APP下载

细分阅读理解目标 提升精准打击力度

2016-03-21新疆马琳娜常玉国特级教师

教学考试(高考英语) 2016年6期
关键词:考题题型选项

新疆 马琳娜 常玉国(特级教师)

细分阅读理解目标 提升精准打击力度

新疆 马琳娜 常玉国(特级教师)

《高考大纲》及《说明》对阅读理解要求如下:要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等,并能从中获取相关信息。考生应能:1.理解主旨要义;2.理解文中具体信息;3.根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义;4.做出判断和推理;5.理解文章的基本结构;6.理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

传统备考中,我们把这些目标概括为:细节理解、主旨大意、推理判断、词义猜测、态度观点和篇章结构六大类。这样划分的方式看起来简洁明了,但在实际训练中,我们会发现这个分类还是过于宽泛,有些题目的判断常常出现交集——似乎可以归在这一类,也可以归在另一类,从而对我们的准确判断形成一定的干扰,导致预判目标失误,命中率受到影响。

所谓“细分阅读理解目标”,就是根据高考阅读题目中实际出现的情形,把阅读理解考查目标细化为十一个类型,简化瞄准程序,提升精准打击度。简单地说,就是“看到(题目)——想到(方法)——找到(目标)——打到(正确答案)”。现将该方法介绍如下:

1.事实细节型

【题目特征】就文章中所给的信息,提出一些关于6 w/h的问题,即:what/which/who/when/why/where/how这种类型的题。其特点是只要在文章中有提及,就可以准确找到相关答案,不需要思考和推理。此类问题约占高考阅读理解题目的50%左右。

【考题难度】容易。

【常见形式】

(1)In the opinion of the writer,what is the most important in choosing a friend?

(2)Which name is accepted in New Zealand?

(3)When can a student miss a test according to the passage?

(4)Why did the writer say that he would have a long night?

【易错误区】看起来最像的那个选项往往是错的!表达被悄悄更换了频率和程度副词,如下例(1)(2);选项省略了否定词,如下例(3);改变了动词的时态语态,如下例(4);重点词汇被替换,如下例(5)。

(1)(原文)He always feels tired on his work.

(选项)He sometimes feels tired on his work.

(2)(原文)The book is only for children.

(选项)The book is almost for children.

(3)(原文)The building has not finished yet.

(选项)The building has finished.

(4)(原文)The project almost finished.

(选项)The project has finished.

(5)(原文)A mother went into a theatre and sat at the table.Suddenly,she spotted a friend and went there.

(选项)A mother went into a theatre and sat at the table.Suddenly,she met a friend and went there.

【解题妙招】1.对和原文句子结构、字面形式比较像的要特别关注。2.做题时,要养成把每个选项都看完的习惯,不要看到一个“合适的”就选,“更合适的”或许在后面。

【高考链接】(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)(限于篇幅,原文略。下同)

22.What was the reason for O’Connor’s being rejected by the law firm?

A.Her lack of proper training in law.

B.Her little work experience in court.

C.The discrimination against women.

D.The poor financial conditions.

【解析】C。本题考查事实细节。根据其所在段落里的“she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.”可得知答案。

【经典试题】(2016 ·伯乐马高三月考卷·六)

24.Which description is right from the text?

A.Tyler probably had a bad name in the school.

B.The author loved to ask her students difficult questions.

(原文)I would ask students questions,which could get the kids involved.

C.Tyler couldn’t answer any question in class.

(原文)Every time I called on Tyler,he would answer the questions carelessly.He knew the answers when he listened but he didn’t want to be called on.

D.Tyler never listened to the teacher carefully.

(原文)文章没有提及这一点,never太绝对。

【解析】正确答案为A项。

2.主旨大意型

【题目特征】根据文章总结出文章的中心思想或写作目的。做这类题,一般可以利用全文大意快速浏览法,即把每段的首句串起来快速总结。如果是某一段的主旨大意,可以把中间论证部分去掉,只重点阅读此段首尾部分的内容。

【考题难度】适中。

【常见形式】

(1)The passage mainly discusses_______.

