11]
(赵恒元& Paul Woods,1993)
Pierces the azure without blunting the blade.[6]
(李正栓,2010)
例10将“刺破青天”译成Piercing the blue给人的感觉是意犹未尽;译成Piercing the blue of heaven,虽也达意,但气势稍弱;译成You stab the blue sky简洁明快,气势如虹;而李正栓的译文Pierces the azure,更是令人眼前一亮,拍案叫绝!因为azure在《21世纪大英汉词典》中作为名词时的释义为:1)(晴空的)蔚蓝色,天蓝色;2)[诗歌用语]碧空,苍穹,苍天,等等。所以将“青天”译成azure,非常贴切地再现了诗人所创设的意境。
所以,在翻译含有“天”字的词语时,应联系上下文,很好地考虑作者创设的意境,不能硬译,应以最大限度再现作者所创设的意境为准则,可以灵活地将“青天”译成“azure”;将“霜天”译成the freezing air,the freezing weather,autumn,frosts,the frosty weather,等等。
五、结束语
毛泽东诗词如此多娇,引中外译者竞折腰。毛泽东诗词中“天”的英译,诸多译者各领风骚。学习、研究毛泽东诗词中“天”的各种英译,每每让人或拍案叫绝,或掩卷沉思。学习、研究毛泽东诗词中“天”的各种英译,也必将对我们今后的汉译英实践产生深远的影响。经过深入研究,得出如下结论:汉字“天”是一个多义词,毛泽东诗词中“天”或含有“天”的词语,含义不同,译法也应各异。当表示“天空”的意思时,翻译成sky比较达意;当表示“自然”或“天然”的含义时,翻译成nature比较贴切;当表示“天公”的含义时,翻译成heaven比较传神。另外,少数含有“天”字的词语,需联系原诗的上下文来翻译,以最大限度再现诗人所创设的意境为原则。
[1] 荣天玙.袁水拍与毛泽东诗词英译定稿小组[J].百年潮,1999(7):62-64.
[2] 《毛泽东诗词》翻译组.毛泽东诗词(汉英对照)[M].北京:外文出版社,2003.
[3] 许渊冲.精选毛泽东诗词与诗意画(英汉对照)[M].北京:五洲传播出版社,2006.
[4] 黄龙.毛泽东诗词英译[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1993.
[5] 辜正坤.毛泽东诗词:英汉对照韵译[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1995.
[6] 李正栓.毛泽东诗词精选(汉英对照读本)[M].石家庄:河北人民出版社,2010.
[7] 张智中.毛泽东诗词英译比较研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2008:228.
[8] Wang H M.Ten Poems and Lyrics by Mao Tze-tung[M].London:Jonathan Cape Ltd.,1975.
[9] Engle H L,Engle P.Poems of Mao Tse-tung[M].New York:Simon and Schuster,1972.
[10] Bullock M,Chen J.Mao and the Chinese Revolution:With Thirty-seven Poems by Mao Tse-tung[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1967.
[11] 赵恒元,Woods P.毛泽东诗词(英汉对照)[M].天津:天津人民出版,1993.
[12] 周流溪.流溪诗外编[M].香港:华人出版社有限公司,2003.
[13] 赵甄陶.汉英对照毛泽东诗词[M].长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,1992.
[14] Mao Z D.The Poems of Mao Tse-tung[M].Translated by Barnstone W,Ko C P.New York:Harper & Row Publishers Inc.,1972.
(编辑: 朱渭波)
On the Translation of“Tian” in Mao Zedong’s Poems
Gong Huiying1,Zhai Honghua2
(1.FacultyofFoundationCourses,QingdaoHuanghaiCollege,Qingdao266427,China;2.FacultyofForeignLanguages,ShandongAgriculturalUniversity,Taian271000,China)
The study of English versions ofPoemsofMaoZedongis not only highly beneficial to our aesthetic appreciation of the tremendous momentum and magnificent scene but also to our appreciation of the English language and to translate Chinese into English.By means of comparing and analyzing a variety of translation versions,we draw the following conclusion:Most of the Chinese character “Tian” in the poems of Mao Zedong can be used to convey three different implications,and their translations are supposed to vary according to the various meanings.The authors commented on these translation versions,and put forward their own opinions:When it refers to “Tiankong”,it is mostly translated as “sky”;when it refers to “Ziran”,it is rendered into “nature”;when it implies the sense of “Tiangong”,it is usually transformed into “heaven”.There are also a very few Chinese character “Tian” in the poems of Mao Zedong should be translated according to the context,conforming to the principle of maximally reproducing the artistic conception of the original poem.
EnglishtranslationversionsofPoemsofMaoZedong;connotationof“Tian”;differenttranslationof“Tian”
2014-06-14
山东省文化厅项目“文革期间革命歌曲歌词的语言学解读”(2011079)阶段性成果
宫慧英(1970-),女,副教授。研究方向: 英语教学、英汉互译。E-mail:ghy_ing777@163.com
H 315.9
A
1009-895X(2016)04-0318-06
10.13256/j.cnki.jusst.sse.2016.04.004