(2)What’s the main idea about the passage?

(3)What does the author intend to do by writing the text?

(4)What the purpose of the passage?

【易错误区】考生容易以偏概全,一叶障目,看见一些高频词汇就去找相关选项。

【解题妙招】一定要注重全篇各段的首句及某段的首尾句。

【高考链接】(2016·江苏卷)

60.The passage is mainly about________.

A.the helping behaviors of young children

B.ways to train children’s shared intentionality

C.cooperation as a distinctive human nature

D.the development of intelligence in children

【解析】C。通读全文,可知本文是一篇科普说明文。A,B,D项都有文章的部分内容,不属于中心思想。

3.推理判断型

【题目特征】推理题型,顾名思义,是根据文章内容,总结或推理出一个文中没有直接表达的结论。需要考生用脑力思考并总结概括出一个精准全面的答案。

【考题难度】难。

【常见形式】

(1)From the passage,we can infer_______.

(2)We can learn from the text_______.

(3)The author implies that________.

(4)The last paragraph reveals that________.

(5)We can conclude from the text that_______.

【易错误区】直接选择文章中提及或出现的信息点。

【解题妙招】切记:解答此类题目时,文中看到的就是不对的!

【高考链接】(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)

24.What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?

A.They are highly educated.

B.They are truly creative.

C.They are pioneers.

D.They are peace-lovers.

【解析】C。推理判断题。仔细阅读原文,我们不难看出这四位女性所具有的共性:都是某个领域的先驱。需要注意的是文中出现的“peace,education”这些字眼;同时,要避免以某一人的特点来概括众人的共性。

4.词义猜测型

【题目特征】猜测文中出现的画线词或短语的意义。此类题目又可分为三种:一是纯粹的生词;二是熟词新义;三是代词指代。需要考生利用段落大意来联想判断,猜测词义。

【考题难度】较难。

【常见形式】

(1)The underlined word “undoing” probably refers to the pigeons’ ______.

(2)What does the term “au pair” in the text mean?

(3)The underlined word “intimidated” in the fourth paragraph probably means “________”.

(4)Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1?

【易错误区】脱离语境,随意猜测。

【解题妙招】如果单词是名词或者动词,需要重点看单词后面所说的话,就是单词内容的表达。如果画线单词是代词,就应该根据画线单词前面的内容进行判断,因为代词一般都是代指前文中提到过的事物。如果四个词均不认识,则可以用排除法把类似的词先排除掉,剩下的词汇可利用构词法的前缀、后缀来判断。

【高考链接】(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)

Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside.I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.Without fail one would declare,“But I’m just not creative.”

27.What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A.Mistake. B.Drawback.

C.Difficulty. D.Burden.

【解析】B。词义猜测题。此处画线词为名词,根据其后一句“I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking.”可说明我的这种教育方法也有不足之处,故画线词义为“drawback(缺点)”。

5.拟定标题型

【题目特征】考查考生根据文章内容来拟一个符合作者及文章意图内容的标题。考查考生的提炼能力。

【考题难度】难。

【常见形式】

(1)Which of the following can be the best title for the text?

(2)The best title/ headline for this passage might be _______.

(3)What can be a suitable title for the text?

(4)The topic of the passage is________.

【易错误区】(一)过于笼统,不知所云;(二)以偏概全,主次不分;(三)移花接木,偷换概念;(四)无中生有,生搬硬套。

【解题妙招】要掌握三个关键点:全、精、准。

全:就是题目要包括文章提及的主要事物,不遗漏。

精:所拟题目必须直指什么人什么事什么道理,接地气,不推理。

准:所拟题目不能主观延续、扩张、臆想或缩小作者的写作内容及意图,不升华。

有一点需要特别注意,如果是新闻稿,根据新闻的要素,标题需要新颖“卖关子”,所以新闻稿的标题一般要吸引读者眼球,需要一个“高大上”的标题来掩护文章内容。

【高考链接】(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)

Bruce Pederson,the managing director of BookCrossing,says,“The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.”

32.What is the best title for the text?

A.Online Reading: A Virtual Tour

B.Electronic Books: A New Trend

C.A Book Group Brings Tradition Back

D.A Website Links People through Books

【解析】D。标题概括题。根据文章第三段可知BookCrossing.com把人生命中最重要的两个事物:人和书联系在一起。D项内容能够涵盖文章的中心思想。

6.图表运算题

【题目特征】考生根据文中信息做一些跨学科题目,可能涉及数学运算或识图解意。需要掌握题中所给出的数据及图表信息,能够读懂相关的运算表法及图示内容。

【考题难度】适中。

【常见形式】

(1)How much money should be paid if an adult with a child(under 12) attend the exhibition?

(2)How many years the author spent on writing?

(3)When he starts to work?

【易错误区】考生因为看不懂运算词汇,所以面对简单的数学运算没有方法。必会单词:增加:increase/ add/ put on;减少:decrease/reduce/dwindle/cut down;运算符号:plus/add/and/minus/time/divide...

【高考链接】(2016·上海卷)

71.If nations could only keep the initial promises of the Paris Agreement,what would happen by the year 2100?

A.The human population would increase by one third.

B.Little over 50% of all species would still exist.

C.Nations would not need to tighten their emissions targets.

D.The Agreements’ minimum goal would not be reached.

【解析】D。根据文章第二段“This is how much temperatures would rise by 2100 even if nations live up to the initial Pans promises to reduce carbon emissions”可知,如果各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求,到2100年气温会比现在高三度。而根据第三段“To meet this minimum goal”可知,最小的目标是上升两度。也就是说即使各国的气体排放能够符合巴黎协议的要求,也达不到最小的目标。

【经典试题】(2016年衡水中学信息卷,全国统一考试模拟试题)

Stephen Collins Foster was born on July 4th,1826 in the northeastern state of Pennsylvania.He was the ninth child of William and Eliza Foster.He did not have much musical training.But he had a great natural ability for music.Stephen Foster began writing songs in 1840.In 1847,he wrote his first successful song,Oh! Susanna.

21.How old was Stephen Foster when he began writing songs?

A.37. B.14. C.34. D.16.

【解析】B。根据文章信息,1826年出生,1840年开始写歌,1840-1826=14。

7.态度观点题型

【题目特征】此类题型有两种:一是要求考生根据文段来判断作者对某事的态度;二是要求考生判断文中某人对文章的某观点或某事件的态度。

【考题难度】中。

【常见形式】

(1)What can we see from the author’s words?

(2)What’s the author’s attitude to the idea?

(3)What is the attitude of the man in the passage towards the matter?

【易错误区】1.断章取义,找错信息点。2.主观臆断,以自己的观点来判断作者或主人公的态度。

【解题妙招】1.考生应该多关注文中人物的话语,即“……”中的内容。2.话语中要注重形容词,同时兼顾连词。3.记住常见的一些表达态度立场的词汇。如:支持:support/in favor of;反对:against/oppose/combat;中立:neutral/impartial;积极:positive/active/constructive;消极:negative/passive;乐观:optimistic/bright;沮丧:depressed/pessimistic;感激:thankful/appreciative;漠不关心:indifferent。

【高考链接】(2016·四川卷)

30.What is Gin’s attitude towards the lives of the indigenous Guianese?

A.Cautious. B.Doubtful.

C.Uninterested. D.Appreciative.

【解析】D。根据文章中的“I have a special love for the French Guianese people.I have worked there on and off for almost ten years”可推知,Gin很欣赏他们的生活方式。

8.常识题型

【题目特征】考生可以根据自己积累的经验和常识进行选择。

【考题难度】容易。

【常见形式】

(1)What is the most important thing in study?

(2)How to keep warm in ancient time?

【易错误区】1.缺乏常识,过于偏执。2.依赖常识,没有注意文章中的特殊之处。

【经典试题】(2015年名师导读高一版Unit 1 Friendship)

1.Good friends need_______.

A.honesty B.beauty

C.rudeness D.calm

【解析】A。根据常识可很容易判断出这道题选A项。

9.写作技巧题型

【题目特征】要求考生读完文章可以分析出作者的写作方式和说明方法,以及文章所采用的基本结构。

【考题难度】适中。

【常见形式】

(1)How does the author develop the passage?

A.By analyzing. B.By telling story.

C.By presenting examples. D.By comparing.

(2)What is the structure of the passage?

【易错误区】1.题目用词比较专业和学术,考生的障碍在于看不懂题目。2.缺乏文体格式方面的基本常识。

【解题妙招】掌握选项里的相关词汇才是王道,例如:analyze分析,telling/stating陈述,presenting examples举例,comparing对比,stress/emphasize强调,look back回顾,flashback 倒叙,rhetorical question设问,interview 采访,dialogue对话,conclude总结,analogy类比,infer推理,discuss议论,comment on 评论。

【高考链接】(2016·四川卷)

35.How does the author support the theme of the text?

A.By giving examples.

B.By stating arguments.

C.By explaining statistical data.

D.By providing research results.

【解析】D。根据第一段“But now a study has found...”和第二段“Researchers have discovered that...”以及第三段“The study,by researchers from Seoul,South Korea...”可知,应选D项。

【高考链接】(2016·北京卷)

70.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?

I: Introduction P:Point Sp:Sub-point(次要点)C:Conclusion

【解析】C。篇章结构题。根据第四段“Learning to deal with the social world is equally important”中的“equally important”和第五段中的“Moreover”可知,第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点。

10.文章出处题型

【题目特征】考生能够判断文章的背景出处和体裁信息,从而推理出文章摘自哪里。

【考题难度】容易。

【常见形式】新闻报道、杂志、旅游手册、广告、日记、书信等。

【易错误区】考生有时会分不清科学报道和新闻消息之间的区别,容易误判。

【高考链接】(2012·福建卷)

62.The passage is probably taken out of_______.

A.a novel B.a report

C.a diary D.an essay

【解析】A。全文的故事情节通过对话的形式展开,根据对话内容可知,本文选自一部小说。

11.写作意图题

【题目特征】近几年高考很常见的题型,通读全文,根据文章体裁来判断作者的写作意图。

【考题难度】难。

【常见形式】

(1)Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?

(2)What does the story intend to tell us?

【易错误区】考生喜欢主观判断作者意图,不能客观地根据信息来判断。

【解题妙招】这类型题一般可根据文章的尾段来获取题目信息。要注意尾段作者表述观点时用的形容词及连词,从而判断作者意图。

【高考链接】(2016·北京卷)

Thank you.You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart.For the first time,I feel good about myself because I’m doing something,not because someone told me I was doing good.I feel whole.This is why you’re saving my life.

58.Tanis wrote this letter in order to_______.

A.explain why she was interested in the computer

B.share the ideas she had for her profession

C.show how grateful she was to the center

D.describe the courses she had taken so far

【解析】C。写作意图题。根据倒数第二段中的“Thank you.You’ve given me hope that I can follow my heart.For the first time,I feel good about myself”可知,作者写信的目的是表达感谢,故选C项。

【高考链接】(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)

31.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text?

A.To show how to grow apples.

B.To introduce an apple festival.

C.To help people select apples.

D.To promote apple research.

【解析】B。写作意图题。综合全文可知,作者向读者介绍了一个节日——Apple Day,并推荐人们参加这个节日,故选B项。

(作者单位:马琳娜 新疆乌鲁木齐市八一中学;常玉国 新疆哈密地区第二中学)

猜你喜欢

考题题型选项
离散型随机变量常考题型及解法
“正多边形与圆”考题展示
“正多边形与圆”考题展示
巧妙构造函数 破解三类题型
对一道研考题的思考
跟踪导练(四)
一次函数中的常见题型
阅读理解
跟踪导练(5)
特别的考题